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Es freut mich Ihnen die dreizehnte reguläre Ausgabe des Praxisjournals vorlegen zu können. Schwerpunkt dieser Ausgabe sind die Beiträge der 2016 abgeschlossenen Lehr-Lern-Projekte der 5. Kohorte im Verbundprojekt Lehrpraxis im Transfer.

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<p>  </p> <p>The engineering education community in the United States has witnessed a tremendous increase in broadening participation initiatives as they wrestle with issues regarding inclusion. To date, these initiatives have targeted several goals, including access, belonging, and retention of students from underrepresented backgrounds. However, these initiatives have generally focused on the experiences of individual students, while systemic barriers, such as the cultural ideologies sustaining a "chilly climate" of engineering, have received less attention.</p> <p>Engineering instructors play a critical role in maintaining the professional culture of engineering through the socialization of undergraduate engineers embedded in the requirements of degree attainment. As engineering students transition through the plan of study, they are socialized to knowledge, skills, and values deemed necessary by instructors and administrators for entry into the engineering profession. The knowledge, skills, and values reinforced by instructors across the socialization process become taken-for-granted as cultural norms reproduced through engineering courses. As a result of these cultural reproductions, engineering instructors shape the boundaries of what it means to be an engineer. The study aimed to investigate how instructor's agency plays a role in establishing cultural norms in their undergraduate engineering courses. Furthermore, the study examined how these norms subsequently influence engineering students' perceptions of the professional culture of engineering. The goal was to understand the mechanisms that maintain and replicate cultural norms in engineering's "chilly climate" and engineering students' perceptions of inclusion (or lack thereof). </p> <p><br></p> <p>This dissertation employed an ethnographic case study approach to investigate the following research questions: (1) What culture did engineering instructors (re)produce in their undergraduate engineering courses?; (2) How were engineering instructors' cultural (re)productions communicated to undergraduate engineering students in their courses?; and (3) How did engineering instructors' agency (or lack thereof) influence their (re)production of ideologies in the professional engineering culture? The research questions examined how instructors' cultural (re)productions in engineering shape the professional culture of engineering. The study included an analysis of instructors' interviews, my classroom observations, course documents, and student focus groups for two sequential mechanical engineering courses in the plan of study.</p> <p><br></p> <p>The engineering instructors expressed agency as the three dimensions referred by Emirbayer and Mische (1998) of "chordal triad" (p. 970)—iterational, projective, and practical-evaluative. As the instructors negotiated their agency through their perspectives and actions, they exhibited the iterational through invocations of their experiences, the projective through their course intentions, and the practical-evaluative in their teaching practices and content. In these cases, I identified four cultural ideologies currently at the foundation of the engineering courses: technocratic, depoliticization, meritocratic, and care. Instructors' experiences, departmental priorities, and teaching practices all played a role in the prevalence of a technocratic culture. Omitting sociopolitical considerations perpetuated a depoliticized environment, while instructors showed a dual agentic orientation by navigating between meritocratic values and care for students. The COVID-19 pandemic emphasized the importance of critical policy and advocacy, instructor empathy, and individual actions in driving collective momentum for transformative social change in engineering settings. A conscientious understanding of the impact of our actions as instructors on the socialization of engineering students is essential. This understanding needs to take up both individual's agency and the context in which agency is enacted to create a space in the profession that authentically reflects and embraces differences among students as integral members of the profession. The research findings serve as an invitation for growth for the engineering education community to "walk the walk". An invitation to be courageous leaders, who try, test, and refine our practices through critical reflections, aligned intentions and agentic actions that engage and support all engineering students, especially students from historically marginalized communities.</p>

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Yes / Internet-enabled technologies can facilitate students' learning, engagement, and productivity but they also present challenges by way of distraction. Cyberslacking is the use of internet-enabled technologies by students in class for non-class related activities. This research attempts to understand the factors that influence students' cyberslacking intentions in class, through extending the Theory of Planned Behavior with lack of attention, apathy towards course material, distraction by others, perceived threat, and escapism. Quantitative data were collected (n = 188) using a survey method with undergraduate and postgraduate students from a management school in a British university. All eight proposed hypotheses were found to be supported. The findings indicated that constructs such as lack of attention, apathy towards course material, and distraction by others are significant predictors of attitude. Further, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, perceived threat, and escapism were found to significantly influence students’ cyberslacking intentions.

Yes / In this paper we consider how we can undercut the various binaries of gender and sexuality in archaeological practice, and particularly in our teaching. We argue that taking an assemblage theory approach enables us to look at the multiplicity of identities of those practicing archaeology as different and intersecting assemblages that bring one another into being through their connections at different scales. In particular, we examine how this approach can be applied to archaeological pedagogy and how this in turn enables us to move away from modern binary distinctions about sex and gender identities from the "bottom up", fostering an approach in our students that will then go on to be developed in professional practice.

No / Drawing on relational theoretical perspectives in archaeological discourse, this paper considers how we can address the undervaluation of pedagogy and pedagogic research in archaeology. Through examining the relationships between fieldwork, teaching, and research, in light of Ingold’s concept of the meshwork and DeLanda’s assemblage theory, the division between teaching and research is undermined, and students and pedagogy are recentred as fundamental to the production of archaeological knowledge. This paper provides a theoretical grounding for resituating our current practices, suggests practical means for change, and highlights the benefit to the archaeological discipline arising from a revaluation of archaeological pedagogic research and an enmeshed understanding of archaeological practice.

Os pressupostos da teoria do capital humano estabelecem que as pessoas se educam e que o principal efeito da educação é a mudança que ela provoca nas habilidades e conhecimentos de quem estuda. Quanto maior o nível de escolaridade alcançado, maior o desenvolvimento das habilidades cognitivas e de produtividade. A conseqüência prevista é uma melhora no nível de renda, na qualidade de vida e nas oportunidades profissionais e sociais. Tendo por base esse arcabouço teórico, o propósito geral desta pesquisa foi identificar e analisar as avaliações e percepções dos doutores em Ciências Contábeis, titulados pela FEA/USP, sobre as influências do doutorado nos seus desenvolvimentos e nas suas responsabilidades sociais. Os achados da pesquisa confirmaram as expectativas, explicações e previsões da teoria. Na percepção dos egressos, os 19 fatores possíveis de ser alterados que lhes foram apresentados, identificados na teoria do capital humano e levantados em duas aplicações da técnica Delphi, foram substancialmente influenciados com a titulação. Foram eles: respeitabilidade e reconhecimento acadêmico/profissional, diferenciação profissional, espírito acadêmico, amadurecimento pessoal, produção acadêmica, oportunidades na carreira, autonomia profissional, habilidades cognitivas, competências analíticas, empregabilidade, prestígio, produtividade, mobilidade profissional, responsabilidade social, status, remuneração, promoção social, estabilidade profissional e estilo de vida, em ordem de classificação estabelecida pelos respondentes do questionário. Todos os 19 fatores foram muito bem avaliados pelos egressos, suportando a tese estabelecida de que cursar o Doutorado em Ciências Contábeis influencia positivamente no desenvolvimento profissional e social do indivíduo, conforme preconiza a teoria do capital humano. A condução desta pesquisa resultou em um volume expressivo de dados que permitiram, ainda, traçar um perfil demográfico e profissiográfico dos egressos do Doutorado em Ciências Contábeis da FEA/USP, levantando também suas contribuições acadêmicas. Mesmo sendo poucos os possuidores do título de doutor em Ciências Contábeis quando confrontados com os mais de 700 cursos de Ciências Contábeis, 159 titulados até 31/12/2005, uma parte significativa mantém a principal atividade remunerada vinculada ao mercado. Se considerarmos que o objetivo principal do doutoramento é a qualificação para a docência e a formação de pesquisadores, este não vem cumprindo integralmente seu papel. Os resultados evidenciam que o Doutorado em Ciências Contábeis tem encontrado sua principal clientela entre homens casados que desenvolvem suas atividades junto ao mercado, em grande parte oriundos de São Paulo e do próprio Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Contábeis da FEA/USP, e que a maioria de seus egressos permanece em São Paulo atuando na academia. Titulam-se, em média, aos 42 anos e, ao ingressarem, buscavam seguir ou aprimorar a carreira de pesquisador. Parece que essa motivação foi delegada a segundo plano após a sua conclusão, pois cerca de 30,0% dos pesquisadores nunca publicaram um artigo científico em periódicos ou eventos ou, se o fizeram, foi feito antes de 31/12/2004. Mesmo motivados pela obtenção de mais conhecimento quando do ingresso no doutorado (a maioria dos doutores declarou que esse fator pesou muito nas suas decisões em fazer o doutorado), parece não ser intenção dos egressos disseminá-lo. Uma outra motivação que conduziu os respondentes ao doutorado (a maior parte deles declarou que essa motivação teve um peso de médio a alto) foi a obtenção de melhor nível de renda. E, nesse ponto, alcançaram pleno êxito. Os efeitos da titulação sobre os rendimentos são bastante acentuados. De uma forma geral, o que se percebe é que, quando almejavam a titulação, estavam em busca de aprimoramento profissional, ampliação de oportunidades e competitividade no desenvolvimento de suas atividades, prestígio, conhecimentos e melhoria na renda. Características essas que, acreditavam, a escolaridade diferenciada lhes traria, e trouxe. Os egressos demonstram grande satisfação quanto às contribuições do doutorado para as atividades que desenvolvem atualmente, dentro do escopo avaliado pela pesquisa. / The assumptions pertaining to the human capital theory establish that people study, and that the main result of education is the change it grants to the abilities and knowledge of those who study. The higher the education level, the more one is rewarded with the development of cognitive abilities and productivity results. The anticipated consequence is the improvement in income, life quality and professional and social opportunities. Based on this theoretical framework, this research aimed at identifying and analyzing the evaluations and views that holders of a PhD degree in Accounting Sciences from FEA/USP have on the influence of this degree on their social responsibilities and progress. The findings substantiate the expectations, explanations and predictions of the theory. According to graduates from this program, the 19 factors that might possibly have been altered and were presented to them, were identified by the human capital theory and recognized in two applications of the Delphi technique, were substantially influenced by the title. They were: respectability and academic/professional acknowledgement, professional distinctiveness, academic spirit, personal growth, academic production, career opportunities, professional autonomy, cognitive abilities, analytical competence, employability, prestige, productivity, professional mobility, social responsibility, status, earnings, social improvement, professional stability and lifestyle, in accordance with the order established by the respondents. The 19 factors were very well evaluated by the PhD holders, and give support to the thesis that holding a PhD degree in Accounting Sciences influences the professional and social development in a positive manner, which goes hand in hand with the human capital theory. This research resulted in an impressive amount of data that also allowed for the drawing of the demographic and professional profile of those who had obtained the degree in Accounting Sciences at FEA/USP, together with their academic contribution. Even not being in a high number when compared to the number in some other 700 institutions ? 159 PhD holders as of December 31st 2005, a significant number still keeps their main income activity connected with the market. If we consider that the main purposes of the acquisition of the degree are teaching qualification and the building of researchers, the PhD has not been fully accomplishing its mission. The results show that the PhD in Accounting Sciences has found its place mainly among married men who perform in the market, mostly coming from Sao Paulo, and from the FEA/USP Post Graduation Program on Accounting Sciences, and the majority of its graduates remain in Sao Paulo, working in the academic area. In the average, they finish their degree around 42 years of age and intended to follow or enhance research skills when they first started. It seems this motivation decreases after the degree is a reality, for around 30% of the researchers never published a scientific article in journals or events, and if this has been done, it happened before December 31st, 2004. Even motivated by the acquisition of more knowledge when entering the program (most PhD holders declared that this fact weighed in favor of their decision toward the PhD), it seems this is not something to be disseminated by the graduates. Another motivation driving the respondents (most declared this motivation to have medium or high weight in the decision toward the PhD) was the achievement of a higher income level. This pursuit was fully satisfied. The effects of the title on income are outstanding. In general, it is possible to notice that when those people were first willing to achieve the degree, they were in search of professional improvement; expansion of opportunities and competitiveness in the accomplishment of their activities; prestige; knowledge and better income. These, they believed, would be brought by better schooling. And that was so. The findings of this research show that they demonstrate great appreciation for the contributions of the PhD degree to the activities they currently perform.