Traditionally, language policy (LP) has been conceptualised as a notion separate from that of practice. That is, language practices have usually been studied with a view to evaluate the extent to which a LP is (or is not) implemented (e.g. Martin, 2005; Johnson, 2009). Recently, however, Spolsky (2004, 2007, 2008a) has argued that policy and practice need not be seen as distinct and that, in fact, there is policy in language practices themselves (I use the term ‘practiced language policy’). Therefore, Spolsky’s claim represents a decisive development in the field of LP research. However, this proposal remains essentially programmatic since Spolsky does not indicate how practiced language policies can be investigated. The aim of this thesis is to address this methodological gap. The main claim of the thesis is that Conversation Analysis (CA) – a method specifically developed to describe conversational practices – can be used to investigate practiced language policies. In order to support this claim, a case study has been conducted on the language practices of an induction classroom for newly-arrived immigrant children in France. In the thesis, a broad view of CA is adopted, incorporating both sequential and categorisation analysis (Membership Categorisation Analysis). More specifically, I have used the conversation analytic approach to code-switching (as developed over the last few years by researchers such as Auer, 1984; Li Wei, 2002; Gafaranga, 2009; Bonacina and Gafaranga, 2010) and investigated a corpus of audio-recorded classroom interactions I collected in the above mentioned setting. Observation of these interactions revealed a number of “norms of interaction” (Hymes, 1972) the classroom participants orient to in order to go about the routine business of talking in an orderly fashion. For example, it was observed that each of the languages available can potentially be adopted as the “medium of classroom interaction” (Bonacina and Gafaranga, 2010) depending on who is doing being the language teacher. When no one is doing being the language teacher, it was observed, a key determinant of language choice is participants’ language preference. Finally, in the absence of any shared preferred language, French was adopted. The practiced language policy of this induction classroom consists of the set of such interactional norms. It is because CA can be used to discover and describe such interactional norms that this thesis claims it can be used to investigate practiced language policies in this induction classroom and in other settings as well. In summary, this thesis is primarily a contribution to the field of LP research. It starts from recent proposals in the field, especially by Spolsky (2004, 2007, 2008a), that there is policy in practices and shows how this programmatically formulated proposal can be implemented. More specifically the thesis shows that and how CA can be used to discover a practiced language policy. The research reported here has adopted a case study methodology, investigating language choice practices in a multilingual educational setting. It therefore contributes to the study of bilingual classroom talk, albeit indirectly. This is particularly the case as there has been very few, if any, studies of bilingual classroom talk which combine both sequential and categorisation analysis.

A modelagem da estrutura de dependência é de grande importância em todos os ramos da economia onde há incerteza. Ela é um elemento crucial na análise de risco e para a tomada de decisão sob incerteza. As cópulas oferecem aos agentes que se deparam com este problema um poderoso e flexível instrumento para modelar a estrutura de dependência entre variáveis aleatórias e que é preferível ao instrumento tradicional baseado na correlação linear. Neste estudo, nós analisamos a dinâmica temporal da estrutura de dependência entre índices de mercados financeiros internacionais e propomos um novo procedimento para capturar a estrutura de dependência ao longo do tempo. Adicionalmente, estudamos alguns fatos estilizados sobre índices de mercados financeiros como a relação entre volume-volatilidade e retorno-volatilidade. / Modelling dependence is of key importance to all economic fields in which uncertainty plays a large role. It is a crucial element of risk analysis and decision making under uncertainty. Copulas offer economic agents facing uncertainty a powerful and flexible tool to model dependence between random variables and often are preferable to the traditional, correlation-based approach. In this work we analyze the time dynamics of the dependence structure between broad stock market indices and propose a novel procedure to capture dependence structure over time. Additionally, we study some stylized facts about stock market indexes such as volume-volatility and return-volatility relations.

In most African countries, and indeed other parts of the world, multilingualism is the rule rather than the exception. One could, for example, investigate in which domain each of the languages in a multilingual situation is used. It is also possible to study in linguistic terms the influence of one language on another. One may also wish to examine what is known as code switching, i.e. the use of more than one language in speech.

A modelagem da estrutura de dependência é de grande importância em todos os ramos da economia onde há incerteza. Ela é um elemento crucial na análise de risco e para a tomada de decisão sob incerteza. As cópulas oferecem aos agentes que se deparam com este problema um poderoso e flexível instrumento para modelar a estrutura de dependência entre variáveis aleatórias e que é preferível ao instrumento tradicional baseado na correlação linear. Neste estudo, nós analisamos a dinâmica temporal da estrutura de dependência entre índices de mercados financeiros internacionais e propomos um novo procedimento para capturar a estrutura de dependência ao longo do tempo. Adicionalmente, estudamos alguns fatos estilizados sobre índices de mercados financeiros como a relação entre volume-volatilidade e retorno-volatilidade. / Modelling dependence is of key importance to all economic fields in which uncertainty plays a large role. It is a crucial element of risk analysis and decision making under uncertainty. Copulas offer economic agents facing uncertainty a powerful and flexible tool to model dependence between random variables and often are preferable to the traditional, correlation-based approach. In this work we analyze the time dynamics of the dependence structure between broad stock market indices and propose a novel procedure to capture dependence structure over time. Additionally, we study some stylized facts about stock market indexes such as volume-volatility and return-volatility relations.

A modelagem da estrutura de dependência é de grande importância em todos os ramos da economia onde há incerteza. Ela é um elemento crucial na análise de risco e para a tomada de decisão sob incerteza. As cópulas oferecem aos agentes que se deparam com este problema um poderoso e flexível instrumento para modelar a estrutura de dependência entre variáveis aleatórias e que é preferível ao instrumento tradicional baseado na correlação linear. Neste estudo, nós analisamos a dinâmica temporal da estrutura de dependência entre índices de mercados financeiros internacionais e propomos um novo procedimento para capturar a estrutura de dependência ao longo do tempo. Adicionalmente, estudamos alguns fatos estilizados sobre índices de mercados financeiros como a relação entre volume-volatilidade e retorno-volatilidade. / Modelling dependence is of key importance to all economic fields in which uncertainty plays a large role. It is a crucial element of risk analysis and decision making under uncertainty. Copulas offer economic agents facing uncertainty a powerful and flexible tool to model dependence between random variables and often are preferable to the traditional, correlation-based approach. In this work we analyze the time dynamics of the dependence structure between broad stock market indices and propose a novel procedure to capture dependence structure over time. Additionally, we study some stylized facts about stock market indexes such as volume-volatility and return-volatility relations.

No description available.

Orientador: Mauricio Ferreira Magalhães / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T10:39:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EsteveRothenberg_ChristianRodolfo_D.pdf: 14213626 bytes, checksum: 46a6a812d056a078c8a7fe49c80ce0ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Esta tese introduz um novo conceito para as redes de conteúdo denominado compact forwarding. Este conceito traduz-se na utilização de técnicas probabilísticas no plano de encaminhamento onde o espaço de identificação não é mais relacionado a um host final, mas sim, à identificação de conteúdo(s). A essência do conceito originou-se de uma questão básica, qual seja, onde deve ser colocado o estado associado ao encaminhamento do pacote? Nos elementos de rede ou no cabeçalho do pacote? A tese propõe duas soluções que representam estes extremos, SPSwitch, na qual o estado é colocado nos elementos de rede e, LIPSIN, onde o estado é colocado no cabeçalho do pacote. O denominador comum a essas soluções consiste na utilização de técnicas probabilísticas inspiradas no Bloom filter como elemento base das decisões de encaminhamento. A utilização de estruturas de dados derivadas do Bloom filter traz um custo adicional necessário à minimização dos erros associados à utilização de uma estrutura probabilística. A tese contribui com várias técnicas para redução desses erros incluindo a análise dos custos associados. Cenários de aplicação são apresentados para validação das propostas discutidas no trabalho / Abstract: This thesis introduces the concept of compact forwarding in the field of content-oriented networks. The main idea behind this concept is taking a probabilistic approach to the problem of packet forwarding in networks centered on content identifiers rather than traditional host addresses. The fundamental question explored is where to place the packet forwarding state, in network nodes or in packet headers? Solutions for both extremes are proposed. In the SPSwitch, approximate forwarding state is kept in network nodes. In LIPSIN, the state is carried in the packets themselves. Both approaches are based on probabilistic packet forwarding functions inspired by the Bloom filter data structure. The approximate forwarding state comes at the cost of additional considerations due to the effects of one-sided error-prone data structures. The thesis contributes with a series of techniques to mitigate the false positive errors. The proposed compact forwarding methods are experimentally validated in several practical networking scenarios / Doutorado / Engenharia de Computação / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

In most African countries, and indeed other parts of the world, multilingualism is the rule rather than the exception. One could, for example, investigate in which domain each of the languages in a multilingual situation is used. It is also possible to study in linguistic terms the influence of one language on another. One may also wish to examine what is known as code switching, i.e. the use of more than one language in speech.

No description available.