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Företaget Jakt & Skyttesystem AB har ett portabelt viltmålsskyttesystem som de vill utrusta med elektronisk träffmarkering som klarar av vapen av olika kaliber. Målet för projektet är att utvärdera och utveckla metoder för träfflokalisering i tavelskytte. Vi valde att utreda sensorsystem som inte begränsas av vapen med låg anslagsenergi. Därför har vi valt att endast utreda teknikerna ljudlokalisering i luft och fasta material samt bildlokalisering. Som utgångspunkt för projektet studerades hur befintliga skyttesystem fungerar, vilken sensorteknik och vilka material som används. Ett flertal olika gummimaterial testades på militära skyttebanorna vid Lv6 för att se vilket material som passar bäst. För att utveckla sensorsystemet användes datainsamlingsinstrument från National Instruments, (Daqpad 6070e). De sensorer som testats är piezoelement, accelerometrar, elektretmikrofoner och kamera. För ljudlokalisering utformades algoritmer som baseras på tidsdifferanser mellan sensorerna och bildlokaliseringsalgoritmen baseras på kantdetektion samt perspektivkompensering. Resultatet visar att bildlokalisering ger en högre precision än ljudlokalisering men tekniken är svår att anpassa till fältmässiga förhållanden då den exempelvis kräver en tydlig träffbild och en hög prestanda på hårdvaran. Slutsatsen är att ljudlokalisering i luft är det bästa alternativet med en träffyta av ett slitstarkt material, exempelvis neoprengummi eller naturgummi. Bästa sensorkonfigurationen är en mikrofon i varje hörn med en numerisk lösningsmetod till TDOA-ekvationerna.

Cette thèse présente une solution originale permettant d’extraire, à partir de signaux de communication OFDM, l’information liée à la différence de temps d’arrivée (TDOA) entre deux émetteurs très proches et un récepteur. Cette méthode, qui s’avère super-résolutive, permet d’extraire des TDOA en dessous de la limite de Rayleigh fixée par la bande passante utile. Dans ce travail, nous effectuons, à l'aide d'une sortie simple à entrées multiples, la caractérisation et la modélisation des canaux pour l’estimation TDOA. En gérant ces réponses ce canal de fréquence de canal de différentes manières, nous minimisons différentes fonctions de coût exprimées comme la différence entre la réponse de canal mesurée et un modèle direct prédéfini. Pour la validation, la simulation basée sur différentes topologies présente des résultats soulignant la propriété de super-résolution d'une telle approche. La performance de l’estimation TDOA proposée est comparée à la bande inférieure de Cramer-Rao. Les effets de la propagation par trajets multiples sont pris en compte et certaines solutions proposées sont discutées et simulées. De plus, la partie expérimentale de ce travail valide à la fois les modèles directs et inverses dans différentes configurations de canaux. / This thesis presents an original solution for extracting, from OFDM communication signals, the information related to the time difference of arrival (TDOA) between two closed transmitters and one receiver. This solution, which shows to be super-resolution, makes it possible to extract TDOA below the Rayleigh limit set by the useful bandwidth.Inthis work, we perform, using a Multiple Inputs Simple Output, channel characterization and modeling for TDOA estimation. By handling these channel frequency responses in different ways, xe minimize different cost functions expresses as the difference between measured channel response and a predefined direct model. For validation, the simulation based on different topologies exhibit results is compared to the Cramer Rao Lower Band. The effects of the multipath are taken into account and some proposed solutions are discussed ans simulated. Moreover, the experimental part of this work validates the direct and inverse models in different channel configurations.

For most time-based positioning techniques, synchronization between the objectsin the system is of great importance. GPS (global positioning system) signalshave been found very useful in this area. However, there are some shortcomingsof these satellite signals, making the system vulnerable. The aim of this masterthesis is to investigate an alternative method for synchronization, independent ofGPS signals, which could be used as a complement. The proposed method takesadvantage of the broadcast signals from telecommunication towers, and use themfor calculation of the synchronization error between two receivers. By looking atthe time difference between arrival times at the receivers, and compare it to thetrue time difference, the synchronization error can be found. A precondition isthat the locations of the receivers as well as the tele tower are known beforehand,so that the true time difference can be calculated using geometry.The arrival times are determined through correlation between the received signalsand known training bits, which are a part of the transmission sequence. Forverification, experiments were made on localization of a mobile phone in theGSM (global system of mobile communications) network.This researchwas a collaboration with FOI, the Swedish Defense Research Agency,where most of the work was done.

The Software Communications Architecture (SCA) specification defines a framework that allows modular software components to be developed and assembled to build larger radio applications. The specification allows for these components to be distributed among a set of computing hardware and to be connected by standard interfaces. This research aims to build a spatially distributed SCA application for the Open Source SCA Implementation: Embedded (OSSIE) implementation using low-cost Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) hardware. The system collects signals from multiple spatially distributed collection devices and use those signals to compute precision estimates for the location of emitters using time difference of arrival (TDOA) computations. Several OSSIE components and tools are developed to support this research. Results are presented showing the capabilities of the geolocation system. / Master of Science

ITC/USA 2009 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fifth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 26-29, 2009 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / In reentry measurement, we need to measure the track of reentry vehicle. For the speed of target is very high, it is difficult for traditional positioning system to capture and track the target. TDOA (time difference of arrival) positioning system is used in reentry measurement. The position of target is calculated by using time difference of arrival. This paper introduces the principle of reentry TDOA positioning system. The key technology is synchronization of ground stations' clocks. The implementation of clock synchronization using low-cost commercial GPS receiver is presented. The sources of errors in the existing telemetry system, corresponding precision and experimental results are presented. Some methods, which are used to improve the precision, are proposed at the end of this paper.

Specialists are expecting the knowledge of location will trigger yet another revolution in mobile services. Location-base services (LBS) have attracted many researchers and enterprises and one of the key aspects of LBS is positioning technology. Considering a wider and more complex field - ubiquitous computing, location is the fundamental element. This work focuses on some aspects of the new techniques of terrestrial positioning systems. Wireless LAN is one of the most popular systems used for positioning for indoor environments and public places. We have investigated the trilateration and fingerprinting approaches and the results showed the advantages of fingerprinting. A novel method to generate the fingerprints database based on Universal Kriging (UK) was developed, which can not only significantly decrease the training time, but also increase the accuracy of estimates. In mobile phone positioning systems, most techniques suffer from the non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation. We investigated the specifics of NLOS error, and proposed a method to mitigate the errors. Furthermore, a new algorithm named WSMM (wireless signal map matching) was discussed. Simulations and experiments verified the idea, and the accuracy of positioning can be improved greatly. Since fingerprinting technique can utilize rather than suffer from the NLOS propagation, it was also applied in mobile phone positioning system. Experiments showed both the deterministic approach and probabilistic approach can provide better results comparing with other techniques in suburban area. To achieve a robust positioning system and provide more useful information of the user, multisensor combination and data fusion are necessary. As the first step of future research, a mulitsensor synchronization system was developed. This system can promisingly achieve synchronization with error less than 0.4 ms, which is suitable for most land applications. Hence the main findings of this thesis are: (1) a novel method of yielding fingerprint database for both wireless LAN (WLAN) and mobile phone systems when using the fingerprinting technique for positioning; (2) a database method to mitigate NLOS error for mobile phone positioning systems; (3) a low cost synchronization system for integration of multiple sensors.

<p>Vid Positionsbestämning av radiosändare med TDOA(Time Difference Of Arrival) är det traditionella sättet att låta varje uppmätt tidsskillnad definiera en hyperbelgren på vilken sändaren befinner sig. Skärningspunkten mellan två eller fler hyperbelgrenar ger sändarens position.</p><p>Målet med examensarbetet är att identifiera möjliga sändarpositioner och detektera mångtydigheter. Problemet har lösts med kägelsnittsmetoden som låter tre mottagares positioner och deras uppmätta tidsskillnader definiera ett kägelsnitt där sändarens position är i en av dess fokuspunkter.</p>

Vid Positionsbestämning av radiosändare med TDOA(Time Difference Of Arrival) är det traditionella sättet att låta varje uppmätt tidsskillnad definiera en hyperbelgren på vilken sändaren befinner sig. Skärningspunkten mellan två eller fler hyperbelgrenar ger sändarens position. Målet med examensarbetet är att identifiera möjliga sändarpositioner och detektera mångtydigheter. Problemet har lösts med kägelsnittsmetoden som låter tre mottagares positioner och deras uppmätta tidsskillnader definiera ett kägelsnitt där sändarens position är i en av dess fokuspunkter.