A novel topology is developed and used to design a switched multiplexer. In the new topology there are two noncontiguous switched multiplexer modules containing the channels 2-4 GHz, 6-8 GHz, 10-12 GHz and 14-16 GHz named as odd channels and 4-6 GHz, 8-10 GHz, 12-14 GHz and 16-18 GHz, named as even channels to improve isolation between adjacent channels. The input signal is split at input into the two multiplexer and the outputs of the multiplexers are combined by 2-18 GHz power dividers. The input and output multiplexers are combined through switch + Low Noise Amplifier + attenuator blocks which are also used for amplitude equalization. The input/output multiplexers are designed using a novel technique that transforms a contiguous manifold multiplexer into non-contiguous multiplexers with 2 GHz bandwidth to form guard bands between channels to improve isolation. The HP outputs of the channels are split by LP-HP diplexers with corner frequencies at the centers of the channels. Then only the LP outputs of these diplexers are fed to the output to form a non-contiguous multiplexers. The HP outputs of LP-HP diplexers are terminated in 50 ohms. The incorporation of LP-HP diplexer to form noncontiguous channels is a novel approach which avoids interaction of channels. The diplexers forming the switched multiplexer are designed using a novel approach which incorporate open circuited parallel coupled line as diplexing element. This structure acts as an integral part of the diplexer and contributes its performance. The LP-HP diplexers are designed and fabricated successfully in suspended stripline. The implemented LP-HP diplexers are then combined to form the even and odd channel multiplexers. The measured results of the individual diplexers are then combined with attenuator+Amplifier blocks to form the circuit model of the targeted switched multiplexer yielding successful performance. Thus, the design is complete and ready for the realization of a switched multiplexer.

Vegetated roof technologies are increasingly being adopted as treatment measures to mitigate the effects of urban stormwater. A mass balance approach was used to assess the wet weather performance of a vegetated roof on the top of city hall in Waterloo, Ontario. Vegetated and control roof sections were instrumented to measure precipitation inputs, storage and outflow for 18 storm events from June to October, 2006. Concentrations of suspended solids (SS), total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) in precipitation and roof (vegetated and control) runoff were measured. A total of 155.6 mm of rain fell during the study period. The vegetated roof retained 64.5 mm (41.5%) of the total rainfall while the control roof retained ~ 5.1 mm (3.3 %). For individual rain events, the vegetated roof retained an average of 3.5 mm (47.6 %) while the control roof retained ~ 0.3 mm (4.7 %). Water retention varied with storm size, season and was influenced by wetting history. The vegetated roof retained 80.6 % of precipitation for light storm events (≤ 3.5 mm) and 34.9 % for large storm events (> 3.5 mm). The control roof retained 7.6 % light storm events and 3.7 % for large storm events. Water quality from the vegetated roof did not show significant improvement as only Zn concentrations in runoff from the vegetated roof were significantly lower than that measured in runoff from the control roof. Concentrations of SS, Cu, Cr and Cd in vegetated roof runoff were relative to concentrations in rainfall and control roof runoff and TP and SRP concentrations were significantly higher than that in rainfall or control roof runoff. Results gained from this study may assist people in planning and stormwater management by providing insight into the monitoring, development and application of new stormwater controls.

Vegetated roof technologies are increasingly being adopted as treatment measures to mitigate the effects of urban stormwater. A mass balance approach was used to assess the wet weather performance of a vegetated roof on the top of city hall in Waterloo, Ontario. Vegetated and control roof sections were instrumented to measure precipitation inputs, storage and outflow for 18 storm events from June to October, 2006. Concentrations of suspended solids (SS), total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) in precipitation and roof (vegetated and control) runoff were measured. A total of 155.6 mm of rain fell during the study period. The vegetated roof retained 64.5 mm (41.5%) of the total rainfall while the control roof retained ~ 5.1 mm (3.3 %). For individual rain events, the vegetated roof retained an average of 3.5 mm (47.6 %) while the control roof retained ~ 0.3 mm (4.7 %). Water retention varied with storm size, season and was influenced by wetting history. The vegetated roof retained 80.6 % of precipitation for light storm events (≤ 3.5 mm) and 34.9 % for large storm events (> 3.5 mm). The control roof retained 7.6 % light storm events and 3.7 % for large storm events. Water quality from the vegetated roof did not show significant improvement as only Zn concentrations in runoff from the vegetated roof were significantly lower than that measured in runoff from the control roof. Concentrations of SS, Cu, Cr and Cd in vegetated roof runoff were relative to concentrations in rainfall and control roof runoff and TP and SRP concentrations were significantly higher than that in rainfall or control roof runoff. Results gained from this study may assist people in planning and stormwater management by providing insight into the monitoring, development and application of new stormwater controls.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka en komponents    optimala utbyts" tid med hänsyn till kostnad och risk,    och föreslå schemalagda underhåll, med hjälp av statistiska metoder.    Genom att använda statistiska verktyg och historiska data, kan    en komponents samt systemets brister predikteras. När    forskaren vet hur ett system beter sig, kan dess fördelar    exploateras och tas till vara på. Schemaläggning av    förebyggande service, kostnads prognoser samt    uppskattning av förlängda garantier är möjliga fördelar som    kan nyttjas av denna rapport. Detta medför en högre    tillgänglighet och förbättrat rykte hos kund.    Tillförlitligthet teori är en viktigt del av    Total Quality Management, TQM, som säkerhetsställer kvalité.    I denna uppsats jämförs, förklaras och verifieras 2 kända ARP,    och strategin att ersätta endast då komponenten går sönder i en fallstudie.    Denna uppsats indikerar att en ARP med ändlig horisont ger mer optimalta resultat än    en ARP med oändlig horisont eller då ingen utbytespolicy används.    Barlow \& Proschan visade detta redan 1962.    I denna uppsats påvisas att ARP-teorier kan minska omkostnader och stilleståndstid    samt öka tillgängligheten. / The purpose of this thesis is to examine when a part's optimal   replacement time occurs in terms of risk and cost, and provide maintenance plans   accordingly using statistical methods.   With the use of statistical tools and historical data,   the failures of components as well as the system can be predicted.   Once the researcher knows how the system behaves, he/she can reveal the gains that   can be made. Scheduling of preventive maintenance, improved warranty cost   forecasts and estimation of lengthened warranty costs are   plausible benefits from this report. This will further result   in higher availability and improved reputation among clients.   Reliability theory is an important part of Total Quality Management (TQM),   ensuring good quality.   This thesis will compare the differences between two known age replacement policies (ARP),   and with the strategy of replacing only on failures in a real case-study.   This thesis indicates that an ARP with finite horizon yields   a more optimal solution than an ARP with infinite horizon as well as using no replacement policy at all.   Barlow & Proschan established this as far back as 1962.   With the aid of ARP theories it has been shown in this thesis that lowering costs is possible   and in the progress lower downtime which increases availability.

This thesis reports design and implementation of a MEMS based gravimetric resonator for cytometry applications. There are mainly two objectives of this thesis / to enable in-flow analysis and to perform closed loop operation that does not require any additional processing or equipment. A novel MEMS based resonator with in-flow capabilities is proposed for detection of agents inside micro channels. High resolution of mass detection inside micro channels is planned to be succeeded with lateral motion in the micro channel floor. The idea embedding lateral resonators emerges from decreasing squeeze film damping during the motion of the resonator. Lateral motion is supported by hydrophobic parylene coating to decrease the damping. Theory and design of the gravimetric resonators are explained and the fabrication flow is constructed and performed successfully by combining SOI, SOG and polymer micro fabrication techniques. Problems during the fabrication are overcome and optimized flow is presented. The devices have a foot print area of 1.5 x 0.5 cm2 which is mainly composed of reservoirs for fluidic connections. Ten types of devices are designed according to their mass sensitivities and compliances. Trade offs between frequency, injected current, and compliance are analyzed successfully by taking also the performance parameters of the interface electronics in to account. Test results reveal that single latex bead with 3 &micro / m diameter and 14.127 pg mass can be sensed successfully and mass sensitivity is measured to be 5.91 fg/Hz for this type of device.

<p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka en komponents    optimala utbyts" tid med hänsyn till kostnad och risk,    och föreslå schemalagda underhåll, med hjälp av statistiska metoder.    Genom att använda statistiska verktyg och historiska data, kan    en komponents samt systemets brister predikteras. När    forskaren vet hur ett system beter sig, kan dess fördelar    exploateras och tas till vara på. Schemaläggning av    förebyggande service, kostnads prognoser samt    uppskattning av förlängda garantier är möjliga fördelar som    kan nyttjas av denna rapport. Detta medför en högre    tillgänglighet och förbättrat rykte hos kund.    Tillförlitligthet teori är en viktigt del av    Total Quality Management, TQM, som säkerhetsställer kvalité.    I denna uppsats jämförs, förklaras och verifieras 2 kända ARP,    och strategin att ersätta endast då komponenten går sönder i en fallstudie.    Denna uppsats indikerar att en ARP med ändlig horisont ger mer optimalta resultat än    en ARP med oändlig horisont eller då ingen utbytespolicy används.    Barlow \& Proschan visade detta redan 1962.    I denna uppsats påvisas att ARP-teorier kan minska omkostnader och stilleståndstid    samt öka tillgängligheten.</p> / <p>The purpose of this thesis is to examine when a part's optimal   replacement time occurs in terms of risk and cost, and provide maintenance plans   accordingly using statistical methods.   With the use of statistical tools and historical data,   the failures of components as well as the system can be predicted.   Once the researcher knows how the system behaves, he/she can reveal the gains that   can be made. Scheduling of preventive maintenance, improved warranty cost   forecasts and estimation of lengthened warranty costs are   plausible benefits from this report. This will further result   in higher availability and improved reputation among clients.   Reliability theory is an important part of Total Quality Management (TQM),   ensuring good quality.   This thesis will compare the differences between two known age replacement policies (ARP),   and with the strategy of replacing only on failures in a real case-study.   This thesis indicates that an ARP with finite horizon yields   a more optimal solution than an ARP with infinite horizon as well as using no replacement policy at all.   Barlow & Proschan established this as far back as 1962.   With the aid of ARP theories it has been shown in this thesis that lowering costs is possible   and in the progress lower downtime which increases availability.</p>

Achieving optimization of IMTA sites and modeling the efficiency of such a system requires knowledge of the spatiotemporal distribution and variability of TPM surrounding the finfish farms. The objective of this study was to quantify the impact of finfish farms on the surrounding particle field. Platforms equipped with transmissometers, fluorometers and CTD’s were towed around the sites while undulating through the water column in a high-resolution 3D spatial survey approach. In addition, combination turbidity and chlorophyll a sensors were moored at a variety of locations and depths. Surveys were conducted concurrently with the deployment of current meters. Farms surveyed were found to have little impact on the surrounding suspended particle field (mean effect < 1 mg L-1). Results provided evidence of minimal enhancement from fish farm wastes, primarily in surficial waters (0.5- 2 m depth) immediately adjacent to the cages, and evidence of predominantly tidal driven (M2) TPM dynamics.

One of the primary concerns associated with timber harvesting is the production of sediments from stream crossings. While research has shown that using improved haul road crossings can mitigate sediment production in perennial streams compared to the use of unimproved crossings little research has been undertaken on temporary skidder crossings of headwater streams, a situation common to a significant percentage of ground skidding operations. This experiment consisted of a controlled replicated testing of the effectiveness of four types of temporary skidder stream crossings (unimproved ford, corrugated culvert, wood panel skidder bridge, and PVC pipe bundle) relative to bedload and suspended sediment production. Automated samplers were used to monitor sediment and bedload production during the construction, use, removal, and post-removal phases associated with the use of these temporary crossings. Results showed that elevated crossings mitigated total sediment production compared to unimproved fords. Further, wood panel bridges yielded lower amounts of sediment than culverts but PVC pipe bundles show no difference between bridges or culverts. Sediment production varied by crossing type and use phase. While no differences were found among crossings types during construction, there was a difference between improved crossings and fords during use. Further, bridges and PVC pipe bundle crossings produced significantly less sediments than culverts during both their removal and during post-removal sampling and fords produced the largest amount of sediments during these phases.

La mesure de Matières En Suspension (MES) est cruciale autant pour comprendre les transferts sédimentaires que pour les études des écosystèmes marins. Elles sont classiquement mesurées ponctuellement par des prélèvements d’eau in situ, ou à partir des propriétés optiques de l’eau. Mais depuis plusieurs décennies, les appareils acoustiques, ont montré leur capacité à mesurer ces MES sur de plus grands volumes. Ces mesures, en particulier celles de la concentration, s’appuient sur les propriétés de rétrodiffusion des particules. Mais ces mesures demeurent peu représentatives dans la mesure où le contenu en MES dans la colonne d’eau varie à différentes échelles de temps et d’espace. Dans un premier temps, ces travaux de thèse visent à montrer à travers des mesures in situ réalisées dans l’estuaire de l’Aulne qu’il est possible d’étendre spatialement la mesure par inversion des données issues de sondeurs multifaisceaux (SMF). Un modèle de rétrodiffusion adapté à la suspension d’intérêt, constituée dans cette étude d’agrégats estuariens, est d’abord élaboré. Puis grâce à des observations issues d’un profileur multifréquences, la concentration massique en MES, distribuée par classes de tailles, a pu être déterminée par la résolution d’un problème inverse. Ces informations permettent de déterminer les rayons équivalents de la suspension, grâce auxquels les données issues du SMF, au préalable calibrées par une méthode innovante, peuvent être inversées de manière directe. Une étude des incertitudes attachées aux valeurs de concentrations estimées est par la suite proposée afin de qualifier la pertinence des résultats. Puis dans un second temps, les conditions nécessaires à l’établissement d’un protocole de mesure des MES par système multi-capteur sont identifiées. Ce dernier permet la caractérisation en continu des MES à différentes échelles de temps et d’espace, en exploitant la complémentarité des mesures issues des différents instruments. / Measuring Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) is essential to better understand sediment transport and marine ecosystems. SPM is traditionnaly estimated through in situ water samples analysis, or based on the optical properties of water. Yet for several decades, acoustical devices have shown their capability to measure SPM on larger volumes. These measurements (especially in terms of SPM concentration) are based on the backscattering properties of the particles. However, these measurements remain limited, since the SPM content in the water column is subjected to variations on both spatial and temporal scales.As a first step, this work aims at showing that it is possible to increase the degree of spatialization of the SPM measurements by inverting MultiBeam EchoSounder (MBES) data, through in situ measurements acquired in the Aulne macrotidal estuary. A backscattering model was first designed to describe the backscattering properties of the suspension of interest, consisting in this study in estuarine agregates. Then, thanks to multifrequency observations, the SPM mass concentration sorted by size classes was retrieved through the the resolution of the inverse problem. This kind of information allows to determine the equivalent spherical radius of the the whole suspension, through which the MBES data, calibrated beforehand using an original method, can be directly inverted. Subsequently, a study of the uncertainties attached to the final concentration estimate is proposed in order to qualify the relevance of the results.In a second step, the necessary conditions for establishing a measurement protocol of the SPM are identified. The latter allows continuous characterization of SPM at different spatial and temporal scales, by exploiting the complementarity of the measures delivered by different instruments.

One of the major challenges for agriculture today is to manage soil properties and their spatial distribution to optimize productivity and minimize environmental impacts, such as diffuse pollution. To identify best management practices, the effects of different agricultural management practices on pollutant sources, mobilization, transfer and delivery to water bodies need to be understood. Grasslands managed for dairy and meat production, despite being widespread, have received less research attention than other agricultural land uses. Therefore, this thesis studies the effects of different grassland management practices on soil properties and their spatial distribution and the mobilization and delivery of multiple diffuse pollutants. As a grassland case study, monitoring for this thesis was conducted across three fields (6.5 – 7.5 ha) on the North Wyke Farm Platform, a grassland experimental farm in the UK. First, the effects of permanent grassland management (permanent for at least 6 years, but different grassland management > 6 years ago) were characterized as a baseline, followed by quantifying the short-term effects of ploughing and reseeding of permanent grassland fields. Throughout those management periods, i) a range of soil physical (bulk density [BD]) and chemical (soil organic matter [SOM], total N [TN], total phosphorus [TP], total carbon [TC]) soil properties and their spatial distribution were sampled and analysed by geostatistics, and ii) hydrological characteristics and multiple pollutant fluxes (suspended sediment [SS] and the macronutrients: total oxidized nitrogen-N [TONN], total phosphorus [TP], and total carbon [TC]) were monitored at high temporal resolution (monitoring up to every 15 minutes). The permanent grassland fields (or areas within fields) can be considered to be functioning differently. Past management legacy (more than 6 years ago) has affected soil properties and their distribution with subsequent effects on sediment and macronutrient delivery from the fields to surface waters. Overall, permanent grasslands were found to contribute significantly to agricultural diffuse pollution. The estimated erosion and macronutrient losses were similar to or exceeded the losses reported for other grasslands, mixed land use and even arable sites, and sediment and TP concentrations exceeded those recommended by EU / UK water quality guidelines. Ploughing and reseeding did not homogenize spatial variation and did not override past management effects. Long-term management differences affected soil properties and altered soil processes, so that the fields subsequently responded differently to ploughing and reseeding. All nutrient concentrations were significantly reduced in the older grassland field (no ploughing for 20 years), but not in the younger grassland field (no ploughing for 6 years). Ploughing and reseeding significantly accelerated the losses of sediment and macronutrients and sediment, TP and TONN exceedance frequencies of EU / UK water quality guidelines increased. Additionally, ploughing and reseeding caused a shift in the relative importance of nutrients, by increasing the relative importance of N. Such large sediment and nutrient losses from intensively managed grasslands should be acknowledged in land management guidelines and advice for future compliance with surface water quality standards. The between-field and within-field variation highlights the importance of baseline characterization and paired catchment studies. The long-term effects of management still acting on soil properties and subsequently water quality indicates how long it may take to see soil and water quality improvements after implementing mitigation measures. Therefore, long-term management history always has to be included when interpreting soil and water quality data.