Orientador: Hilary Castle de Menezes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T09:18:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes_AlessandraSantos_D.pdf: 3488044 bytes, checksum: f87fb3e276cf6bc8933b4387bcc1c4bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.) é um fruto nativo das regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, e muito pouco investigado cientificamente. Graças às suas qualidades vitamínicas e sensoriais, a pitanga foi o principal objeto de estudo deste trabalho de tese. A acerola, excelente fonte de vitamina C, também foi abordada neste trabalho. O estudo da acerola consistiu basicamente na avaliação da polpa como matéria-prima para a indústria de néctares mistos, objetivando o enriquecimento em vitamina C do néctar de pitanga. Em relação aos processos tecnológicos aplicados às polpas e néctares, foram estudados os processos de extração de polpa e os métodos de conservação tradicionais: congelamento e pasteurização térmica. Como conseqüência lógica, também foi avaliada a estabilidade dos produtos processados com o intuito de determinar a ocorrência de alterações físicas, físico-químicas e sensoriais. O estudo do processo de extração de polpa (Capítulo 2) foi realizado em dois diferentes tipos de despolpadores: despolpador de escovas inclinado e despolpador de pás horizontal. Para os frutos de pitanga, os equipamentos de escovas e pás apresentaram rendimentos de polpa de 58,47±3,92% e 46,61±1,80%, respectivamente. A polpa obtida no despolpador de pás apresentou uma diferença total de cor (.E*) em relação aos parâmetros de cor L*, a* e b* dos frutos in natura, significativamente superior (p¡Ü0,05) a polpa processada no despolpador de escovas. Por isso, o despolpador de escovas se mostrou mais eficiente que o despolpador de pás para obtenção de polpa de pitanga, devido ao maior rendimento e menor .E*. No estudo de estabilidade da polpa de pitanga preservada por congelamento (Capítulo 3) durante 90 dias, os resultados obtidos mostraram que a reação cinética da degradação dos parâmetros de cor a* e diferença total de cor (.E*) se ajustaram aos modelos cinéticos de 1a ordem e zero ordem, respectivamente. Ao mesmo tempo, houve uma forte queda na aceitabilidade sensorial e na atitude positiva de compra do néctar formulado com a polpa de pitanga armazenada por 90 dias a ¿18oC, devido às significativas mudanças na qualidade física do néctar formulado com a polpa de pitanga congelada. No estudo de pasteurização térmica da polpa de pitanga (Capítulo 4) foi empregado um planejamento composto central (22), onde as variáveis independentes foram os parâmetros tempo e temperatura de processamento, e as variáveis dependentes foram cor instrumental (a*, b* e .E*) e atividade enzimática. O binômio tempo-temperatura de pasteurização térmica mais adequado para a conservação da polpa de pitanga foi de 59 a 68s a 90oC, considerando as mínimas alterações de cor instrumental e a inativação das enzimas presentes. O estudo do comportamento reológico da polpa de pitanga (Capítulo 5) na faixa de temperatura de pasteurização de 83 a 97oC determinou que a polpa de pitanga apresentou comportamento pseudoplástico e o modelo de Herschel-Bulkley foi considerado o mais adequado. Os índices de comportamento de fluido (n), variaram na faixa de 0,448 a 0,627. O efeito da temperatura sobre a viscosidade aparente pôde ser descrito pela equação análoga à de Arrenhius, observando-se a diminuição da viscosidade aparente com o aumento da temperatura. A energia de ativação do escoamento viscoso da polpa de pitanga, para a taxa de deformação de 100s-1, foi de 2,947 Kcal.gmol-1. No estudo de avaliação dos processos de despolpamento e estabilidade da polpa de acerola (Capítulo 6) preservada por congelamento durante 180 dias, foi determinado que o despolpador mais adequado para a extração da polpa de acerola foi o extrator de escovas, pois apresentou um maior rendimento (62,83%) e menor alteração da cor instrumental. No estudo de estabilidade da polpa de acerola, obtida no extrator de escovas, foi verificado que a mesma apresentou ótima estabilidade física, físico-química e sensorial até o final do experimento, exceto para o parâmetro de cor instrumental .E* (diferença total de cor), que variou significativamente (p¡Ü0,05) durante o período de estocagem da polpa de acerola. Paralelamente, foi observado um decréscimo significativo estatisticamente (p¡Ü0,05) no teor de antocianinas totais (16,23%). De acordo com a análise sensorial do atributo cor, a variação no teor de antocianinas totais não comprometeu significativamente (p>0,05) a aceitabilidade da polpa de acerola estocada por 180 dias a ¿18oC. No estudo de formulação e pasteurização térmica de néctar misto através da metodologia de superfície de resposta (Capítulo 7), foi verificada a maior aceitabilidade das formulações com maiores proporções de polpa de pitanga (26,4% a 32,9%). Na etapa de pasteurização do néctar misto foi determinada que na faixa de tempo entre 39s a 60s em temperaturas que variam de 83oC a 85oC, os néctares mistos pasteurizados de acerola e pitanga apresentaram as menores alterações sensoriais, e conseqüentemente maior a aceitabilidade / Abstract: Pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.) is a native fruit of the southern and south-eastern regions of Brazil, little studied scientifically. Pitanga was the main objective of this thesis due to its vitamin content and sensory qualities. West Indian cherry, an excellent vitamin C source, was also included in the study. The research on West Indian cherry was basically the evaluation of its pulp as a raw material for the mixed nectar industry, aiming to enrich the pitanga nectar with respect to vitamin C. The technological processes applied to the pulps were the extraction processes and the traditional methods of preservation: freezing and heat pasteurisation. As a logical sequence, the stability of the processed pulps was also evaluated, checking for physical, physicochemical and sensory alterations. The extraction process (Chapter 2) was carried out with two types of pulper: an inclined brush pulper and a horizontal blade pulper. For pitanga, the brush and blade pulpers gave pulp yields of 58.47±3.92% and 46.61±1.80% respectively and the pulp obtained using the blade pulper presented a significantly greater (p¡Ü0.05) total difference in colour (.E*) with respect to the colour parameters L*, a* and b* as compared to the in nature fruits, than that obtained using the brush pulper. Thus the brush pulper was shown to be more efficient due to a greater yield and smaller .E*. The study of pitanga pulp stability during 90 days of frozen storage (Chapter 3) showed that the degradation kinetics of the parameters a* and .E* fitted the 1st and zero order kinetic models respectively. At the same time there was a distinct loss in sensory acceptance and in the positive attitude to buying the nectar formulated with the pitanga pulp stored for 90 days at ¿18ºC, due to significant changes in the nectar formulated with this pulp. A 2² central composite experimental design was used in the study of the heat pasteurisation of pitanga pulp (Chapter 4), the independent variables being the process parameters of time and temperature and the dependent variables, the instrumental colour (a*, b* and .E*) and enzyme activity. The most adequate time-temperature binomial for the preservation of pitanga pulp by heat pasteurisation was from 59 to 68s at 90ºC, when considering minimal alterations in instrumental colour and inactivation of the enzymes. A study of the rheological behaviour of the pitanga pulp (Chapter 5) in the pasteurisation temperature range (83 to 97ºC) showed that it presented pseudoplastic behaviour, adjusting best to the Herschel-Bulkley model. The fluid behaviour index (ç) varied from 0.448 to 0.627. The effect of temperature on the apparent viscosity could be described by the Arrenhius analogical equation, the apparent viscosity decreasing with increase in temperature. The activation energy for viscous flow of the pitanga pulp was 1.947 Kcal.gmol-1 for a deformation rate of 100s-1. In the study on extraction procedures and stability of West Indian cherry pulp (Chapter 6) stored frozen for 180 days, the brush pulper was shown to be more adequate, giving a higher yield (62.83%) and lower alteration in instrumental colour. The West Indian cherry pulp extracted with the brush pulper showed excellent physical, physicochemical and sensory stability up to the end of the experiment, with the exception of the parameter .E*, which varied significantly during frozen storage. In parallel, a statistically significant (p¡Ü0.05) decrease in total anthocyanins was observed. According to the sensory analysis of the attribute colour, the variation in anthocyanin content did not significantly compromise the acceptability of the West Indian cherry pulp after 180 days of storage at ¿18ºC. In the study on the formulation and heat pasteurisation of the mixed nectar using response surface methodology (Chapter 7), a greater acceptance of the formulations containing higher proportions of pitanga pulp (26.4% and 32.9%) was observed. With respect to heat pasteurisation, temperatures between 83 and 85ºC for 39 to 60s presented the smallest sensory alterations and consequently the greatest acceptability of the mixed pitanga and West Indian cherry nectars / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

The identity of the long-overlooked Ronabea morindoides and Patabea tenuiflora, synonymous with a species of Appunia (Rubiaceae). Candollea 76: 83-92. In English, English abstract. The identity of Ronabea morindoides A. Rich. has long been unclear and is here investigated. Two sheets of original material corresponding to this name are deposited in the General Herbarium of the National Museum of Natural History of Paris (P), and represent a mixed collection; one part of this material corresponds better with the description of this taxon and is more unambiguously identifiable, and is here designated the lectotype. With this typification, Ronabea morindoides represents a species of Appunia Hook. f. The identity of Patabea tenuiflora DC. has also remained uncertain since its description and is here clarified by studying the holotype in the Candolle Herbarium (G-DC); this is an additional synonym of R. morindoides. Taxonomic review of this group in the Guianas also finds that Ronabea morindoides is an older name for Appunia brachycalyx (Bremek.) Steyerm. and Appunia surinamensis Bremek. (Morindeae). Therefore, the new combination Appunia morindoides (A. Rich.) Delprete, C.M. Taylor & T. McDowell is here published. Received: August 15, 2020; Accepted: December 1, 2020; First published online: February 1, 2021

The overwhelming majority of plant species introduced into a new range never become invasive. Consequently, identification of factors allowing the small fraction of successful invaders to naturalize, increase in abundance, and displace resident species continues to be a key area of research in invasion biology. Of the considerable number of hypotheses that have been proposed to resolve why some plant species become noxious pests, the enemy release hypothesis (ERH) is one of the most commonly cited. The ERH maintains that invasive plants succeed in a new range because they are no longer regulated by their coevolved natural enemies, and this reduction in enemy pressure imparts a competitive advantage over native species, which continue to be negatively impacted by top-down processes. Alternatively, the ability of invasive plant species to outperform their counterparts, rather than escape from enemies, may be key in conferring invasion success. The importance of preadapted traits and release from natural enemies in successful invasion remains unclear, likely owing to a lack of empirical studies comparing their effects on relative performance and population growth of closely related species that differ in origin and invasiveness. A system of co-occurring native, introduced non-invasive, and invasive Eugenia congeners exists in south Florida, providing an opportunity to address deficiencies in our understanding of plant invasions by investigating the factors leading to invasion success for Eugenia uniflora. This approach is novel because very few studies have simultaneously incorporated both native and introduced non-invasive congeners into tests of these hypotheses, and no others have done so using this system of Eugenia congeners. The first study in this dissertation tested the ERH using an insect herbivore exclusion experiment in the field to compare the effects of natural enemies on the performance and population growth of Eugenia uniflora and its native congeners. The results showed that E. uniflora sustained more herbivore damage than its native counterparts, and that the effects of herbivores were sufficient to have negative impacts on performance and population growth. In sum, these findings contradict the ERH. Surprisingly, the vast majority of damage to E. uniflora was caused by the recently introduced Sri Lankan weevil (Myllocerus undatus), with which it shares no coevolutionary history. The second study compared seedling performance among native, introduced non-invasive, and invasive Eugenia congeners to determine if the success of E. uniflora can be attributed to superior performance traits. Invasive E. uniflora was found to outperform its native and introduced non-invasive counterparts in a number of seedling traits, including emergence, growth, and survival, in spite of sustaining higher levels of herbivore damage in the field. This result was consistent across years and sites, suggesting that superior performance may be an important factor in invasion success by E. uniflora. The final experiment investigated the role of enemy release on performance of native, introduced non-invasive, and introduced invasive Eugenia seedlings using an insect herbivore exclusion experiment in the field. In this study, the invasive E. uniflora was again found to sustain more damage by foliar herbivores compared to its native and introduced non-invasive counterparts. However, in spite of higher levels of herbivore damage, E. uniflora continued to outperform its congeners in terms of stem growth, and its congeners did not outperform E. uniflora in any attribute. Insect herbivores negatively affected survival of all species, but were found to have little effect on growth. In combination, the results of these studies indicate that the ability of E. uniflora to outperform its native and introduced congeners at the seedling stage, and not release from insect herbivores, may contribute to its success as an invader. Additionally, E. uniflora exhibits relatively low resistance to herbivory in the new range, and instead may possess an ability to tolerate moderate levels of damage. The implications of this study are that enemy release may not be important in determining invasion success in some systems, and that the accumulation of new enemies may mitigate the effects of invasive plants over time. The paucity of studies investigating interactions among invasive plants and herbivores that share no coevolutionary history warrants further research. Finally, this system of Eugenia congeners provides valuable opportunities to test additional hypotheses and to further explore factors leading to invasion success.

Spanish-Dutch Relations in the New World during the Existence of the West Indische Compagnie Eva Kubátová Abstract This dissertation is dedicated to the Spanish-Dutch relations in the New World during the existence of the first Dutch West India Company (1621-1674). On base of an imagological analysis, this thesis presents elements of mutual relations, reflected in hetero-images, together with self-representation of both analyzed parties (thus self-image) within the ongoing conflict of the Eighty Years' War. The imagological analysis is applied on archival material, chiefly the Dutch pamphlets and Spanish Relaciones de sucesos (which can be translated as "Treatises of Successes"). The result of this thesis is then an analysis of development and changes of mutual images, upon the historical events of the Spanish-Dutch war conflict: thus since the beginnings of the Dutch Revolt, passing through the Twelve Years' Truce, until the signature of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. A special emphasis is put to the final phase of the Eighty Years' War, in this thesis delimited by the years 1621-1648, which was marked by the official entrance of the West India Company into the Spanish waters of Greater Caribbean. An important watershed in mutual relations is afterwards represented by the Peace of Westphalia, which...