Neste trabalho, investigamos um algoritmo para estimação dos parâmetros de geradores síncronos baseado em análise de sensibilidade de trajetórias. Os parâmetros são estimados através da resolução de um problema de otimização não-linear de mínimos quadrados. Medidas são comparadas com as soluções obtidas dos modelos dinâmicos do gerador e o algoritmo busca minimizar a diferença entre as medidas e a saída do modelo matemático. As medidas foram obtidas de forma artificial por intermédios de simulações computacionais, admitindo-se não somente as dinâmicas transitórias da máquina, mas também considerando as dinâmicas sub-transitórias. O algoritmo proposto é adequado para medidas acessíveis em campo e permite estimar os parâmetros a partir de medidas de perturbações do sistema sem a necessidade da desconexão da máquina do sistema. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é a proposição de uma nova modelagem empregada para estimar os parâmetros do gerador síncrono. Para isto, propõe-se um modelo simplificado, modificado do modelo de dois eixos do gerador, que utiliza a corrente de campo do gerador como uma das entradas. Este modelo é constituído por um conjunto de equações algébrico-diferenciais (EADs) que contém uma equação algébrica de balanço de corrente. Esta equação elimina a necessidade de medidas de variáveis de difícil acesso. O algoritmo proposto foi testado com dados obtidos de simulações dinâmicas realizadas a partir de um sistema teste com resultados satisfatórios. Os resultados obtidos são analisados frente a resultados obtidos também para o modelo de dois eixos utilizando a tensão de campo como uma entrada. Através destes resultados é possível observar a possibilidade de sua utilização em aplicações reais. / In this work, we investigate an algorithm for estimating parameters of synchronous generators based on trajectories sensitivity analysis. The parameters are estimated by solving a nonlinear optimization problem of least squares. Measurements are compared with the solutions obtained from the dynamic model of the generator and the algorithm seeks to minimize the difference between the measurements and the output of the mathematical model. Measurements were obtained artificially by means of simulations, assuming not only the transient dynamics of the machine, but also considering the subtransient dynamics. The proposed algorithm is suitable for accessible measurements in the field and allows the estimation of parameters from measurements of system disturbances, without the necessity of disconnecting the machine from the system. The main contribution of this work is to propose a new generator model to estimate the parameters of the synchronous generator. To this end, a simplified model is proposed. This model is a modification of the two-axis model of the generator, which uses the generator field current as an input of the model. This model consists of a set of differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) containing an algebraic equation of balance of current. This equation eliminates the need of measuring variables that are difficult to access. The proposed algorithm has been tested with data obtained from dynamic simulations conducted from a test system with satisfactory results. The results has been analysed against the results of the two-axis model using the generator field voltage as an input of the model. These results indicate the possibility of application in real machines.

The rotor shaft of a synchronous machine can experience severe mechanical stress due to torque pulsations during a pole-slip condition. All pole-slip protection relays currently on the market use the impedance pole-slip protection method to detect a pole-slip. No commercial relay currently available can predict accurately when a generator is about to experience a damaging pole-slip. All the relays will only trip a generator after it has pole-slipped one or more times. Severe mechanical damage could be caused to a machine after only one pole-slip. It is therefore essential to enhance pole-slip protection relays to such an extent that it can trip a generator before it pole slips. The proposed pole-slip protection function must predict when a generator will become unstable during a network fault. As soon as instability is predicted, the generator must be tripped before the fault is cleared to avoid damaging post-fault torque effects. Conventional impedance pole-slip protection methods are are also discussed and the shortcomings of impedance pole-slip protection are investigated. The new pole-slip protection function was designed by using PSCAD. Detailed PSCAD simulations on different network configurations proved that the new pole-slip protection function will trip a generator before a damaging pole-slip occurs. The new pole-slip protection function was also implemented on an ABB REM543 multifunctional protection relay and tested on a RTDS. The concept of the new pole-slip function was successfully demonstrated on the protection relay. The operation of conventional impedance scheme relays was compared with the proposed pole-slip function for different fault conditions. Although the new pole-slip protection function is more complex than the existing impedance functions, it was concluded that similar skills are required to test and commission the new protection function. The new pole-slip function outperforms the impedance protection methods, since the new protection function can trip the generator before it pole-slips. / PhD (Electrical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011

The rotor shaft of a synchronous machine can experience severe mechanical stress due to torque pulsations during a pole-slip condition. All pole-slip protection relays currently on the market use the impedance pole-slip protection method to detect a pole-slip. No commercial relay currently available can predict accurately when a generator is about to experience a damaging pole-slip. All the relays will only trip a generator after it has pole-slipped one or more times. Severe mechanical damage could be caused to a machine after only one pole-slip. It is therefore essential to enhance pole-slip protection relays to such an extent that it can trip a generator before it pole slips. The proposed pole-slip protection function must predict when a generator will become unstable during a network fault. As soon as instability is predicted, the generator must be tripped before the fault is cleared to avoid damaging post-fault torque effects. Conventional impedance pole-slip protection methods are are also discussed and the shortcomings of impedance pole-slip protection are investigated. The new pole-slip protection function was designed by using PSCAD. Detailed PSCAD simulations on different network configurations proved that the new pole-slip protection function will trip a generator before a damaging pole-slip occurs. The new pole-slip protection function was also implemented on an ABB REM543 multifunctional protection relay and tested on a RTDS. The concept of the new pole-slip function was successfully demonstrated on the protection relay. The operation of conventional impedance scheme relays was compared with the proposed pole-slip function for different fault conditions. Although the new pole-slip protection function is more complex than the existing impedance functions, it was concluded that similar skills are required to test and commission the new protection function. The new pole-slip function outperforms the impedance protection methods, since the new protection function can trip the generator before it pole-slips. / PhD (Electrical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011

Σκοπός της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η ανάλυση της λειτουργίας τριφασικής σύγχρονης γεννήτριας εκτύπων πόλων κατά την εκκίνηση, καθώς και την ηλεκτρομαγνητική μελέτη ενός συστήματος δύο βαθμών ελευθερίας (στρόβιλος-γεννήτρια). Τέλος, θα γίνει σχολιασμός των αποτελεσμάτων. / The aim of the thesis is to study and analyze the operation of three phase synchronous generators with salient poles at startup, and electromechanical advancement of a system of two degrees of freedom (turbinegenerator) which is oscillated. Comments of the findings will follow in the last chapter. The thesis is structured in five chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the literature review where there is a general description of the basics of electric energy and the principles regarding the construction and operation of synchronous machines and in particular three-phase synchronous machines with salient poles. In chapter 2, a comprehensive analysis of oscillating systems is made of one and two degrees of freedom. A comparison is then made between linear and rotary motion. In the end the mathematical model of a rotating part with two degrees of freedom and the constant of twisted spring is presented. Chapter 3 shows the main steps followed during the design stage of the model and it includes images of the main parts of the generator and the control windows of the software Opera-2d. In Chapter 4 we make a reference to the PI-controller which was used to control the speed of the generator. Then we give the parameters of analysis. In Chapter 5 shows the presentation of the simulation results during the startup of the synchronous generator until the steady state.

Οι σύγχρονες αυξημένες ενεργειακές απαιτήσεις καθώς και η αυξανόμενη μόλυνση του περιβάλλοντος είναι οι κύριοι λόγοι που κάνουν τα αιολικά συστήματα να χρησιμοποιούνται ολοένα και περισσότερο στη παραγωγή ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας. Τα αιολικά συστήματα αξιοποιούν την κινητική ενέργεια του ανέμου. Ανάλογα με την τεχνολογία που εφαρμόζουν χωρίζονται σε επιμέρους κατηγορίες. Στη παρούσα εργασία θα μελετήσουμε ένα αιολικό σύστημα μεταβλητών στροφών που χρησιμοποιεί Σύγχρονη Μηχανή Μόνιμου Μαγνήτη (ΣΜΜΜ). Η απήχηση της ΣΜΜΜ στα αιολικά συστήματα διαρκώς αυξάνει. Αυτό οφείλεται κυρίως στην απουσία κιβωτίου ταχυτήτων, δακτυλιοφόρου δρομέα και εξωτερικής διεγέρσεως, που προσφέρουν οι μηχανές αυτές. Πράγμα που σημαίνει αυξημένη αξιοπιστία και απόδοση. Στην εργασία αυτή θα μοντελοποιήσουμε και θα προσομοιώσουμε, σε περιβάλλον Matlab/Simulink, το αιολικό σύστημα που περιγράψαμε παραπάνω. Στο σύστημα αυτό θα εφαρμόσουμε μια στρατηγική ελέγχου που μεγιστοποιεί την παραγόμενη ενέργεια ρυθμίζοντας κατάλληλα τις στροφές της μηχανής. Τέλος, θα παραθέσουμε τα αποτελέσματα μαζί με ένα σύντομο σχολιασμό και θα εξάγουμε ορισμένα συμπεράσματα. / Today’s increased energy needs and the increasing environmental pollution are the main reasons which make wind systems more usable in electric energy production. Wind systems use the kinetic energy of the wind. Depending on the technology they apply, they are divided into certain categories. In the present project we will study a varying speed wind system which uses a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). The popularity of the PMSG in wind systems is continuously increasing. This is mainly due to the absence of gear box, wound rotor and external excitation which offer such machines. This means increased reliability and efficiency. In this project we will model and simulate, in Matlab/Simulink environment, the wind system described above. In this system we will apply a control strategy which maximizes the produced energy by regulating appropriately the speed of the machine. Finally, we will demonstrate the results among with a brief comment and we will extract some conclusions.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική πραγματεύεται την ανάλυση της λειτουργίας ενός ηλεκτροπαραγωγού ζεύγους, αποτελούμενου από μηχανή Diesel και Σύγχρονη Γεννήτρια έκτυπων πόλων, το οποίο αποτελεί εφεδρική τροφοδοσία για φορτίο ασύγχρονου τριφασικού κινητήρα σε περιπτώσεις σφαλμάτων στο βασικό δίκτυο. Στα πρώτα κεφάλαια της εργασίας παρουσιάζεται η θεωρητική ανάλυση των μηχανών του παραπάνω συστήματος, και το μαθηματικό υπόβαθρο που τις περιγράφει. Η ανάλυση αυτή χρησιμοποιείται στη συνέχεια για την εκτεταμένη παρουσίαση του τρόπου προσομοίωσής τους στο περιβάλλον Simulink του προγράμματος Matlab της εταιρίας Mathworks. Μετά την περιγραφή και τη δημιουργία του μοντέλου του συστήματος στο Simulink, πραγματοποιούνται προσομοιώσεις για διαφορετικές περιπτώσεις σφαλμάτων. Αναλύονται και παρουσιάζονται γραφικά οι επιπτώσεις του εκάστοτε σφάλματος στο σύστημα, καθώς επίσης και η δράση των διάφορων μηχανισμών που θα επαναφέρουν το σύστημα στην επιθυμητή κατάσταση λειτουργίας. / The purpose of this diploma thesis is to analyze the operation of a genset consisting of a diesel engine and a synchronous generator, which provides backup supply for an asynchronous motor load when a fault occurs in the main grid. The first chapters of this thesis include the theoretical analysis of the system’s machines and the mathematical functions describing them. This analysis is then used to extensively describe the way these machines are simulated in the Simulink environment of the program Matlab. The simulation model of the whole system is then described and developed. Furthermore, simulation results of the model are presented for different types of faults in the main grid. The effects of these faults on the system are graphically analyzed, and so is the action of the regulators that will restore the system in the desired state of operation.

No description available.

This research addresses some of the difficulties faced when operating voltage controlled inverters with synchronous generators in microgrids. First, an overview of microgrid value propositions is provided, and the problems faced when attempting to use microgrids to provide improved power quality are discussed. Design considerations for different types of microgrids are provided to enable microgrids to deliver the desired functionality without adding unnecessary cost. The main body of this research investigates the poor transient load sharing encountered between voltage controlled inverters and synchronous generators in islanded operation. Poor transient load sharing results in high peak inverter rating requirements and high cost. The tradeoff between power quality and power sharing is highlighted, and methods to improve transient load sharing are proposed. The use of current limiting to protect inverters during faults and overloads is also investigated. Stability problems are identified when using simple inverter current limiting methods when operating in parallel with synchronous generators. Virtual impedance current limiting is proposed to improve transient stability during current limiting. The methods proposed in this thesis for mitigating inverter overloads and faults will allow for more reliable and cost effective application of inverter based distributed energy resources with synchronous generators in microgrids.

No description available.

Este trabalho propõe um novo método de proteção de geradores síncronos baseado em inteligência artificial, mais especificamente lógica fuzzy, com o propósito de melhorar a proteção destes componentes vitais aos sistema elétricos de potência. Um sistema elétrico de potência completo composto por geradores, linhas de transmissão e cargas foi simulado através do Real Time Digital Simulator para fornecer dados para realização de testes e validação do algoritmo de proteção inteligente. Adicionalmente, foram desenvolvidos dois esquemas experimentais que proporcionaram a obtenção de um conjunto extensivo de ensaios de faltas internas em dois geradores síncronos reais, com o objetivo de fornecer dados para comprovar a eficácia da proteção proposta. Um sistema integrado de software e hardware cujo objetivo é servir de plataforma para desenvolver e executar em tempo real algoritmos de proteção aplicados foi desenvolvido. Esse sistema integrado foi utilizado nos testes embarcados em tempo-real do algoritmo de proteção desenvolvido. Apresenta-se também um arranjo composto por funções de proteção tradicionais mais utilizadas em campo, as quais serviram como base de comparação de desempenho para o esquema de proteção inteligente desenvolvido. Os resultados apresentados mostram que o método de proteção inteligente proposto é mais sensível para detectar instantaneamente faltas fase-terra em geradores síncronos com aterramento de alta-impedância, além de ser capaz de identificar faltas entre-espiras e entre-caminhos / This work presents the development of a synchronous generator protective technique based on artificial intelligence, specifically fuzzy logic, in order to improve the protection of these vital components of the electric power system. A complete electric power system composed of generators, transmission lines and loads was simulated using the Real Time Digital Simulator to provide data for testing and validating the intelligent protection algorithm. Additionally, an extensive set of internal fault experiments conducted on two actual synchronous generators provided oscillograms to demostrate the proposed protection effectiveness. An integrated hardware and software system whose purpose is to serve as a platform for developing and executing real-time protection algorithms is presented. This integrated system was used for real-time embedded testing of the protection algorithm developed. An arrangement composed of traditional protection functions most used in the field is also presented, this arrangement served as a comparison basis for the intelligent protection scheme performance. The results show that the intelligent protection is more sensitive to detect instantly ground faults in synchronous generators with high-impedance grounding, it is also shown that the proposed scheme is able to identify inter-turns and inter-circuits faults