The study aims to review the regulatory powers exercised by the South African Revenue Services (SARS) with regard to the issuing, decline or revocation of a taxpayer’s tax clearance certificate, to highlight any remedial measures and procedures available to the aggrieved taxpayer in order to protect the right of taxpayers to fair administrative action in their dealings with SARS. Previously, a tax clearance certificate was not issued in terms of any statute or provision of any Tax Act. However, since the introduction of the Tax Administration Act, as amended (TAA), the issuing of the tax clearance certificates are more efficiently regulated. The issuing of tax clearance certificate’s must conform to the values and principles prescribed for under current legislation, and more particularly, as espoused under the Constitution of South Africa, 1996 (the Constitution). However, it has been reported some taxpayer were experiencing unreasonable and incomprehensible delays in obtaining responses to the objections lodged with SARS for assessment. Taxpayers seeking resolution of their disputes with SARS, currently opt to incur litigation costs in order to obtain appropriate relief from the High Courts. Taxpayers must take note that there is nothing in Promotion of Administrative Justice Act (PAJA) or the common law, which empowers a Court to order an administrator to take action, including the making of a decision which the administrator is not lawfully allowed to make. The study highlights remedial measures and procedures available to the aggrieved taxpayer to prevent the misapplication of fiscal power by SARS in the issuing of the taxpayer’s compliance status, thus protecting the right to fair administrative action in their dealings with SARS. Taxpayers who are aggrieved by a decision taken by the Revenue Authority are encouraged to timeously address their grievances, commencing with the internal dispute resolution remedies provided for within the TAA. / Taxation

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-05-08T12:52:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) dissertação-GTPO-VF-c-ficha-catalografica.pdf: 2638967 bytes, checksum: 17e74cf185c97a3ea0f6ccd871352a1e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-08T12:52:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) dissertação-GTPO-VF-c-ficha-catalografica.pdf: 2638967 bytes, checksum: 17e74cf185c97a3ea0f6ccd871352a1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-30 / Por que pedir a nota fiscal? O principal objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em verificar em que medida a campanha cearense Sua Nota Vale Dinheiro conscientiza seus participantes da importância social de se solicitar o documento fiscal. Para tanto, foi replicado o modelo estatístico de análise fatorial, utilizado em estudo com política pública de mesma natureza, Todos com a Nota, do Estado de Pernambuco, para fins de mensuração da proporção de participantes conscientizados pela campanha. Os dados referentes ao comportamento dos usuários foram obtidos por meio da aplicação de survey junto a uma amostra de 391 casos, sendo também extraídas informações da respectiva base cadastral da política. Por meio de inferências estatísticas que tomaram como base o resultado da análise fatorial realizada junto a um grupo de 10 variáveis comportamentais, foi possível se estimar que a campanha Sua Nota Vale Dinheiro conscientiza o cidadão quanto à importância social de se exigir a nota fiscal numa proporção que varia entre 2,02% e 5,99% da população de seus participantes ativos, residentes no município de Fortaleza (CE). Ou seja, existe evidência de que a campanha influencia na conscientização tributária de seus usuários, contudo, de forma bastante limitada. Os resultados deste trabalho se mostram relevantes para subsidiar a posterior replicação da pesquisa em todo universo de alcance da campanha e possibilitar a otimização do potencial de conscientização tributária promovido por esse modelo de política pública. / Why should you ask for the receipt? This paper aimed verify how much the campaign from Ceará, Sua Nota Vale Dinheiro, aware its participants about the social relevance of ask for receipt. For that, we replicated a statistic model of factorial analysis used at the similar public political studies, Todos com a Nota, of the State of Pernambuco, to measure the proportion of cognized participants by the campaign. To identify participants’ behavior we performed a survey with 391 members of the campaign, in which we extracted data of corresponding political registration base. Through statistic interferences that considered the result from a factorial analysis with a 10 behavioral variables group, we estimated the campaign Sua Nota Vale Dinheiro aware citizens in matter of social relevance of ask for receipt in a proportion that varies from 2,02% to 5,99% of active participants living at Fortaleza – CE. In other words, there is evidence that this campaign influences on its participants’ tax compliance, however in a quite limited way. The paper results are relevant for posterior research in all extent of this campaign and enable optimizing the tax awareness provided by this public policy model.

Normas contábeis e normas fiscais desempenham um papel fundamental dentre os determinantes da qualidade da informação contábil. A Lei nº 11.638, de 2007, legitimou o processo de adoção das Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade (IFRS) no Brasil e introduziu um regime contábil desvinculado da finalidade tributária no país. Dentre os objetivos da referida Lei, estão a redução da influência da legislação fiscal nas normas contábeis e a melhora da qualidade do reporte financeiro, uma vez que as IFRS são consideradas normas de qualidade superior. A literatura internacional apresenta evidências de redução no poder informativo dos lucros em ambientes nos quais normas contábeis e tributárias estão fortemente vinculadas. Ademais, a influência da legislação fiscal sobre a contabilidade financeira é apontada como um incentivo ao conservadorismo incondicional, um viés que não apresenta vantagens à eficiência contratual nos mercados financeiros por não atribuir informação nova ao investidor. Nesse sentido, espera-se que a neutralidade tributária, instituída a partir da Lei nº 11.638/07, proporcione ao Brasil um ambiente institucional mais adequado ao reporte financeiro de qualidade, ao desvincular a contabilidade financeira da contabilidade fiscal. Diante do exposto, a presente pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar se o advento da neutralidade tributária influencia o conservadorismo incondicional nas companhias de capital aberto no Brasil. A metodologia utilizada envolve regressões para dados em painel. A amostra é composta por companhias abertas brasileiras com informações divulgadas na base de dados Economática® no período de 2002 a 2014. Os resultados evidenciam diferenças na relação entre tributação e reporte financeiro entre firmas sujeitas a diferentes níveis de pressão no mercado acionário brasileiro. São encontrados indícios de conservadorismo incondicional em empresas sujeitas a maior pressão do mercado acionário, apenas. Nesse mesmo grupo, observa-se que a tributação não induz o conservadorismo incondicional nos lucros divulgados, o que é esperado num contexto de neutralidade tributária. / Accounting standards and tax rules play a key role between determinants of accounting information´s quality. Law No. 11.638/2007 legitimized the adoption process of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Brazil, introducing a decoupled system of tax accounting purposes in the country. The main objectives of Law No. 11.638/2007are to improve financial reporting´s quality and reduce the influence of tax law on accounting standards. International literature shows evidence of lower earnings quality in environments where accounting rules and tax rules are closely linked. Furthermore, the influence of tax legislation on financial accounting is an incentive to unconditional conservatism, pointed as an accounting bias that does not give new information to investors and no advantage to contractual efficiency in financial markets. In this sense, it is expected that tax neutrality to provide an enabling Brazil to improved financial reporting institutional environment, reduction unconditional conservatism in reported earnings. Given the above, this research aims to investigate whether fiscal neutrality influences unconditional conservatism in public companies in Brazil.The methodology involves regressions for panel data. The sample is composed by Brazilian companies with disclosures on the basis of Economática® database in the period 2002-2014. The results show differences in the relationship between taxation and financial reporting among firms subject to different pressure levels in the Brazilian stock market. Unconditional conservatism is found in companies subject to greater pressure from the stock market only. In this same group, it is observed that taxation does not induce unconditional conservatism in reported profits, which is expected in a tax neutrality context.

Most research on tax evasion has focused on the income tax. Sales tax evasion has been largely ignored and dismissed as immaterial. This paper explored the differences between income tax and sales tax evasion and demonstrated that sales tax enforcement is deserving of and requires the use of different tools to achieve compliance. Specifically, the major enforcement problem with sales tax is not evasion: it is theft perpetrated by companies that act as collection agents for the state. Companies engage in a principal-agent relationship with the state and many retain funds collected as an agent of the state for private use. As such, the act of sales tax theft bears more resemblance to embezzlement than to income tax evasion. It has long been assumed that the sales tax is nearly evasion free, and state revenue departments report voluntary compliance in a manner that perpetuates this myth. Current sales tax compliance enforcement methodologies are similar in form to income tax compliance enforcement methodologies and are based largely on trust. The primary focus is on delinquent filers with a very small percentage of businesses subject to audit. As a result, there is a very large group of noncompliant businesses who file on time and fly below the radar while stealing millions of taxpayer dollars. The author utilized a variety of statistical methods with actual field data derived from operations of the Southern Region Criminal Investigations Unit of the Florida Department of Revenue to evaluate current and proposed sales tax compliance enforcement methodologies in a quasi-experimental, time series research design and to set forth a typology of sales tax evaders. This study showed that current estimates of voluntary compliance in sales tax systems are seriously and significantly overstated and that current enforcement methodologies are inadequate to identify the majority of violators and enforce compliance. Sales tax evasion is modeled using the theory of planned behavior and Cressey’s fraud triangle and it is demonstrated that proactive enforcement activities, characterized by substantial contact with non-delinquent taxpayers, results in superior ability to identify noncompliance and provides a structure through which noncompliant businesses can be rehabilitated.

This thesis deals with the Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information between the Czech Republic and the United States of America for tax purposes commonly known as FATCA - Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act. At first, the Thesis describes the basics of international information exchange and then Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information FATCA in relation to the impact on Czech Republic. More detailed is discussed legislation - Dohoda FATCA and Lex FATCA, which became part of Czech Legal System in 2014. Aim of the Thesis is the analysis of the implementation process of Dohoda FATCA and the following legislative documents in first years of its validity, and therefore is in the next part the organizational integration of FATCA in Financial Administration of the Czech Republic discussed. Last part analyses the identified issues of implementation and proposes its solution. In context of current development in area of international information exchange of financial accounts, there is also connection to common standard, OECD - Common reporting standard, mentioned.

This master's thesis defines theoretical range of compliance costs of taxation. Focus is placed on psychological costs of tax compliance. In the thesis are defined measuring methods of compliance costs of taxation and then are presented the results of realized studies. Theoretical part also contains general information about the determination of selective sample. Practical part contains the analysis of psychological costs of tax compliance which was based on results of the questionnaire survey.

Transfer pricing compliance related issues continue to pose challenges to leaders of multinational entities (MNEs) and tax regulators. MNE leaders strive to mitigate the risks of non-compliance violations and double taxation, while tax regulators seek to minimize profit shifting and revenue losses. This multiple case study explored strategies for managing transfer pricing risks against the backdrop of various risks MNE leaders face for non-compliance violations. The cost contribution agreement theory served as the conceptual framework for this study. Data were collected from organizational documents and semistructured interviews conducted with 6 finance executives representing 2 multinational entities in the midwest and southwest regions of the United States who have implemented successful strategies to manage transfer pricing risks. Data were analyzed using Yin's multiple-step thematic analysis process. Following the thematic data analysis 5 themes emerged, including commitment to tax compliance, tax minimization, advance pricing agreement (APA), comparable uncontrolled price method (CUP), and cost plus method (CPM). MNE leaders favor commitment to tax compliance as an effective strategy as penalties for non-compliance increases risks to business functionality. The findings of this study may help business leaders to follow compliance procedures and adopt risk mitigation strategies, while also informing regulators to update tax regulations to reflect current economic realities. The findings of this study could result in positive social change through an enhanced governmental revenue that stimulates economic growth, improves productivity, and promotes technological innovations.

Questa tesi è composta da due saggi indipendenti. Il saggio presentato nel Capitolo 1 studia la conformità fiscale all'interno di un modello basato su agenti. Il modello è progettato tenendo conto di una serie di regole fiscali in vigore in Italia e calibrato con micro-dati forniti dall'autorità fiscale italiana. I risultati delle simulazioni mostrano che, considerando livelli di deterrenza realistici, agenti strettamente razionali generano un livello (medio) di non conformità fiscale sostanzialmente superiore a quello suggerito dai dati empirici. Quando includiamo nel processo decisionale dell’agente il calcolo e l’aggiornamento della probabilità soggettiva di subire un controllo, così come l’attitudine alla conformità sociale e gli effetti di rete, il modello fornisce risultati maggiormente in linea con l'evidenza empirica. Il saggio presentato nel Capitolo 2 impiega diverse tecniche di apprendimento automatico, con l'obiettivo di identificare quei contribuenti che hanno maggiore probabilità di aumentare l’importo della loro dichiarazione dei redditi dopo essere stati controllati dall'autorità fiscale. Tra i metodi impiegati, la foresta casuale ha garantito la maggiore accuratezza predittiva. Per valutare l'utilità pratica del nostro approccio, calcoliamo l'aumento del reddito netto riportato dai contribuenti identificati dal modello random forest. Troviamo che, in media, questo aumento è significativo rispetto alla media di tutti i contribuenti ispezionati. Riteniamo, dunque, che il nostro approccio possa rivelarsi uno strumento utile al fine di individuare e selezionare quei contribuenti che hanno una maggiore probabilità di dichiarare un reddito più alto in seguito ad un controllo, consentendo, quindi, una migliore allocazione delle - tipicamente scarse - risorse finanziarie a disposizione dell’autorità fiscale nell'ambito della sua attività ordinaria di controllo. / The essay presented in Chapter 1 studies tax compliance within an agent-based framework. The model is designed according to a set of normative taxing rules for the Italian case and calibrated with micro-data provided by the Italian tax authority. Simulation results show that, under realistic deterrence levels, strict rational agents generate a (average) level of tax noncompliance substantially higher than that suggested by the empirical data. When subjective audit probability computing and updating as well as social conformity attitude and network effects are included in the decision process, the model provides results more in line with the empirical evidence. The essay presented in Chapter 2 employs several machine learning techniques, with the aim to identify those taxpayers who are more likely to increase their net income declarations after being audited by the tax authority. Among the employed methods, random forest guaranteed higher predictive accuracy. In order to assess the practical utility of our approach, we compute the reported net income increase by taxpayers identified through the random forest model. We find that, on average, this increase is significant compared to the average of all the inspected taxpayers. We believe that our approach could prove a useful tool in order to identify and select those taxpayers who are more likely to increase the income reporting after an audit, therefore allowing for a better allocation of the – typically scarce – financial resources available to the tax authority for its ordinary auditing activities.

La cultura tributaria y su relación en el crecimiento económico de las microempresas implica crecer y expandir el negocio, pero también involucra conocer y comprender el entorno tributario y convertirse en un contribuyente formal para el país. En la actualidad, muchos microempresarios no tienen un adecuado conocimiento y por ende no cumplen adecuadamente con sus obligaciones tributarias. Esto ha dado lugar a la proliferación de una economía informal que dificulta el desarrollo de los negocios. El presente trabajo de investigación se enfoca en como la cultura tributaria tiene relación con el crecimiento económico de las microempresas del Centro Comercial Aguas Verdes de la ciudad de Chiclayo en el año 2022, se ejecutó con el objetivo de determinar la relación de la cultura tributaria y crecimiento económico de las microempresas del Centro Comercial Aguas Verdes, se realizó con un enfoque cuantitativo aplicado de nivel descriptivo y uso de un diseño no experimental; asimismo se utilizó el cuestionario donde se recopiló información y así se obtuvo los resultados previstos a través de la muestra escogida de 98 microempresarios, en donde se demostró que la cultura tributaria tiene relación con el crecimiento económico, lo que indica que un contribuyente con sólidos conocimientos tributarios puede conocer cuáles son los beneficios y la manera de cómo utilizar a favor suyo el RUC de su negocio. En donde, una cultura tributaria sólida y un cumplimiento tributario voluntario pueden fortalecer la reputación empresarial y mejorar la competitividad en el mercado. / The tax culture and its relationship to the economic growth of microenterprises implies growing and expanding the business, but it also involves knowing and understanding the tax environment and becoming a formal taxpayer for the country. Currently, many microentrepreneurs do not have adequate knowledge and therefore do not adequately comply with their tax obligations. This has given rise to the proliferation of an informal economy that hinders business development. This research paper focuses on how the tax culture is related to the economic growth of microenterprises in the Aguas Verdes Shopping Center in the city of Chiclayo in the year 2022”, was executed with the objective of determining the relationship between the tax culture and economic growth of the micro-enterprises of the Aguas Verdes Shopping Center, it was carried out with a quantitative approach applied at a descriptive level and use of a non-experimental design; Likewise, the questionnaire was used where information was collected and thus the expected results were obtained through the chosen sample of 98 microentrepreneurs, where it was demonstrated that the tax culture is related to economic growth, which indicates that a taxpayer with solid knowledge taxpayers can find out what the benefits are and how to use the RUC of your business in your favor. Where, a strong tax culture and voluntary tax compliance can strengthen business reputation and improve competitiveness in the market.

M. Tech. (Cost and Management Accounting), Vaal University of Technology / This study was undertaken to assess the extent to which transfer pricing was effectively used by multinational manufacturing companies operating in the Southern Gauteng region of South Africa. The target participants of the study traded their products across international borders and as such made use of transfer pricing in one way or the other to achieve strategic objectives. Scant research has been undertaken to analyse the degree to which transfer pricing can be used to effectively influence managerial performance. On the other hand there is a wealth of knowledge on the relationship between transfer pricing and taxation. In-depth review of literature showed that even though multinationals formulated their transfer pricing policies to target financial and managerial objectives, self-interest and outside influences tended to hinder the equitable realization of both types of objectives. The study therefore set out to establish whether this is true of Multinational corporations (MNCs) in Southern Gauteng and in the process answer questions about the procedure for formulating transfer pricing policies by these MNCs, the relationship, if any, between transfer pricing and profitability and the use of transfer pricing for performance enhancement and assessment. The study made use of a mixed methods research methodology to collect and analyze data from 45 MNCs operating in the target geographical area. Of the 45 companies, 15 cooperated fully with the study. Data was collected via the use of questionnaires and follow-up face-to-face and/or telephonic interviews. Collected data was analysed using statistical methods including the Chi Square Test, standard deviation, frequency tables and the Kruskal-Wallis H test. The results from the questionnaire and interviews show that there is no universally appropriate Transfer Pricing Policies(TPP) which applies equally to all organizations in all circumstances. Firms are affected by different environmental factors while striving for tax-compliance and value creation. The fear of falling on the wrong side of tax laws is a major driving force behind transfer pricing policies of MNCs. As such other objectives that are managerial in nature become secondary and tend to be neglected if/when they conflict with the primary objective.