This thesis deals with a construction of modified RepRap 3D printer Rebel II which operates with Fused Deposition Modeling technology and selection of suitable criterion for printing. It mainly focuses on the temperature of the material being printed and speed of printing for three selected materials. Materials were selected based on availability in the market and their application. An experiment, focusing on surface changes of products as well as on the look of a fibre after passing through a nozzle, was performed.

Dans les secteurs industriels, la maîtrise de l’aspect des surfaces est une problématique majeure de la conception jusqu’à la réalisation des produits. En entreprise, l’évaluation de la qualité des surfaces est généralement réalisée par des contrôleurs humains, sauf pour certaines applications spécifiques pour lesquels des systèmes ont pu être mis en œuvre. L’objectif est donc d’aider les fabricants à mieux évaluer l’aspect et d’avancer vers l’automatisation du processus d’inspection qualité des surfaces.D’un point de vue métrologique, la quantification de l’aspect passe par l’acquisition de la fonction de répartition du coefficient de luminance (BRDF) qui fournit une cartographie de la lumière réfléchie à la surface d’un échantillon. Le système visuel humain extrait de cette mesure des facteurs à partir desquels il élabore des attributs de l’aspect : régularité d’une texture, uniformité de la couleur, qualité du brillant, saillance d’une anomalie, etc.En conséquence, notre approche consiste à utiliser les techniques appelées Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) originellement issues du domaine archéologique, pour l’industrie. Elles permettent d’obtenir simultanément une estimation réduite et simplifiée de la BRDF et une estimation des normales à la surface.Un dispositif d’acquisition RTI appelé la Sphère MeSurA permet d’obtenir des données stéréophotométriques (luminances). L’approximation de forme des mesures discrètes de luminances acquises est fournie selon le principe de la Décomposition Modale Discrète (DMD). Une analyse comparative avec les autres modèles montre que la DMD décrit plus fidèlement les réflexions spéculaires, et plus généralement les zones locales de surfaces brillantes.Nous développons une méthode permettant de mesurer la similarité d’aspect en définissant des descripteurs invariants à la rotation obtenus par un changement de paramétrage de la DMD. Nous calculons ainsi des cartes de distance permettant d’extraire les anomalies les plus saillantes. Nous proposons également leur évaluation par des attributs pertinents sur lesquels les contrôleurs pourront se baser pour décider de la conformité d’un produit.De plus, nous mettons l’accent sur des indicateurs directionnels de normales et de courbures à la surface. Ils permettent de séparer efficacement les composantes périodiques et non-périodiques de la surface, et ainsi de caractériser géométriquement les anomalies d’aspect d’une part et d’autre part la signature d’un procédé de fabrication.Les résultats de ces travaux permettent ainsi d’aider les fabricants à maîtriser la qualité d’aspect en accédant à différentes modalités de la surface inspectée, dans un logiciel d’application appelé MsaTool®. / In industry, controlling the surface appearance is an important issue in the product creation, from the conception phases through the manufacturing phase all the way to delivery to the final consumer. The surface quality control is mostly carried out by human controllers, except for specific applications where inspection devices have been designed. Our prime purpose is to help manufacturers for the assessment of the surface finish appearance and move towards automation of the inspection process.From a metrological point of view, the relevant quantity is the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) that describes the angular distribution of the reflected light from a surface. The human visual system is able to extract information about these surface reflectance properties, that allow us to construct a mental representation of the stimulus and give meaning to the observations : structural regularity, color uniformity, gloss quality, characteristics of salience, etc.Our approach is based on the use of techniques known as Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI), initialy developed to study the surface of cultural heritage artefacts, as industrial measurement instrument. The RTI techniques allow us to obtain both a reduced and simplified BRDF estimation and the normal field to the surface.A RTI acquisition system called MeSurA Sphere provides photometric stereo datasets (radiance values captured under varying illumination). The continuous model of the local reflection of radiances is based on the Discrete Modal Decomposition (DMD). A comparative analysis with other RTI models shows that the DMD is well suited for approximating the complex physical behavior of light reflections and enhance the overall accuracy of appearance reconstruction of shiny reflective surfaces.We developed a method to measure the similarity of surface appearance using rotation invariant descriptors obtained by chan- ging the DMD parameterization. We then calculate distance maps to extract the most salient features leading to an effective separa- tion of surface defects. We identify relevant parameters from which controllers are able to decide on product conformity.We propose orientation-preserving maps of slopes and curvatures for identifying and separating the periodic and aperiodic components of the surface. We are then able to make a geometric characterization of the detected surface defects or of the manu- facturing process signature.The results of this work make possible to help manufacturers in the control of surface appearance using a software called MsaTool® bringing together several modalities of our treatments.

This master's thesis deals with vibrodiagnostics and its use for monitoring of the vibration transmission during grinding of large shafts at Siemens Electric Machines s.r.o. based in Drásov. Diagnostic system for machine tools testing was designed as well as a measurement methodology, which is used to detect the vibration transfer from the grinding spindle to the workpiece. Influences that affect the quality of the ground surface were determined, based on evaluation of measured data. The last part is dedicated to a proposal of a diagnostic and measuring system.

The diploma thesis deals with unconventional technology of material separation by water jet with abrasive. It describes the influence and specification of technological parameters of the water jet on the quality of the cutting surface. The work contains an experiment, where the aim was to achieve from the theory the influence of tech-nological parameters on surface roughness on composite materials from glass fiber and carbon fiber.

This diploma thesis deals with the principle of the abrasive jet and describes the devices needed to create it. The thesis presents an analysis of technological parameters and their impact on the quality of the cut. Subsequently, this thesis deals with an experiment, which consists in the design of technology for a sample component, followed by evaluation of surface quality and the economic evaluation.

This diploma thesis focuses on the unconventional method of metal separation, namely on the cutting technology based on the plasma arc. The introductory part deals with studies which focus on the given issue from a theoretical point of view. The core of the work rests in the practical part which is dedicated to the production of samples using a plasma burning machine called Hypertherm HPR 260. The burned samples are monitored and assessed for the surface quality and dimensional accuracy for every created part. The final part of the work is dedicated to the techno-economic assessment of the burned parts. In the end, the evaluation of the attained results is made.

This dissertation thesis is focused on explaining the broad issue of the non-conventional machining by an abrasive water jet. Introductory chapters deal with various techniques and methods of water-jet cutting and analyze them. Then the following text provides us with a detailed description of the machine itself so that people can understand the way how this technology works. The third chapter is focused on the quality of the resulting surface and the possibility of affecting it by technological parameters. This part is connected with the practical part of my thesis, in which the resultant surfaces of various materials made by different cutting parameters were compared. Subsequent section outlines the development of this technology. The last chapter contains technical and economic evaluation.

This thesis contains theoretical analysis of optimization methods of cutting conditions for current machining processes with focus on finishing turning. Further focus was put on influences of cutting conditions and other effects on requested quality and roughness of machined surface. The effect of part of these conditions was verified in experimental part. The influence of feed rate and depth of cut on surface roughness and geometrical accuracy was experimentally verified.

This study has been conducted with the aim to examine the extent of the heat affected zone in order to use laser cutting when making samples for tensile testing. When cutting with a laser the material absorbs heat energy from the laser beams which causes changes in the microstructure. The heat affected zone affects the properties of the materials, lowering the accuracy of the tensile test. Therefore, it is desired to know the extent of the heat affected zone in order to remove it before tensile testing. In this study two materials were used, the high strength steel Docol 1000DP and the duplex stainless steel LDX 2101. The materials were cut in the shape of dog bones for tensile testing using two different laser powers, 2500 W and 3500 W. The samples were cut with different cutting speeds, starting at lower cutting speed, increasing until the laser was unable to cut through. Thereafter, the heat affected zone, and the surface quality was examined. The results from this study showed that the heat affected zone decreases with increased cutting speed. When cutting with high cutting speeds in Docol 1000DP it is enough to turn away 0.30 mm in order to remove the heat affected zone with margin. Negligible difference in heat affected zone was observed between the samples cut with 2500 W and 3500 W. The heat affected zone in LDX 2101 was very small, in order of 50 μm, making it hard to measure. This resulted in no exact measurements being made. However, the heat affected zone was in the order of 50 μm for all samples, concluding that turning away 0.15 mm is sufficient to remove the heat affected zone with margin. No difference could be observed between the samples cut with a laser power of 2500 W or 3500 W. Common to both materials is that the amount of dross decreases with increased cutting speed. / Denna studie har utförts i syfte att undersöka utsträckningen av den värmepåverkade zonen för att kunna använda laserskärning för att skära prover till dragprovning. Ett problem med laserskärning är att metaller absorberar värmeenergin, vilket orsakar förändringar i mikrostrukturen. Denna värmepåverkade zon bör minimeras och avlägsnas från metallen, då det minskar kvalitén på proverna samt på dragprovningen. I denna studie har två material undersökts, det höghållfasta stålet Docol 1000DP och det duplexa rostfria stålet LDX 2101. Stålen skars ut i form av hundben för dragprovning med två olika effekter på lasern 2500 W och 3500 W. Proverna skars ut med olika skärhastigheter, började med lägre hastigheter och ökade sedan tills lasern inte längre kunde skära igenom materialet. Därefter undersöktes både den värmepåverkade zonen och kvaliteten på skärytan. Resultaten från denna studie visade att den värmepåverkade zonen minskar med ökad skärhastighet. Vid skärning i Docol 1000DP med höga skärhastigheter räcker det att avlägsna 0,30 mm för att ta bort den värmepåverkade zonen med marginal. Ingen skillnad i värmepåverkad zon observerades mellan proverna skurna med 2500 W och 3500 W vid skärning med högsta skärhastigheten för varje lasereffekt. Den värmepåverkade zonen i LDX 2101 var mycket liten, i storleksordningen 50 μm, vilket gjorde den svårt att mäta. Slutsatsen gav att det är tillräckligt att avlägsna 0,15 mm för att avlägsna den värmepåverkade zonen med marginal. Ingen skillnad kunde observeras mellan proverna skurna med en lasereffekt på 2500 W eller 3500 W. Gemensamt för båda materialen var att gradbildningen minskade med ökad skärhastighet.

<p>Predmet istraživanja ove disertacije predstavlja unapređenje, modelovanje i optimizacija procesa elektroerozivne obrade (EDM) savremenih inženjerskih materijala. Prvo su predstavljene dve inovativne metode: EDM u dielektrikumu sa pome&scaron;anim prahom i EDM sa pomoćnom elektrodom, a zatim i njihova kombinacija. Za generisanje matematičkih modela primenjene su metodologija odzivne povr&scaron;ine i alati ve&scaron;tačke inteligencije. U nastavku su postavljeni optimizacioni procesi određivanja ulaznih parametara sa jednom i vi&scaron;e funkcija cilja koji su re&scaron;eni primenom klasičnih metoda optimizacije. U zavr&scaron;nom osvrtu sprovedena je verifikacija dobijenih modela i optimalnih ulaznih parametara elektroerozivne obrade.</p> / <p>The subject of the research of this dissertation is the improvement, modeling and optimization of the electrical discharge machining (EDM) of advanced engineering materials. First, two innovation methods are presented: EDM in powder mixed dielectric fluid and EDM with assisted electrode and that their combination. The method of response surface and artificial intelligence tools were applied to generate mathematical models. The optimization problems of determining the input parameters with single and multiple target functions are solved by the application of classical optimization methods. Finally, verification of the obtained models and optimal input parameters of electrical discharge machining was carried out.</p>