<p> Three chapters comprise this project. The first chapter deals with the global picture of energy supply and demand, and concludes that other sources of energy must be developed in the next fifty years.</p> <p> Chapter Two considers a number of alternate sources of energy and examines two sources in particular: (i) Hydrogen and its dependence on electricity, and (ii) Nuclear energy used to produce electricity. Certainly, Ontario has a very viable option to produce electricity by means of nuclear energy.</p> <p> Home heating can, to some extent, be controlled by the individual, and Chapter Three discusses the operation of a heat pump and its feasibility as a heating device for homes in the Southern Ontario climate.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (Teaching)

O Estado do Pará é o quarto produtor e um grande exportador de energia elétrica no Brasil. Além disso, ele possui um elevado potencial energético para a geração de eletricidade a partir das fontes energéticas renováveis, com destaque para o potencial hidrelétrico, que está estimado em 61.096 MW. Paradoxalmente, em 2003, cerca de 27% da população paraense ou 1,8 milhão de habitantes não tinham acesso ao serviço público de energia elétrica. O atendimento elétrico deficiente nesse Estado é conseqüência da interação de oito elementos: fisiografia adversa, expansão demográfica acelerada, maximização dos lucros no fornecimento de eletricidade, crise econômico-financeira da Centrais Elétricas do Pará (CELPA), preferência pelo modelo de atendimento elétrico centralizado, elevados custos e tarifas da energia elétrica, omissão e ineficiência do poder público e descaso para com a eletrificação rural, que criaram um contexto que tem potencializado a dinâmica excludente do sistema elétrico no território paraense. Através de observações e análises sobre esse sistema e suas interações, busca-se compreender como cada um desses elementos tem dificultado a elevação dos índices de atendimento elétrico no Pará, com o objetivo de propor diretrizes para facilitar o acesso da população paraense ao serviço público de energia elétrica. As análises desenvolvidas nesta pesquisa mostram que a universalização na zona rural será problemática nesse Estado. Para que as políticas de atendimento elétrico tenham êxito em elevar os índices de atendimento elétrico para níveis satisfatórios no menor tempo possível, elas precisam minimizar ou eliminar os efeitos dos elementos anteriormente mencionados. Entende-se que a criação de uma instituição federal (agência), com atuação descentralizada nas unidades da federação, para promover a universalização do serviço público de energia elétrica na zona rural, é indispensável. / The State of Pará is the fourth largest generator and a large electricity exporter in Brazil. Besides, it has a high energy potential for the generation of electricity from renewable energy sources, with emphasis for the hydroelectric potential that is estimated at 61,096 MW. Paradoxically, in 2003, about 27% of the population of that state ? nearly 1.8 million people ? did not have access to electricity public service. The non-supply of electricity in Pará is a consequence of the interaction of eight elements: adverse physiography, accelerated demographic expansion, maximization of the profits in electricity public service, Centrais Elétricas do Pará ? CELPA\'s economic-financial crisis, preference for the model of centralized electricity supply, high costs and prices of electricity, government\'s omission and inefficiency, and negligence with respect to rural electrification. Those elements created a context that has been impeding the access to electricity public service of a part of the population. Through observations and analyses on the electric system of that state and their interactions, it seeks to understand as each one of those elements makes difficult the increase of electricity supply indexes and to propose guidelines for facilitating the access to electricity public service of the paraense population. The analyses developed in this study show that the large problem for universalizing in that state is in the rural area. So that electricity supply policies have success in increasing electricity supply indexes for acceptable levels in the smallest possible time in the paraense territory, they must to minimize or to eliminate the effects of the elements previously mentioned. That can be reached ? in a more efficient way ? through the establishment of an agency for universalizing electricity public service in the rural area.

O Estado do Pará é o quarto produtor e um grande exportador de energia elétrica no Brasil. Além disso, ele possui um elevado potencial energético para a geração de eletricidade a partir das fontes energéticas renováveis, com destaque para o potencial hidrelétrico, que está estimado em 61.096 MW. Paradoxalmente, em 2003, cerca de 27% da população paraense ou 1,8 milhão de habitantes não tinham acesso ao serviço público de energia elétrica. O atendimento elétrico deficiente nesse Estado é conseqüência da interação de oito elementos: fisiografia adversa, expansão demográfica acelerada, maximização dos lucros no fornecimento de eletricidade, crise econômico-financeira da Centrais Elétricas do Pará (CELPA), preferência pelo modelo de atendimento elétrico centralizado, elevados custos e tarifas da energia elétrica, omissão e ineficiência do poder público e descaso para com a eletrificação rural, que criaram um contexto que tem potencializado a dinâmica excludente do sistema elétrico no território paraense. Através de observações e análises sobre esse sistema e suas interações, busca-se compreender como cada um desses elementos tem dificultado a elevação dos índices de atendimento elétrico no Pará, com o objetivo de propor diretrizes para facilitar o acesso da população paraense ao serviço público de energia elétrica. As análises desenvolvidas nesta pesquisa mostram que a universalização na zona rural será problemática nesse Estado. Para que as políticas de atendimento elétrico tenham êxito em elevar os índices de atendimento elétrico para níveis satisfatórios no menor tempo possível, elas precisam minimizar ou eliminar os efeitos dos elementos anteriormente mencionados. Entende-se que a criação de uma instituição federal (agência), com atuação descentralizada nas unidades da federação, para promover a universalização do serviço público de energia elétrica na zona rural, é indispensável. / The State of Pará is the fourth largest generator and a large electricity exporter in Brazil. Besides, it has a high energy potential for the generation of electricity from renewable energy sources, with emphasis for the hydroelectric potential that is estimated at 61,096 MW. Paradoxically, in 2003, about 27% of the population of that state ? nearly 1.8 million people ? did not have access to electricity public service. The non-supply of electricity in Pará is a consequence of the interaction of eight elements: adverse physiography, accelerated demographic expansion, maximization of the profits in electricity public service, Centrais Elétricas do Pará ? CELPA\'s economic-financial crisis, preference for the model of centralized electricity supply, high costs and prices of electricity, government\'s omission and inefficiency, and negligence with respect to rural electrification. Those elements created a context that has been impeding the access to electricity public service of a part of the population. Through observations and analyses on the electric system of that state and their interactions, it seeks to understand as each one of those elements makes difficult the increase of electricity supply indexes and to propose guidelines for facilitating the access to electricity public service of the paraense population. The analyses developed in this study show that the large problem for universalizing in that state is in the rural area. So that electricity supply policies have success in increasing electricity supply indexes for acceptable levels in the smallest possible time in the paraense territory, they must to minimize or to eliminate the effects of the elements previously mentioned. That can be reached ? in a more efficient way ? through the establishment of an agency for universalizing electricity public service in the rural area.

Submitted by Haroudo Xavier Filho (haroudo.xavierfo@ufpe.br) on 2016-10-06T11:54:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_versão_final.pdf: 1596425 bytes, checksum: 14aac945d3664065981b1aa0bb533a2d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-06T11:54:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_versão_final.pdf: 1596425 bytes, checksum: 14aac945d3664065981b1aa0bb533a2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-31 / FACEPE / Este trabalho trata do uso da Visualização da Informação (VI) como instrumento de suporte a tomada de decisão no processo de Gerenciamento de Risco (GR) de um modo geral, e também realiza um estudo particular no GR no fornecimento e distribuição de energia elétrica. O objetivo principal é investigar como a VI é usada no processo de GR, bem como, sua formalização no processo e a atenção referente a tomada de ações de melhorias através do uso da VI. Para identificar as ferramentas de VI usada no processo de gerenciamento de risco foram analisadas as ferramentas FMEA (Failure Modes and Effect Analysis), FTA (Fault Tree Analysis), ETA (Event Tree Analysis), HAZOP (Hazards and Operability Study), ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practicable), Diagrama Bow-Tie e Diagrama Ishikawa. Em seguida, algumas considerações e sugestões foram feitas a respeito do uso das ferramentas de visualização da informação identificadas. O trabalho prosseguiu com a análise do uso dessas ferramentas no processo de GR no fornecimento e distribuição de energia elétrica através de uma pesquisa feita na base ISI (Web of Science). Os resultados indicam que o uso da VI em sistemas elétricos não é formalizado, dificultando dessa forma qualquer tipo de ação de melhoria embasada teoricamente. Nota-se também falta de estudos que façam uma abordagem empírica do uso da VI no GR em sistemas de fornecimento e distribuição de energia elétrica. Em suma, é necessário que haja uma atenção para o uso da VI nas ferramentas de GR consideradas neste trabalho, como meio de superar lacunas existentes que dificultam o processo de GR. / This work deals with the use of Information Visualization (InfoVis) as a decision-making support tool in the Risk Management process in general, and performs a particular study in risk management in the supply and distribution of electricity. The main objective is to investigate how InfoVis is used in the risk management process, as well as its formalization in the process and attention regarding taking actions for improvement using InfoVis. To identify the InfoVis tools used in the risk management process were analyzed FMEA tools (Failure Modes and Effect Analysis), FTA (Fault Tree Analysis), ETA (Event Tree Analysis) HAZOP (Hazards and Operability Study), ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practicable), Bow-Tie Diagram and Ishikawa Diagram. Then some considerations and suggestions were made regarding the use of visualization tools of information identified. The work continued with the analysis of the use of these tools in the risk management process in the supply and distribution of electric energy through a survey in ISI (Web of Science). The results indicate that the use of InfoVis in electrical systems is not formalized, thus hindering any improvement action grounded in theory. It is also noted lack of studies to make an empirical approach to the use of InfoVis in managing risk in the supply and distribution of electric power systems. In short, there needs to be attention to the use of InfoVis in the risk management tools considered in this work, as a means of overcoming gaps that hinder the risk management process.

Electricity availability and the costs thereof in South Africa were traditionally considered an abundant and low cost commodity, but in recent years this situation has changed altogether. Industries are challenged by a strained national electricity grid and tariff increases more than four times the national inflation rate over the past two years, with further tariff increases expected in subsequent years; thus, exposing industries to significant business risks that may jeopardise the sustainability of industries. With the majority of the national electricity supply derived from coal, South Africa's push to reduce carbon emissions exerts even more pressure on industries as electricity usage is inextricably linked to its carbon footprint. In addition, South Africa's reliance on cogeneration from industries for its 2010 - 2030 electricity capacity plan further promotes industries to become more self–sufficient concerning electricity generation. In view of the above, there is a need in the South African integrated iron and steel industry for a framework that collectively addresses the governing factors pertaining to electricity generation in this industry, technical and economical quantification of available technologies and implementation of these technologies. This dissertation researches the current driving/governing and the remediating factors to become more self–sufficient in terms of electricity generation. A framework for electricity generation opportunities in the integrated iron and steel industry is developed from the literature study and the researcher's own experience. The framework embodies four building blocks into a single and all–encompassing framework, which provides the necessary governing factors that quantify the potential need to pursue electricity generation/cogeneration, the technical and economical implications and, inevitably, the implementation requirements and guidelines. Validating the framework against case studies pertaining to ArcelorMittal Newcastle realised a correlation of between 84.6% to 97.6% concerning the technical parameters. In addition, the validation process also indicated that the framework is aligned with current practices applied by ArcelorMittal South Africa. The framework will enable South African integrated iron and steel industries to expand and adapt their own procedures to be specific to their operational requirements. The implementation of the framework should be tailored to address the specific needs concerning cogeneration in industry. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Electricity availability and the costs thereof in South Africa were traditionally considered an abundant and low cost commodity, but in recent years this situation has changed altogether. Industries are challenged by a strained national electricity grid and tariff increases more than four times the national inflation rate over the past two years, with further tariff increases expected in subsequent years; thus, exposing industries to significant business risks that may jeopardise the sustainability of industries. With the majority of the national electricity supply derived from coal, South Africa's push to reduce carbon emissions exerts even more pressure on industries as electricity usage is inextricably linked to its carbon footprint. In addition, South Africa's reliance on cogeneration from industries for its 2010 - 2030 electricity capacity plan further promotes industries to become more self–sufficient concerning electricity generation. In view of the above, there is a need in the South African integrated iron and steel industry for a framework that collectively addresses the governing factors pertaining to electricity generation in this industry, technical and economical quantification of available technologies and implementation of these technologies. This dissertation researches the current driving/governing and the remediating factors to become more self–sufficient in terms of electricity generation. A framework for electricity generation opportunities in the integrated iron and steel industry is developed from the literature study and the researcher's own experience. The framework embodies four building blocks into a single and all–encompassing framework, which provides the necessary governing factors that quantify the potential need to pursue electricity generation/cogeneration, the technical and economical implications and, inevitably, the implementation requirements and guidelines. Validating the framework against case studies pertaining to ArcelorMittal Newcastle realised a correlation of between 84.6% to 97.6% concerning the technical parameters. In addition, the validation process also indicated that the framework is aligned with current practices applied by ArcelorMittal South Africa. The framework will enable South African integrated iron and steel industries to expand and adapt their own procedures to be specific to their operational requirements. The implementation of the framework should be tailored to address the specific needs concerning cogeneration in industry. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.