Do teachers’ expectations of their pupils become a part in the judgement of which grade a pupil will receive in the end? Several of the polical parties in Sweden have recently been argueing that teachers should be able to give pupils a grade in how they behave in school. Several newspapers also have reported that pupils today have gotten lower results for the last few years and more pupils do not get approved in all subjects. Because many of the studies about pupils results focus on the pupils’ skills, I deciced to focus on the teachers part in how a pupil get a better grade or not. In the study I have been looking at a small community in the south of Sweden. I have sent out a form that teachers in the community’s high schools have been asked to answer. During the study I have also gone to these three schools and done four classroom observations at every school. There I have looked at the environment, how the teacher works and how the pupils react on the teacher’s way of behaving and vice versa. The results of this study has shown that there are more men that choose to include a pupils beahviour when deciding which grade she should get. There is also a tendency that shows that even if teachers themselves do or do not weigh in pupils behaviour, the teachers overall think that it´s more likely that their companions do so.

<p>Do teachers’ expectations of their pupils become a part in the judgement of which grade a pupil will receive in the end?</p><p>Several of the polical parties in Sweden have recently been argueing that teachers should be able to give pupils a grade in how they behave in school. Several newspapers also have reported that pupils today have gotten lower results for the last few years and more pupils do not get approved in all subjects. Because many of the studies about pupils results focus on the pupils’ skills, I deciced to focus on the teachers part in how a pupil get a better grade or not.</p><p>In the study I have been looking at a small community in the south of Sweden. I have sent out a form that teachers in the community’s high schools have been asked to answer. During the study I have also gone to these three schools and done four classroom observations at every school. There I have looked at the environment, how the teacher works and how the pupils react on the teacher’s way of behaving and vice versa.</p><p>The results of this study has shown that there are more men that choose to include a pupils beahviour when deciding which grade she should get. There is also a tendency that shows that even if teachers themselves do or do not weigh in pupils behaviour, the teachers overall think that it´s more likely that their companions do so.</p>

Teachers’ expectations for African-American students and the role of students’ race in teachers’ expectations is the focus of this report. Several studies have indicated that teacher expectations not only influence African-American students’ academic achievement, but also their classroom behavior. Studies have also suggested that low teacher expectations are a result of a combination of various factors such as teacherstudent race, low socioeconomic background and cultural differences. Low expectations based on incorrect information may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies. This report also sheds light on ways in which school counselors could contribute in changing and sustaining teacher expectations and promoting culture-relevant teaching strategies. / text

The problem of this study was to determine what relationships exist between teachers' perceptions of principals' executive professional leadership and teachers' perceptions of principals' behavior in five aspects of administrative behavior. These administrative areas include Principals' support of teachers' authority (EPA), principals' egalitarian relationship with teachers (EPR), principals' involving teachers in decision-making processes for the school (EPI), principals' support of teachers in managerial matters (EPM), and principals' social support. Subjects for the study were grouped according to gender, length of service and level of education for descriptive purposes and to determine variations in their perceptions of the principals' administrative behaviors. Significant relationships were found to exist between teachers' perceptions of principals' EPL and EPI leadership and teachers' perceptions of principals willingness to involve them in decision—making processes for the schools (EPI). A significant negative relationship was also found to exist between the teachers' perceptions of principals' leadership (EPL) and teachers' perceptions of the managerial support (EPM) provided by principals. A slight negative relationship was found between teachers' perceptions of principals' leadership (EPL) and teachers' perceptions of social support (EPS) received from principals. There was a slight but insignificant positive relationship between teachers' perceptions of principals' executive professional leadership (EPL) and teachers' perceptions of egalitarian relationships (EPR) which existed between the teachers and principals. A positive but not significant relationship was also noted between teachers' perceptions of principals' leadership (EPL) and teachers* perceptions of the manner in which principals granted them professional authority (EPA). When teachers were grouped by demographic variables, two important trends in^perceptions were noted regarding principals' executive professional leadership. (a) Female teachers had a tendency to perceive principals as having lower professional leadership than did male teachers. (b) Teachers with higher educational levels perceived principals as having less professional leadership ability than teachers with relatively low educational levels. Teachers' level of experience did not appear to have any systematic significant impact on their perceptions of the principals' executive professional leadership. It was recommended that those who train principals should be aware of the need to emphasize professional administrative areas which are critical to teachers' perceptions of leadership in the schools because teachers' perceptions affect their teaching performance.

This dissertation examines the influence of student, teacher, and school variables on English and math teachers' expectations for their students. Findings from multilevel-model analyses of data from the Education Longitudinal Study (ELS: 2002) show that student achievement and stigmatized status are the strongest predictors of teacher expectations. In this study, students could be stigmatized on any of three factors (ethnicity, SES, and native language). Consistent with previous research, teachers' expectations were predicted by student achievement (test scores in reading and math). Teachers' expectations for future student academic attainment were higher for students with higher achievement than for lower-achieving students. This lends support to the argument that teachers are generally accurate in forming expectations. However, also consistent with prior research, student stigmatized status predicted expectations, with stigmatized students receiving lower expectations than non-stigmatized students. Multiple stigmatizations were powerful--students stigmatized on all three factors, in particular, received the lowest expectations. Further analyses indicated that student achievement interacts with student stigmatization for English teachers. At low levels of achievement, teachers held equally low expectations for stigmatized (on three factors) and non-stigmatized students. But, for high levels of achievement, teachers had lower expectations for stigmatized students with equally high achievement. Specifically, stigmatized students (on three factors) received expectations that were a half of a standard deviation lower than non-stigmatized students. Teacher ethnicity also appeared to influence teacher expectations via an interaction between teacher ethnicity and student stigmatization (on three factors). For English teachers, expectations were equally high for (a) ethnically stigmatized teachers rating stigmatized students, (b) stigmatized teachers rating non-stigmatized students, and (c) non-stigmatized teachers rating non-stigmatized students. The lowest expectations came from non-stigmatized teachers (White and Asian) rating stigmatized students. These findings (which control for student achievement) suggest bias in expectations that non-stigmatized teachers have for stigmatized students. School level variables in this study (e.g., percent of students receiving free/reduced lunch, percent of students who fail the competency test on first attempt), did not have a large effect on teacher expectations. Implications are discussed regarding multiply stigmatized students, self-fulfilling prophecy, equal access to educational opportunities, and recruitment of ethnic minority teachers. / text