本論文的主要目的是建立一套泳姿自動分類系統，利用電腦視覺中影像處理技術，輔以資料分析技術，即時且自動的分析在一段從岸邊水上拍攝，包含單一泳者向著鏡頭方向游泳的彩色影片中，泳者所進行的姿勢。首先我們利用膚色模型分離出影像中屬於游泳者手臂的區域。接下來，我們分析這些區域的特徵，例如長寬比以及斜率、面積等。最後，基於連續影像中每個單一畫面的手臂區域特徵，利用一個評分系統來判斷該泳者目前所進行的是哪一種游泳姿勢，分為蝶式、仰式、蛙式、自由式等四種泳姿。在實驗結果中，我們所提出的方法對於從http://swim.ee網站上下載的50段影片中，四種泳姿的分類達到了百分之百的正確性。 / In this thesis, we present a robust method to classify swimming styles from live color video sequences based on the features extracted from the upper-body of the swimmer. In our approach, potential body parts are first extracted using a simple skin color model. Next, the dominant components in the segmented regions are selected according to quantitative measures such as the aspect ratio and the area. Regression analysis is then performed to calculate the relative position of the constituent body parts. Finally, a scoring system is constructed to carry out the classification of four strokes, including butterfly, backstroke, breast stroke, and freestyle. Experimental results demonstrate the validity and efficiency of our proposed approach.

Title: Parameters of high performance swimmers training specialized in breaststroke swimming style. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to determine the training load and performance development at leading Czech swimmer, winner of Czech records. Method: Reference period became a four-year olympic cycle before the Olympic Games in London in 2012. Data collection was implemented mainly through the study of documents - coach training diaries and race analysis. Computer processing of the data is performed through descriptive statistics, tabulations and graphic display and degree of dependence. Results: The investigation showed that the training load displacement characteristics observed in many parameters swimmer makes a lower value. Causal could be frequent medical complications. Yet training allowed the swimmer to complete quality training with little performance progression in their major disciplines 50 m and 100 m breaststroke and to start at world competitions. Key words; sports swimming, olympic cycle, training load, breaststroke swimming style.

Topic:Teaching school-age chidren a breaststroke swimming style with an usage of dolphin wave. Goals:The goal of the thesis is to teach young children (6-9 years old) breaststroke swimming style by usage a dolphin wave. Methods:The thesis is mainly descriptive multi-case study. We used standardized and even non- standardized methods. The teaching method had been applied to a group of six children (6-9 years old) and analyzed by the diploma thesis author after its application. In the same time we teach another group of six children by standard breatststroke didactics method, so we were able to compare both methods. Results:The application of dolphin wave method into didactic of breaststroke swimming style has advantages and even disadvantages. The advantage is mainly freedom of movement, so children can use their creativity and sence to find the optimal movement. On the other hand the freedom is also disadvantage, since it can cause a little chaos at the beginning of the training. The successfulness of both methods was same. In both groups four children learnt the breaststroke and two did not. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Estudos mostram que o fornecimento de dicas verbais favorece a aprendizagem de habilidades motoras. Mas há indicativos de que sua eficácia depende da associação entre o conteúdo e a natureza da tarefa. Em habilidades de alta organização, para obter sucesso não basta executar bem cada um dos componentes em separado, pois o aspecto essencial é sua interação. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito da utilização das dicas verbais com foco no componente e na interação entre os componentes em uma habilidade classificada como de alta organização. Participaram do experimento 20 voluntários com faixa etária entre 12-14 anos, distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos experimentais: grupo com dicas no componente (GDC), na interação entre os componentes (GDI) e grupo controle (GC). A tarefa utilizada foi deslocar-se 8 metros nadando crawl. O nadar crawl foi escolhido como tarefa por envolver um alto nível de interação entre suas partes, já que elas (braçada, respiração e pernada) ocorrem simultaneamente. O tempo de execução da tarefa e o padrão de movimento (soma da pontuação dos componentes da lista de checagem adaptada de Pasetto, 2004) foram usadas como medidas. Para controle da amostra, foram utilizadas medidas antropométricas, estatura e massa corporal e a escala de esforço percebido de Borg. Os resultados apontaram que nesses quesitos os grupos não eram diferentes. Em relação ao bloco de entrada, foi verificado se os grupos partiram do mesmo nível de habilidade. O GDI foi o único a apresentar melhora do padrão de movimento durante a fase de aquisição (AQ1-AQ4) e manutenção do desempenho em relação ao padrão de movimento do último bloco de tentativas da fase de aquisição (AQ4) para os blocos de teste, tanto de retenção (R1 e R2) como de transferência para a velocidade máxima de nado (T1 e T2). Na medida de tempo de execução da tarefa os resultados indicaram que a prática não resultou em melhora significativa do desempenho. Esses resultados permitem concluir que no caso da habilidade nadar, em estando o aprendiz no estágio inicial de aprendizagem, somente a dica verbal com foco de atenção sobre a interação entre os componentes, mais especificamente, sobre o tempo de execução da respiração em relação à ação da braçada, é efetiva para a aquisição do padrão de movimento. Portanto, somente a dica verbal com foco na interação entre os componentes é benéfica à aprendizagem do padrão do movimento de uma habilidade motora classificada como sendo de alta organização / Studies show that providing verbal cues favors the learning of motor skills. But there are indications that their effectiveness depends on the association between the content and nature of the task. In high organization skills to succeed it is not enough to execute each component separately, because the interaction between components is the essential feature. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the use of verbal cues focusing on the component and on the interaction between components in a skill classified as being high organized. 20 volunteers aged 12-14 years participated in the experiment, randomly distributed in three experimental groups: group with component cues (GDC), group with interaction between components cues (GDI) and control group (GC). The task was to swim 8 meters front crawl stroke. The front crawl stroke was chosen as the task because it involves a high level of interaction between its parts, since they (arm stroke, kick and breathing) occur simultaneously. Time needed to complete the task and the movement pattern (sum of the scores of the components of the checklist adapted from Pasetto, 2004) were used as measures. To control samples, anthropometric measures, as well as height, body mass, and the Borgs perceived effort scale were used. The results showed that at these criteria the groups were not different. In relation to the first block, it was verified that the groups started from the same skill level. The GDI was the only one to show improvement in the movement pattern during the acquisition phase (AQ1-AQ4) and maintenance of performance in relation to the movement pattern on the last block of trials of the acquisition phase (AQ4) on the test blocks, both retention (R1 and R2) and transfer blocks to maximum speed (T1 and T2). In relation to the time needed to complete the task results indicated that the practice did not result in significant improvement in performance. These results indicate that in the case of the front crawl swimming, considering a learner at the initial learning stage, only the verbal cue focusing attention on the interaction between components, more specifically on the execution time of breathing in relation to the arm stroke, is effective for the acquisition of the movement pattern. Therefore, only the verbal cue focusing on the interaction between components is beneficial to the movement pattern learning of a motor skill classified as being of high organized

Estudos mostram que o fornecimento de dicas verbais favorece a aprendizagem de habilidades motoras. Mas há indicativos de que sua eficácia depende da associação entre o conteúdo e a natureza da tarefa. Em habilidades de alta organização, para obter sucesso não basta executar bem cada um dos componentes em separado, pois o aspecto essencial é sua interação. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito da utilização das dicas verbais com foco no componente e na interação entre os componentes em uma habilidade classificada como de alta organização. Participaram do experimento 20 voluntários com faixa etária entre 12-14 anos, distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos experimentais: grupo com dicas no componente (GDC), na interação entre os componentes (GDI) e grupo controle (GC). A tarefa utilizada foi deslocar-se 8 metros nadando crawl. O nadar crawl foi escolhido como tarefa por envolver um alto nível de interação entre suas partes, já que elas (braçada, respiração e pernada) ocorrem simultaneamente. O tempo de execução da tarefa e o padrão de movimento (soma da pontuação dos componentes da lista de checagem adaptada de Pasetto, 2004) foram usadas como medidas. Para controle da amostra, foram utilizadas medidas antropométricas, estatura e massa corporal e a escala de esforço percebido de Borg. Os resultados apontaram que nesses quesitos os grupos não eram diferentes. Em relação ao bloco de entrada, foi verificado se os grupos partiram do mesmo nível de habilidade. O GDI foi o único a apresentar melhora do padrão de movimento durante a fase de aquisição (AQ1-AQ4) e manutenção do desempenho em relação ao padrão de movimento do último bloco de tentativas da fase de aquisição (AQ4) para os blocos de teste, tanto de retenção (R1 e R2) como de transferência para a velocidade máxima de nado (T1 e T2). Na medida de tempo de execução da tarefa os resultados indicaram que a prática não resultou em melhora significativa do desempenho. Esses resultados permitem concluir que no caso da habilidade nadar, em estando o aprendiz no estágio inicial de aprendizagem, somente a dica verbal com foco de atenção sobre a interação entre os componentes, mais especificamente, sobre o tempo de execução da respiração em relação à ação da braçada, é efetiva para a aquisição do padrão de movimento. Portanto, somente a dica verbal com foco na interação entre os componentes é benéfica à aprendizagem do padrão do movimento de uma habilidade motora classificada como sendo de alta organização / Studies show that providing verbal cues favors the learning of motor skills. But there are indications that their effectiveness depends on the association between the content and nature of the task. In high organization skills to succeed it is not enough to execute each component separately, because the interaction between components is the essential feature. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the use of verbal cues focusing on the component and on the interaction between components in a skill classified as being high organized. 20 volunteers aged 12-14 years participated in the experiment, randomly distributed in three experimental groups: group with component cues (GDC), group with interaction between components cues (GDI) and control group (GC). The task was to swim 8 meters front crawl stroke. The front crawl stroke was chosen as the task because it involves a high level of interaction between its parts, since they (arm stroke, kick and breathing) occur simultaneously. Time needed to complete the task and the movement pattern (sum of the scores of the components of the checklist adapted from Pasetto, 2004) were used as measures. To control samples, anthropometric measures, as well as height, body mass, and the Borgs perceived effort scale were used. The results showed that at these criteria the groups were not different. In relation to the first block, it was verified that the groups started from the same skill level. The GDI was the only one to show improvement in the movement pattern during the acquisition phase (AQ1-AQ4) and maintenance of performance in relation to the movement pattern on the last block of trials of the acquisition phase (AQ4) on the test blocks, both retention (R1 and R2) and transfer blocks to maximum speed (T1 and T2). In relation to the time needed to complete the task results indicated that the practice did not result in significant improvement in performance. These results indicate that in the case of the front crawl swimming, considering a learner at the initial learning stage, only the verbal cue focusing attention on the interaction between components, more specifically on the execution time of breathing in relation to the arm stroke, is effective for the acquisition of the movement pattern. Therefore, only the verbal cue focusing on the interaction between components is beneficial to the movement pattern learning of a motor skill classified as being of high organized

The task of the thesis was to create a water-environmental game collection for children of primary school-age, which was subsequently verified in practice. Content analysis method has been used to create analytical parts. The analytical part of the thesis contains findings (information) about importance of swimming for children of early school-age, stages of swimming and description of swimming styles and techniques. Last, but not least, there is also a water-environmental game collection for swimmers and non-swimmers. The thesis also contains information about swimming equipment as well, as basic safety points which must be observe during the swimming lesson. The analytical part of the thesis is based on the processing of the synthetic part of the thesis, whose task was to verify the game collection in practice. The synthetic part describes the success or failure of games whether they are beneficial to children or not, as well as a description of non-swimmers' lessons in one of the swimming styles. The main benefit of this thesis is a collection of games for children that can be used by other teachers in practice.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:49:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Izabel Katzer.pdf: 566998 bytes, checksum: 614a796bd05e530eed06282bbf0c345d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-26 / The learning of motor skills is a complex process. Depending on the task, obtaining a high level of skill can take years of practice. Several factors may influence the acquisition of skills in the motor learning environment as a distribution, quantity and variety of practical experiences, mental practice, demonstration and a major factor, the feedback. This study aims at verifying the motor learning of the beginning crawl swimming style, using feedback after good trials and bad trials. The present study evaluated 48 adult students with a mean age of 25.11±5.345 years, the Associação Desportiva da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria- RS. In order to check the motor learning the front crawl test was used Motor Performance of the Crawl wimming Style Test (Corazza et al., 2006) for the pre and post tests. Students were divided into two groups with 24 subjects each: group 1 (G1) received feedback after good trials to group 2 (G2) received feedback after bad trials at practice. The post test was carried out after 10 lessons in order to assess the learning of crawl swimming style. The findings of the pretest for to G1 was 3.46±3.55 points and for the G2 was 3.46 ± 3.14 points. And the results on the posttest was for the G1 26.29±2.33 for G2 and 23.85±5.47 points. There was found a significant difference for both groups (p<0.001). This shows that both groups learned after the 10 lessons, however, confirming the study purpose, the G1 obtained better results when compared to G2 p<0.001. From the results it was observed that the group that received feedback after good trials had a superior performance in crawl swimming style compared to the group that received feedback after bad trials at practice. This may be because of the feedback provided after good trials and it might motivate students to continue practicing, it is much easier for the beginner in motor skill to maintain the pattern of movement for the next trial. / A aprendizagem de habilidades motoras é um processo complexo. Dependendo da tarefa, obter um alto nível de habilidade pode tomar anos de prática. Vários fatores podem influenciar na aquisição de habilidades no ambiente da aprendizagem motora como, sendo um dos principais fatores, o feedback. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a aprendizagem motora de iniciantes do nado crawl, utilizando feedback após boas e más tentativas. Fizeram parte desse estudo 48 adultos universitários com média de idade de 25,11±5,345 anos, da Escola de Natação da Associação Desportiva da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - RS. Para verificar a aprendizagem motora do nado crawl foi utilizado o Teste do Desempenho Motor do Nado Crawl de Corazza et al. (2006) para o pré e pós-testes. Os alunos foram divididos em dois grupos com 24 sujeitos cada: o grupo 1 (G1) que recebeu feedback após boas tentativas de prática e o grupo 2 (G2) que recebeu feedback após más tentativas de prática. Após 10 aulas de natação através da prática parcial progressiva, foi realizado o pós-teste para verificar a aprendizagem do nado crawl.Os resultados encontrados no pré-teste para o G1 de 3,46±3,55 pontos e para o G2 de 3,46±3,14 pontos. Já os resultados no pós teste para o G1 26,29±2,33 e para o G2 23,85±5,47 pontos. Foi encontrada uma diferença significante para ambos os grupos (p<0,001), o que mostra que ambos os grupos aprenderam após as 10 aulas, no entanto, confirmando hipótese do estudo, o G1 obteve resultados superiores quando comparado ao G2 (p<0,001). A partir dos resultados encontrados observouse que o grupo que recebeu feedback após boas tentativas teve um desempenho superior no nado crawl quando comparado ao grupo que recebeu feedback após más tentativas de prática. Esse fato pode ter ocorrido porque o feedback após boas tentativas além de motivar o aluno a continuar praticando, é muito mais fácil para o aluno iniciante numa habilidade motora manter o padrão do movimento para a próxima tentativa.

This thesis aims at observing the swimming technique of adult amateur swimmers and revealing their most common mistakes. Based on statistical analysis, a training plan was composed in order to eliminate the observed swimming technique errors. Furthermore, it was examined whether better swimming technique results in faster performance by the target group.

Bibliographic identification ŠATRA, Michal: The historical development of the technique of swimming styles in connection with changes in the rules [Diploma thesis]. Charles University in Prague. Faculty of Physical Education and Sport. Department of Swimming. Supervisor: Mgr. Babeta Chrzanowská. Prague: FTVS UK, 2012. Abstract The aim of this thesis is to describe the development of the techniques of each individual swimming style on the basis of all available materials and to discover its connection with significant changes in the respective style's rules. The purpose of this thesis is to point out the most important changes in the rules of swimming within their historical context. A DVD which contains a practical demonstration of various swimming styles forms part of this work. Keywords Swimming, free style, breaststroke, backstroke, butterfly, swimming style, swimming technique, historical development, contemporary style, rules, historical photos, DVD.