[Truncated abstract] The initial success of the Green Revolution notwithstanding, the ability of our planet to produce sufficient food to support its growing population is causing growing concern. Indonesia, like many other countries, cannot produce sufficient rice to feed its people. This creates an imperative to import rice that Indonesia wishes to overcome. In addition, agricultural intensification has created ecological contamination from overuse and the mismanagement of chemical inputs. These problems threaten the sustainability of agricultural lands and Indonesia's ability to support national food selfsufficiency. The extension of agricultural lands is one alternative that has been implemented by the Indonesian government for more than two decades. Families from the crowded islands of Java and Bali have been translocated to the outer islands of Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua. In South Kalimantan, the tidal swampland areas are one of the resettlement destinations; which are usually reclaimed for the purpose of increasing rice production. However, the difference between the natural characteristics, socialeconomics, language, and culture in South Kalimantan, compared with the homelands of the transmigrant farmers, has the potential to adversely affect the farming activities of both the transmigrant and the local indigenous farmers. This in turn might affect the sustainability of the tidal wetlands for agricultural production. It may also damage the ecological integrity of the coastal environment ... The research findings indicate that farming practices by the groups differed significantly. Similarly, there was a significant difference between the cultivation of traditional rice varieties and the HYV. Farming practices performed by the indigenous local farmers, who have lived in the swamplands for centuries, were more ecologically sustainable than those of their transmigrant counterparts in both of the tidal swamplands being assessed. Likewise, traditional (indigenous) rice variety cultivation appears to be more sustainable than the HYVs. Among the socio-economic and agronomic influences of the farming practices selected for statistical analysis, only the non-formal education variable had a significant impact on the sustainability index. Tidal swampland Type B has lower yields than Type A, but in both swampland types, indigenous farmers produce higher yields than the transmigrant farmers, while the HYV has a higher yield over the traditional one. Indigenous farmers received higher financial returns per ha compared to the transmigrant returns in tidal swampland Type A and Type B. The higher yields produced by the HYVs are not accompanied by a higher financial return per ha compared to the traditional variety. The conclusions of this research are that not only are indigenous farming practices more sustainable but that indigenous farmers achieve a higher overall output and higher returns per ha from their farming activities. Future research should be formulated to further investigate the implications for both increasing rice production and sustainability by extending the use of indigenous farming systems. The sustainability index developed in this research should be investigated for adaptation in other areas of Indonesia and possibly by other farming areas internationally.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T14:52:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IlsyaneRocioKmitta-1.pdf: 1102799 bytes, checksum: f60b52b1c05491f54d17b25cd1819ff7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-11 / The realtionship between man and nature, in Swampland, its interaction with ecosystem, the way to notice and mix with the peculiarities of the environment is marked by the cicle of the floods and its antithesis, droughts. The human experiments in a region historically valued, mainly by its environmental characteristics, are our proposal for discussion. Using the methodology of oral history, we know the experiences of the subjects, their daily practices and their life trajectory, while occupant in waterlands, especially in Porto Murtinho-MS. To understand how the local history includes, in their characteristics and modifications, the phenomenon of floods, we made a reading of history from the memory of a people that considers the flood a natural phenomenon, but remarkable in the region of Swampland, and the human strategies built for survival in areas traditionally affected by water. Men modify the landscape and the area around it, and they are modified, in the past or present. This network of relations is explained not only or only by political aspects, but also by the social, religious, cultural and economic aspects, and allows the understanding that the human action, individual or collective, is not only an identifiable determinant, but produces own significations, to promote the understanding that the region contains characteristics that go beyond the middle and paradisiac vision of Swampland, which means the regions as a paradise of animal species, reservation of flora and fauna, joining, in a good way of this representation, the waterland man and his history. In this context, the flood, under the perspective of Cultural History, produces a resignification about what a urban tenant is in Swampland and allows us to understand that the floods are not always a problem for that region / A relação do homem e natureza, no Pantanal, sua interação com os ecossistemas, o seu modo de perceber e relacionar-se com as peculiaridades do ambiente, é marcada pelo ciclo das cheias e de sua antítese, as secas. As experiências humanas em uma região historicamente valorizada, principalmente por suas características ambientais, são nossa proposta para discussão. Utilizando a metodologia da história oral, procuramos conhecer as experiências dos sujeitos, suas práticas cotidianas e sua trajetória de vida, enquanto morador nos pantanais, especialmente em Porto Murtinho, MS. Para compreender como a história local contempla, em suas características e modificações, o fenômeno das enchentes, buscamos fazer uma leitura da história a partir da memória de um povo que considera a enchente um fenômeno natural, porém marcante na região do Pantanal, e as estratégias humanas construídas para a sobrevivência em áreas tradicionalmente afetadas pelas águas. Os homens modificam a paisagem e o espaço ao seu redor, e são por eles modificados, seja no passado ou no presente. Essa rede de relações não se explica apenas ou somente pelo aspecto político, mas também pelo aspecto social, religioso, cultural e econômico e possibilita o entendimento de que a ação humana, individual ou coletiva, não é apenas uma determinante identificável, mas elabora significações próprias, que favorecem a compreensão de que essa região encerra características que ultrapassam a visão midiática e edênica do Pantanal, que significa a região como um paraíso de espécies animais, reserva da flora e fauna, alienando, em boa medida dessa representação, o homem pantaneiro e sua história. Nesse contexto, a enchente, sob a ótica da História Cultural, produz uma ressignificação do que é um morador urbano no Pantanal e permite compreender por que as cheias nem sempre são um problema para essa região

The Swampland program is way of sorting effective field theories based on conjectures of how an effective field theory consistent with quantum gravity should look like. In this thesis we take a closer look at the No Global Symmetries Conjecture, the Weak Gravity Conjecture, the de Sitter Conjecture and the Trans-Planckian Censorship Conjecture. The Weak Gravity Conjecture generalized to arbitrary dimensions and p-forms is tested under dimensional reduction and its sharpened version is used to discuss how under this conjecture non-supersymmetric AdS geometries are unstable. The de Sitter Conjecture and the Trans-Planckian Censorship Conjecture are compared to show that they give similar predictions based on different assumptions. Lastly we provide an example of a theory emerging from the swampland that utilizes the instability of AdS geometries to model our universe as the boundary of a higher dimensional expanding bubble. / Swampland-programmet är ett sätt att sortera effektiva fältteorier baserat på antaganden om hur en effektiv fältteori förenlig med kvantgravitation bör se ut. I den här avhandlingen tittar vi närmare på No Global Symmetries-antagandet, Weak Gravity-antagandet, de Sitter-antagandet och Trans-Planckian Censorship-antagandet. Weak gravity-antagandet generaliserat till godtyckliga dimensioner och p-former testas under dimensionsreduktion och dess skärpta version används för att diskutera hur man via detta antagande finner en instabilitet i icke-supersymmetriska AdS-geometrier. De sitter-antagandet och Trans-Planckian Censorship-antagandet jämförs för att visa att de ger liknande förutsägelser baserat på olika frågeställningar. Slutligen ger vi ett exempel på en teori som växer fram ur programmet som använder instabiliteten hos AdS-geometrier genom att modellera vårt universum som randen på en expanderande bubbla i högre dimensioner.

Until now the quantum field theory (QFT) that successfully describes the electric, weak and strong interactions (three out of the four fundamental forces) between particles is the Standard Model, but it omits gravity. The prime candidate for a quantum theory of gravity is string theory. However, recent developments in string theory suggest that a portion of the alternative quantum field theories that are being considered, are incompatible with gravity. In 2005, this led string theorists to outline the conditions an effective field theory (EFT) should satisfy in order to be consistent with a quantum theory of gravity. These conditions are the ones that separate the so-called landscape from the swampland. An EFT that satisfies these conditions is said to reside in the landscape, while EFTs that do not satisfy these conditions belong to the swampland. This mapping out of EFTs to the swampland gives rise to a number of predictions that are related to the physics of the Early universe and the nature of dark energy. The de Sitter conjecture and the Trans-Planckian censorship conjecture are some of these conditions and will be the main focus of this thesis. The main purpose behind this work is to gain a deep understanding of each criterium, as well as unravel their implications and predictions related to the dynamics of the Early Universe. We do this by writing a pedagogical introduction of the topic and by introducing some possible alternative to the inflationary scenario, cosmologies that seem to be consistent with the aforementioned constraints.