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The effect of high-mass stars on low-mass star formationPozzo, Monica January 2001 (has links)
No description available.
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Angular momentum evolution of young starsLamm, Markus Heinrich. Unknown Date (has links) (PDF)
Univ, Diss., 2003--Heidelberg.
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Spektroskopische und interferometrische Untersuchungen an T-Tauri-Sternen im mittleren InfrarotbereichPrzygodda, Frank. Unknown Date (has links)
Universiẗat, Diss., 2004--Heidelberg.
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Accretion variability in young, low-mass stellar systemsRobinson, Connor Edward 11 February 2021 (has links)
Through the study of accretion onto the young, low-mass stars known as T Tauri Stars (TTS), we can better understand the formation of our solar system. Gas is funneled along stellar magnetic field lines into magnetospheric accretion columns where it reaches free-fall velocities and shocks at the stellar surface, generating emission that carries information about the inner regions of the protoplanetary disk. Accretion is a variable process, with characteristic timescales ranging from minutes to years. In this dissertation, I use simulations, models, and observations to provide insight into the driving forces of mass accretion rate variability on timescales of minutes to weeks and the structure of the inner disk. Using hydrodynamic simulations, I find that steady-state, transonic accretion occurs naturally in the absence of any other source of variability. If the density in the inner disk varies smoothly in time with roughly day-long time-scales (e.g., due to turbulence), traveling shocks develop within the accretion column, which lead to rapid increases in the accretion luminosity followed by slower declines. I present the largest Hubble Space Telescope (HST) spectral variability study of TTS to date. I infer mass accretion rates and accretion column surface coverage using newly updated accretion shock models. I find typical changes in the mass accretion rate of order 10% and moderate changes in the surface coverage for most objects in the sample on week timescales. Individual peculiar epochs are further discussed. I find that the inner disk is inhomogeneous and that dust may survive near the magnetic truncation radius. Next, I link 2-minute cadence light curves from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) to accretion using ground-based U-band photometry. Additional HST observations for one target enable more detailed connections between TESS light curves and accretion. I also use the TESS light curves to identify rotation periods and patterns of quasi-periodicity. Finally, I connect hydrodynamic simulations, accretion shock models, and stellar rotation to predict signatures of a turbulent inner disk. I generate light curves from these models to make comparisons to previous month-long photometric monitoring surveys of TTS using metrics of light curve symmetry and periodicity.
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Caractérisation des glycérolipides et de la dynamique de remodelage en chaines acyles chez Ostreococcus tauri / Characterization of glycerolipid and associated acyl remodeling dynamics in Ostreococcus tauriDegraeve Guilbault, Charlotte 08 December 2017 (has links)
La picoalgue verte marine Ostreococcus tauri est un eucaryote minimal développé en système modèle et qui a servi de ressource de gènes en biologie des lipides. Des informations détaillées sur ces caractéristiques lipidiques étaient cependant manquantes. Lors de ma thèse j’ai caractérisé le glycérolipidome d’O. tauri et ai cherché à déterminer quelles sont les cibles enzymatiques responsables de la dynamique des acides gras (FA) et de la régulation du métabolisme lipidique en réponse à des modifications de l’environnement (carences nutritives et refroidissement). O. tauri présente des caractéristiques uniques de composition en lipides et en FA mixtes entre les algues vertes et les Chromalveolates, et a été validé comme espèce modèle pour la classe des Mamiellophyceae. L’acide docosahexaénoïque (DHA) est confiné dans les lipides présumés extraplastidiaux : le phosphatidyldimethylpropanethiol (PDPT) et le bétaïne-lipide diacylglyceryl-hydroxymethyl-trimethyl-β-alanine (DGTA), tous deux marqueurs lipidiques des Chromalveolates. Les lipides plastidiaux de type procaryotique sont caractérisés par une prépondérance de FA polyinsaturés (PUFA) en C18 n-3, le 18:5 n-3 étant restreint aux galactolipides. Le 16:4 n-3, PUFA typique des galactolipides des microalgues vertes, est également un composant majoritaire des lipides extraplastidiaux chez O. tauri. Les triacylglycérols (TAG) présentent tout le panel d’acides gras d’O. tauri et leurs combinaisons moléculaires indiquent une origine plastidiale majoritaire. La carence azote provoque une forte accumulation de TAG, notamment des espèces présentant des combinaisons sn-1/sn-2 en 18:X/16:X et s'accompagne d'un transfert de carbone du phosphatidylglycérol (PG) et du monogalactosyldiacylglycérol (MGDG) aux TAG ce qui indique une contribution croissante de la voie plastidiale à la synthèse des TAG. Des expériences préliminaires de RT-qPCR sur des gènes du métabolisme des TAG révèlent une forte activation transcriptionnelle de certaines diacylglycérol acyltransférases (DAGT). Les carences nutritives répriment sévèrement l’activité Δ6 désaturase, générant une inversion du ratio 18:3/18:4 dans les lipides plastidiaux qui se répercute dans les TAG. La régulation fine et dynamique de ce ratio suggère un rôle important du 18:3 et du 18:4 dans les membranes plastidiales. Le refroidissement engendre une augmentation spécifique du 18:5 des galactolipides. La recherche active de la désaturase responsable de ce phénotype par une approche d'expression de gènes candidats en systèmes homologue et hétérologues (S. cerevisiae, N. Benthamiana) a conduit à l’indentification de deux Δ6 désaturases plastidiales jamais caractérisées dans d'autres systèmes. Celles-ci possèdent des spécificités non redondantes et originales entre elles et par rapport à l'acyl-CoA-Δ6 d'O. tauri. / The marine green picoalga Ostreococcus tauri is a minimal eukaryote implemented as model system that has been used as gene resource for lipid biology. Detailed information about its lipidic features was however missing. During my PhD, I characterized O. tauri glycerolipidome and associated dynamics under environmental stresses such as nutrient starvations and chilling and investigated transcriptional variations of putative target enzymes responsible for these changes. O. tauri which could be validated as model for related species of the class Mamiellophyceae, was found to display unique lipidic features related to both green and Chromalveolates microalgae. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is confined to presumed extraplastidial lipids i.e. phosphatidyldimethylpropanethiol (PDPT) and the betaine lipid diacylglyceryl-hydroxymethyl-trimethyl-β-alanine (DGTA); all of these compounds are hallmarks of Chromalveolates. Plastidial lipids found to be of prokaryotic type are characterized by the overwhelming presence of C18 n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), 18:5 n-3 being restricted to galactolipids. C16:4 n-3, an FA typical of green microalgae galactolipids, also was a major component of O. tauri extraplastidial lipids. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) display the complete panel of FAs, and their molecular combinations designate a major plastidial origin of DAG precursors. Nitrate starvation greatly increases TAG content, in particular 18:X/16:X (sn-1/sn-2) combinations, and was associated with the transfer of carbon from phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) to TAG indicating an increased contribution of the plastidial pathway to the TAG synthesis. Preliminary RT-qPCR experiments on TAG metabolism genes revealed an important transcriptional activation of some diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT). Nutrient starvations severely repress Δ6 desaturase activity and result in the inversion of the 18:3/18:4 ratio in plastidial lipids that was feedback into TAG. The fine-tuning and dynamic regulation of the 18:3/18:4 ratio suggests an important physiological role of these FAs in photosynthetic membranes. Chilling generates an increase of 18:5 in galactolipids. The active quest for the desaturases responsible for this phenotype was achieved by expressing candidate genes in homologuous and heterologous (S. cerevisiae, N. Benthamiana) systems and led to the identification of two yet uncharacterized plastidial Δ6 desaturases. These desaturases display original and non-redundant specificity between each other and with the previously characterized in O. tauri Δ6 acyl-CoA desaturase.
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T Tauri stars : mass accretion and X-ray emissionGregory, Scott G. January 2007 (has links)
I develop the first magnetospheric accretion model to take account of the observed complexity of T Tauri magnetic fields, and the influence of stellar coronae. It is now accepted that accretion onto classical T Tauri stars is controlled by the stellar magnetosphere, yet to date the majority of accretion models have assumed that the stellar magnetic field is dipolar. By considering a simple steady state accretion model with both dipolar and complex magnetic fields I find a correlation between mass accretion rate and stellar mass of the form M[dot above] proportional to M[asterisk subscript, alpha superscript], with my results consistent within observed scatter. For any particular stellar mass there can be several orders of magnitude difference in the mass accretion rate, with accretion filling factors of a few percent. I demonstrate that the field geometry has a significant effect in controlling the location and distribution of hot spots, formed on the stellar surface from the high velocity impact of accreting material. I find that hot spots are often at mid to low latitudes, in contrast to what is expected for accretion to dipolar fields, and that particularly for higher mass stars, accreting material is predominantly carried by open field lines. Material accreting onto stars with fields that have a realistic degree of complexity does so with a distribution of in-fall speeds. I have also modelled the rotational modulation of X-ray emission from T Tauri stars assuming that they have isothermal, magnetically confined coronae. By extrapolating from surface magnetograms I find that T Tauri coronae are compact and clumpy, such that rotational modulation arises from X-ray emitting regions being eclipsed as the star rotates. Emitting regions are close to the stellar surface and inhomogeneously distributed about the star. However some regions of the stellar surface, which contain wind bearing open field lines, are dark in X-rays. From simulated X-ray light curves, obtained using stellar parameters from the Chandra Orion Ultradeep Project, I calculate X-ray periods and make comparisons with optically determined rotation periods. I find that X-ray periods are typically equal to, or are half of, the optical periods. Further, I find that X-ray periods are dependent upon the stellar inclination, but that the ratio of X-ray to optical period is independent of stellar mass and radius. I also present some results that show that the largest flares detected on T Tauri stars may occur inside extended magnetic structures arising from the reconnection of open field lines within the disc. I am currently working to establish whether such large field line loops can remain closed for a long enough time to fill with plasma before being torn open by the differential rotation between the star and the disc. Finally I discuss the current limitations of the model and suggest future developments and new avenues of research.
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Observations des régions internes des vents autour des étoiles jeunes de type T TauriAgra-Amboage, Vanessa 09 October 2009 (has links) (PDF)
L'objectif de cette thèse est d'obtenir des contraintes observationnelles du mécanisme d'éjection dans des étoiles jeunes de type T Tauri, analogues au jeune soleil, à partir d'observations en spectro-imagerie optique et infrarouge proche couplées à l'optique adaptative, obtenues avec les instruments OASIS/CFHT et SINFONI/VLT. La combinaison unique de résolution spectrale et spatiale offerte par cette instrumentation permet de caractériser la morphologie, la dynamique et les conditions d'excitation dans les régions de lancement des jets et de mener une comparaison aux modèles d'éjection. Une première étude est conduite sur le jet de l'étoile jeune de masse intermédiaire RY Tauri , suspectée binaire, visant à quantifier l'effet de la multiplicité et de la masse de l'étoile centrale sur les propriétés du jet. Je montre que les caractéristiques du jet (collimation, vitesse teminale, efficacité d'éjection) sont similaires à celles de jets issus d'étoiles de plus faible masse, suggérant un mécanisme de lancement peu dépendant de la masse stellaire. Par ailleurs mes observations remettent en cause la binarité de RY Tauri. Une deuxième étude menée dans l'infrarouge proche sur le jet de l'étoile DG Tauri a pour but de clarifier l'origine de l'émission moléculaire H2. Je mets en évidence l'existence d'une cavité moléculaire lente en expansion dont les propriétés sont compatibles avec les prédictions des modèles de vent de disque magnéto-hydrodynamique. Toutefois, l'origine dans une région de photo-dissociation associée à un vent photo-evaporé ne peut être exclue. Je discute de l'implication de ces résultats pour les modèles d'éjection.
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Régimes d'accrétion et variabilité dans les étoiles jeunes : apport de la photométrie UV / Accretion regimes and variability in young stars : imprints on UV photometryVenuti, Laura 23 October 2015 (has links)
Le processus d'accrétion joue un rôle crucial dans le scénario de formation stellaire. Il régit l'interaction des étoiles jeunes avec leurs disques, en régulant l'échange de masse et de moment cinétique; ainsi, il a un impact durable sur leur évolution. De plus, l'accrétion est un ingrédient essentiel de la physique des systèmes étoile-disque à l'époque de formation planétaire. Selon le modèle d'accrétion magnétosphérique, une cavité de quelques rayons stellaires s'étend de la surface de l'étoile au bord interne du disque. L'interaction se produit donc par le champ magnétique stellaire, qui pénètre le disque interne et l'attèle à l'objet central. Des colonnes d'accrétion se développent du disque interne suivant les lignes de champ, et atteignent l'étoile à des vitesses presque de chute libre. L'impact à la surface crée des chocs localisés, qui sont responsables de l'excès de luminosité UV distinctif des systèmes accrétants par rapport aux objets non-accrétants. L'évolution temporelle intrinsèque et l'effet d'alternance du côté visible des objets au cours de leur rotation se mélangent dans la variabilité photométrique typique des étoiles jeunes, révélée par les campagnes de suivi.Durant ma thèse, j'ai mené une étude statistique du processus d'accrétion et de sa variabilité dans la région NGC 2264 (3 Myr). Cet amas contient plus de 700 membres, repartis entre étoiles avec disque (45%) et sans disque. J'ai qualifié l'accrétion par la diagnostique de l'excès UV; les étoiles de l'amas privées de disque définissent le niveau d'émission de référence au-dessus duquel l'excès UV provenant du choc d'accrétion est décelé et mesuré. Mon étude se base sur un jeu de données photométriques obtenues au télescope Canada-France-Hawaii (CFHT), comprenant un relevé profond en 4 filtres (u,g,r,i) et un suivi simultané de variabilité optique (bande r) et UV (bande u) d'une durée de 2 semaines et avec échantillonnage de l'ordre des heures. Dans une première étape de cette étude, je convertis les excès UV en taux d'accrétion pour obtenir une image globale du processus à travers l'amas et examiner sa dépendance envers les paramètres stellaires. Le taux d'accrétion moyen corrèle avec la masse de l'étoile, bien qu'une dispersion significative autour de cette tendance moyenne soit observée à chaque masse. Je montre que cet étalement ne peut pas être justifié par la variabilité des objets; une diversité de mécanismes d'accrétion et de stades évolutifs dans l'amas pourrait contribuer à la vaste gamme de régimes d'accrétion décelés. Ensuite, j'explore les signatures dans l'UV propres à des types distincts d'étoiles jeunes variables. Je montre que les étoiles accrétantes présentent en général une variabilité plus prononcée que les objets sans disque, et que les respectives variations de couleur sont cohérentes avec une origine différente de la variabilité associée aux deux groupes. Pour le premier groupe, ce sont les chocs d'accrétion à dominer, alors que le deuxième est dominé par des taches froides à la surface, dérivant de l'activité magnétique stellaire. Je compare les variations photométriques mesurées sur bases de quelques heures, quelques jours et quelques années, afin de déterminer quelles soient les composantes de variabilité les plus importantes. L'échelle de temps de quelques jours prévaut sur les autres délais investigués dans la variabilité enregistrée pour ces étoiles jeunes, avec une contribution majeure provenant de l'effet de modulation rotationnelle. Enfin, j'analyse les propriétés de rotation des étoiles de l'amas à partir d'un jeu de courbes de lumière optiques, d'une durée de 38 jours, obtenues avec le satellite CoRoT près de la campagne d'observation au CFHT. Je reconstruis la distribution de périodes de l'amas et montre que les objets sans disque tournent statistiquement plus vite que les objets accrétants. Cette connexion entre les propriétés d'accrétion et celles de rotation peut être interprétée dans le scénario de disk-locking. / Disk accretion plays a most important role in the star formation scenario. It governs the interaction of young stars with their disks, with a long-lasting impact on stellar evolution, by providing both mass and angular momentum regulation. Accretion is also a central ingredient in the physics of star-disk systems at the epoch when planets start to form. In the picture of magnetospheric accretion, a cavity of a few stellar radii extends from the star surface to the inner disk rim. The star-disk interaction is then mediated by the stellar magnetic field, whose lines thread the inner disk and couple it to the central object. Material from the inner disk is channeled along the field lines in accretion columns that reach the star at near free-fall velocities. The impact produces localized hot shocks at the stellar surface, which determine the distinctive UV excess emission of accreting objects relative to non-accreting sources. Intrinsic time evolution, and varying visibility of surface features during stellar rotation, combine in the characteristic photometric variability of young stars, revealed by monitoring surveys.In this thesis, I investigate the statistical properties of disk accretion and of its variability in the young open cluster NGC 2264 (3 Myr). This comprises a population of over 700 objects, about similarly distributed between disk-bearing (45%) and disk-free sources. I characterize accretion from the UV excess diagnostics; disk-free cluster members define the reference emission level over which the UV excess linked to accretion is detected and measured. The study is based on a homogeneous photometric dataset obtained at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT), composed of a deep mapping of the region in four different bands (u,g,r,i) and of simultaneous optical (r-band) and UV (u-band) monitoring on timescales from hours to days for a period of 2 weeks. In the first part of the study, UV excesses are converted to accretion luminosities and mass accretion rates to derive a global picture of the accretion process across the cluster, and to investigate the dependence of the typical accretion properties on stellar parameters such as mass and age. A robust correlation is detected between the average accretion rate and stellar mass, but a significant dispersion in accretion rates is observed around this average trend at any given mass. I show that the extent of this spread cannot be accounted for by typical variability on week timescales; I discuss several aspects, including a diversity in accretion mechanisms and a non-negligible evolutionary spread among cluster members, which may contribute to the broad range of accretion regimes detected. In the second part of the study, I explore the variability signatures in the UV that pertain to different types of variable young stars. I show that accreting objects typically exhibit stronger variability than non-accreting objects, and that the color properties associated with the two groups are consistent with a statistically distinct origin of the variability features in the two cases. These are dominated, in the first case, by hot accretion spots, and in the second, by cold spots linked to magnetic activity. I compare the amounts of variability on timescales of hours, days and years, to assess the dominant components. The mid term (days) appears to be the leading timescale for variability in young stars up to years, with a major contribution from rotational modulation. In the third part of the study, I use a set of 38 day-long optical light curves obtained with the CoRoT satellite, close to the epoch of the CFHT survey, to investigate periodicity and rotation properties in NGC 2264. I derive the period distribution for the cluster and show that accreting and non-accreting objects exhibit statistically distinct properties: the second rotate on average faster than the first. I then illustrate the connection between accretion and rotation properties in the disk-locking scenario.
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The Shadow Knows: Using Shadows to Investigate the Structure of the Pretransitional Disk of HD 100453Long, Zachary C., Fernandes, Rachel B., Sitko, Michael, Wagner, Kevin, Muto, Takayuki, Hashimoto, Jun, Follette, Katherine, Grady, Carol A., Fukagawa, Misato, Hasegawa, Yasuhiro, Kluska, Jacques, Kraus, Stefan, Mayama, Satoshi, McElwain, Michael W., Oh, Daehyon, Tamura, Motohide, Uyama, Taichi, Wisniewski, John P., Yang, Yi 24 March 2017 (has links)
We present Gemini Planet Imager polarized intensity imagery of HD 100453 in Y, J, and K1 bands that reveals an inner gap (9-18 au), an outer disk (18-39 au) with two prominent spiral arms, and two azimuthally localized dark features that are also present in Spectro-Polarimetric High-contrast Exoplanet REsearch (SPHERE) total intensity images. Spectral energy distribution fitting further suggests that the radial gap extends to 1 au. The narrow, wedge-like shape of the dark features appears similar to predictions of shadows cast by an inner disk that is misaligned with respect to the outer disk. Using the Monte Carlo radiative transfer code HOCHUNCK3D, we construct a model of the disk that allows us to determine its physical properties in more detail. From the angular separation of the features, we measure the difference in inclination between the disks (45 degrees) and their major axes, PA = 140 degrees east of north for the outer disk, and 100 degrees for the inner disk. We find an outer-disk inclination of 25 degrees +/- 10 degrees from face-on, in broad agreement with the Wagner et al. measurement of 34 degrees. SPHERE data in J and H bands indicate a reddish disk, which indicates that HD 100453 is evolving into a young debris disk.
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T Tauri stars : Optical lucky imaging polarimetry of HL and XZ TauPersson, Magnus January 2010 (has links)
<p>Optical lucky imaging polarimetry of HL Tau and XZ Tau in the Taurus-Auriga molecular cloud was carried out with the instrument PolCor at the Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT). The results show that in both the V- and R-band HL Tau show centrosymmetric structures of the polarization angle in its northeastern outflow lobe (degree of polarization ~30%). A C-shaped structure is detected which is also present at near-IR wavelengths (Murakawa, 2008), and higher resolution optical images (Stapelfeldt, 1995). The position angle of the outflow is 47.5+-7.5 degrees, which coincides with previous measurements and the core polarization is observed to decrease with wavelength and a few scenarios are reviewed. Measuring the outflow witdh versus distance and wavelength shows that the longer wavelengths scatter deeper within the cavity wall of the outflow. In XZ Tau the binary is partially resolved, it is indicated by an elongated intensity distribution. The polarization of the parental cloud is detected in XZ Tau through the dichroic extinction of starlight. Lucky imaging at the NOT is a great way of increasing the resolution, shifting increases the sharpness by 0.1 asec and selection the sharpest frames can increase the seeing with 0.4 asec, perhaps more during better conditions.</p>
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