Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:17:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Regina Kunz.pdf: 2633664 bytes, checksum: ba62a763b7744580d9ca3b1f84d6f021 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Immobilization is a therapeutic modality that is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, which often cause tissue morphological changes, and which can be reversed by remobilization. This study examined the effects of immobilization and remobilization on morphological parameters of the ankle joint and the soleus and tibialis anterior muscles of Wistar rats. Eighteen male rats had their right hind limb immobilized for 15 days. They were divided into the following 3 groups: G1, simply immobilized; G2, remobilized freely for 14 days; and G3, remobilized by exercises in water, performed on alternate days with progression in terms of the time and number of exercises. The contralateral limb was used as control. After the experimental period, the ankle, right (immobilized/remobilized) and left (control) joints, and the soleus and tibialis anterior muscles were processed for analysis using light microscopy. For the analysis of the ankle, three fields of distinct interest were identified in the sagittal section as follows: P1, anterior articular extremity (near the phalanges); P2, middle region of the joint; P3, posterior articular extremity. Histomorphometry revealed no significant differences between the groups and members, control and imobilized/remobilized, in terms of the number of chondrocytes and the thickness of the articular cartilage of the tibia and the talus. The morphological analysis of G1 showed the most significant degenerative lesions in the talus, such as exposure of the subchondral bone, flocculation and cracks between the middle and anterior regions of the articular cartilage, as well as the synovial membrane. Remobilization by exercises in water showed positive effects on the recovery of the ankle joint, compared with free remobilization. In the muscles, immobilization produced significant changes in the morphometric parameters of the soleus; in the tibialis anterior it only caused a change in muscle mass. However, there were changes in the morphology of the tibialis anterior, which showed polymorphic fibers and necrosis, as well as changes in the connective tissue. Swimming, combined with jumping in water, increased the smallest diameter of the fiber of the soleus muscle. Both free remobilization, and remobilization using exercises, increased the mass and the length of the tibialis anterior muscle, as well as its morphology / A imobilização é uma modalidade terapêutica utilizada no tratamento de distúrbios musculoesqueléticos que com frequencia causa alterações morfológicas teciduais, as quais podem ser revertidas pela remobilização. Este estudo analisou o efeito da imobilização e da remobilização sobre parâmetros morfológicos da articulação talocrural e dos músculos sóleo e tibial anterior de ratos Wistar. Foram utilizados 18 ratos machos, que tiveram seu membro posterior direito imobilizado por 15 dias, e divididos em 3 grupos: G1, somente imobilizados; G2, remobilizados livremente por 14 dias; e G3, remobilizados em meio aquático por 14 dias, realizados em dias alternados com progressão de tempo e série dos exercícios. O membro contralateral foi utilizado como controle. Após o período experimental, as articulações talocrurais, direitas (imobilizadas/remobilizadas) e esquerdas (controle), e os músculos sóleo e tibial anterior foram processados para análises em microscopia de luz. Para a análise da articulação talocrural, nos cortes sagitais foram identificados três campos de interesse distintos, sendo: P1, extremidade articular anterior (próxima as falanges); P2, região média da articulação; P3, extremidade articular posterior. A histomorfometria não revelou diferenças significativas entre os grupos e os membros, controle e imobilizado/remobilizado, no número de condrócitos e na espessura da cartilagem articular da tíbia e do tálus. A análise morfológica de G1 evidenciou lesões degenerativas mais significativas no tálus, como exposição do osso subcondral, floculações e fissuras, entre as regiões anterior e média da cartilagem articular; bem como na membrana sinovial. A remobilização por exercícios em meio aquático, apresentou efeitos positivos na recuperação da articulação do tornozelo, quando comparada com a remobilização livre. Nos músculos, a imobilização produziu alterações significativas sobre os parâmetros histomorfométricos do sóleo e, no tibial anterior, causou alteração somente na massa muscular. No entanto, verificou-se alterações na sua morfologia, que apresentou fibras polimórficas e em necrose, assim como alterações no tecido conjuntivo. A natação combinada com o salto em meio aquático aumentaram o menor diâmetro da fibra do músculo sóleo. Tanto a remobilização livre quanto por associação dos exercícios aumentaram a massa e o comprimento muscular do tibial anterior, bem como melhoraram seus aspectos morfológicos

Afin d’améliorer l’efficacité des traitements des pathologies articulaires, en tenant compte de leur complexité et de leur ampleur, des études récentes ont mis en évidence le rôle des assemblages lipidiques associés à la structure discontinue du fluide synovial dans le contrôle du fonctionnement tribologique articulaire. Ceci à conduit à la mise au point d’un modèle tribologique ex vivo (thèse AM Sfarghiu, 2006), proposant un « motif élémentaire » de la biolubrification articulaire, constitué de l’empilement d’interfaces phospholipidiques et de couches aqueuses. En utilisant ce modèle, l’objectif de ce travail a été d’étudier l’évolution des interfaces phospholipidiques du fluide synovial en présence de pathologies. Pour ce faire, une méthodologie nano-bio-tribologique alliant des analyses biochimiques, physicochimiques, nano-mécaniques et tribologiques a été utilisée. Les résultats de ces analyses montrent : l’influence de la faible rugosité des surfaces frottantes caractérisant les stades précoces des pathologies et celle des propriétés des interfaces phospholipidiques (liées à la variation de leur composition) sur la résistance mécanique, l’évolution au cours du frottement et la dégradation in situ des assemblages lipidiques des fluides synoviaux pathologiques. Le comportement des assemblages lipidiques est accentué par l’action des enzymes associées aux pathologies. Par conséquent, le fonctionnement articulaire dépend de la résistance mécanique des interfaces phospholipidiques et pour obtenir des coefficients de frottement très bas, l’accommodation de vitesse doit s’effectuer au niveau des couches d’hydratation qui entourent les ions présents dans la couche aqueuse. Ces résultats permettront de comprendre à court terme l’évolution des interfaces phospholipidiques dans les pathologies articulaires et, à plus long terme le bon enchaînement cause/conséquence responsable d’une pathologie articulaire afin de développer des traitements plus efficaces, ciblés et non prothétiques. / In order to improve the effectiveness of joint diseases’ treatments, given their complexity and magnitude, recent studies have highlighted the role of lipid assemblies associated with the discontinuous structure of the synovial fluid (SF) in the tribological performance of joint operation. Thus, an ex vivo tribological model (AM Sfarghiu, PhD thesis, 2006) providing a "basic pattern" for joint biolubrification was developed. It consists of the stack of phospholipidic interfaces and aqueous layers. Using this model, the objective of this work was to study the evolution of phospholipidic interfaces of SF within pathological state. Therefore, a nano-bio-tribological methodology combining biochemical, physicochemical, nano-mechanical and tribological analysis was used. The results of these analyses show: the influence of even small rubbing surfaces’ roughness characteristics of early stage illness and that of phospholipidic interfaces’ properties (related to their composition change) on the mechanical strength, changes in friction and in situ degradation of lipidic assemblies of pathological SF. The tribological operation is highlighted by enzymes’ associated with diseases. Thus, joint operation depends on the mechanical strength of phospholipidic interfaces and to obtain very low friction coefficients, velocity accommodation must be done at the level of hydration layers surrounding ions in the aqueous solution. These results would therefore allow better understanding of the evolution of phospholipidic interfaces in joint diseases and of the proper cause/consequence sequence responsible for a joint disease in order to develop more effective, targeted and non prosthetic treatments.