This diploma thesis deals with the development of ecological thinking of the pupils of the primary school under the project teaching within the subject called Practical Activity at elementary schools. The thesis contains ten projects; six of them were put into practice. The first part of the thesis includes theoretical knowledge derived from specialized literature. The theoretical part describes the topics of project teaching, activation teaching methods and technical and ecological education. The second part of the thesis depicts particular projects from the practical point of view. Photographical documentation and reflection from the projects, which were taught, form a part of the practical section of the thesis.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo a elaboração de uma sequência didática em nível de Ensino Médio sobre Leis de Newton, para ser utilizada com o método de ensino Peer Instruction. (Instrução pelos Colegas). Esta sequência didática foi aplicada em quatro turmas (totalizando 118 alunos) da primeira série do Ensino Médio Técnico de uma escola pública de Novo Hamburgo – RS. A concepção de todo o material elaborado foi alicerçada na Teoria da Aprendizagem Significativa de David Paul Ausubel. As aulas foram estruturadas em sete encontros de uma hora e quarenta minutos cada um, sendo que em seis deles foi empregado o método Peer Instruction para a aprendizagem conceitual do conteúdo, intercalando-se questões envolvendo cálculos e o último encontro foi destinado à avaliação de todas as etapas do processo. A análise dos dados revela que as turmas obtiveram ganhos significativos de aprendizagem. Observou-se que as discussões entre os colegas foram proveitosas, propiciando a participação dos alunos como protagonistas do seu próprio processo de ensino-aprendizagem e levaram a um aumento do percentual de acertos das questões conceituais propostas. O retorno dado pelos alunos demonstra que a dinâmica da aula os motiva a trabalhar e os mantêm envolvidos com o trabalho por mais tempo. Conclui-se que esta sistemática pode se estender a outros conteúdos da Física, aumentando a interação entre os alunos e a reflexão crítica sobre os fenômenos que estão sendo abordados. Para a aplicação desta proposta foram elaboradas: tarefas prévias, os momentos da sequência didática e um banco de questões conceituais. / This work aimed to develop a high school level didactical sequence about Newton’s Laws of motion, suitable for use with Peer Instruction teaching method. This didactical sequence was implemented in four first grade classes (totaling 118 students) of a public technical High School in Novo Hamburgo (Brazil). The conception of all material was based on David Paul Ausubel’s Meaningful Learning Theory. The classes were organized in seven meetings of one hour and forty minutes each. The Peer Instruction method was used for conceptual learning during six of these meetings, interspersing questions involving calculations. The last meeting was dedicated to evaluate all the stages of the process. The performance analysis of the data reveals that the students obtained significant learning gains. The discussions among the students were useful, allowing the participation of students as protagonists of their own teaching-learning process and led to an increase in the percentage of correct answers to the proposed conceptual questions. The feedback given by the students demonstrates that the dynamics of the class motivates them to work and keeps them involved with the work. We can conclude that this systematics can be extended to other contents of Physics, stimulating the interaction between the students and the reflection on the phenomena that are being approached. For the application of this proposal were elaborated: previous tasks, a didactical sequence in moments and a bank of conceptual questions.

The Abstract The goal of this dissertation was to find out the quality of a communication training of the doctors in the undergraduate education. The sectional goals were focused on the analysis of a present state of communication training of the medical students, but also on determining the effect of communication training on development of communication skills of active listening and sharing the information. The last set goal was to create an ask-sheet of specific chosen skills as a beneficial element in a communication training of the doctors. For reaching the chosen goals, we have used several phases of a research. In the first phase, we gave to our respondents non-standardized ask-sheet, which was made to determine the level of their personal communication index. In the second phase of our research, we observed several chosen communication skills of the students. We took a video during every single simulated situations of the students' communication, which we used as a feed-back for the analysis of each performance. The first and second research phase took place between 2010 and 2015. The research team for the first phase was composed by the freshmen of Master study program of General Medicine in a present form at 2nd Medical Faculty of Charles University (2. LF UK) in years 2010 - 2015. I have...

(in English): The productions of language of the students learning Czech or other foreign languages may be evaluated in light of three criteria - the accuracy, the fluency and the complexity. The improvement of the quality of each of these can be influenced by a variety of factors, inter alia, personality of the student, the topic, the possibility to prepare before the production and so on, but also by student's language competence or the didactical methods used to reach this level of competence. In this master thesis, the main focus will be placed on the fluency, more precisely on the methods, which are contributing to its development; Rather than focusing on their effectiveness, the scrutiny will analyze the attitude of students as well as the teachers towards each of those methods. Also, we compare, how the preferred aspect (accuracy or fluency) influence the evaluation of the methods and, in the end, if and how the evaluation of the activities is being influenced by the students' level of language. Within questioning we obtained data from teachers and students of Czech as a foreign language. With them, we verified the role of the factors above for the respondends evaluations. Apart from that, we compared, in which measure the evaluations of students and teachers differ and we occupied with a...

Cette thèse aborde la problématique de l’acquisition des connaissances dans le cadre de la conception des Environnements Informatiques pour l’Apprentissage Humain (EIAH). Dans le contexte spécifique de ce travail, nous nous intéressons à des EIAH destinés à enseigner des méthodes de résolution de problèmes. De telles méthodes permettent, dans un domaine donné, de reconnaître la classe d’un problème et d’être capable de savoir quelle technique de résolution appliquer pour le résoudre. Le coût de conception de ces EIAH est cependant très élevé, en particulier du fait de l’élicitation des connaissances, qui nécessite non seulement une expertise dans le domaine concerné mais également en programmation.Afin de réduire le coût de conception de ces EIAH, et permettre à des auteurs (enseignants ou pédagogues plus experts) de pouvoir éliciter sans programmer les connaissances nécessaires à l’EIAH, nous proposons un processus d’acquisition interactive de ces connaissances. Ce processus est mis en œuvre à travers la conception d’un outil auteur : AMBRE-KB. Pour ce faire, nous avons d’abord proposé des méta-modèles qui permettent de décrire la forme des connaissances à acquérir. Ces connaissances ne sont pas celles d’un expert dans un domaine, mais les connaissances telles qu’on voudrait qu’elles fonctionnent chez l’apprenant à l’issue de l’apprentissage. En s’appuyant sur ces méta-modèles, nous avons ensuite proposé un processus d’acquisition de ces connaissances qui permet d’assister l’auteur lors de l’élicitation des connaissances nécessaires, en lui permettant de construire un modèle de connaissances spécifique à un domaine.Nous avons mené deux expérimentations pour évaluer le processus d’acquisition des connaissances et sa mise en œuvre dans l’outil AMBRE-KB. La première porte sur la complétude. Il s’agit de vérifier, pour un domaine donné, si les modèles de connaissances générés par AMBRE-KB permettent à l’EIAH de résoudre des problèmes. L’objectif de la deuxième expérimentation est de mesurer l’utilité et l’utilisabilité de AMBRE-KB. Les résultats des deux expérimentations sont satisfaisants. / The general issue we addressed in this thesis is the challenge of knowledge elicitation in Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS). In the context of this work, we are interested in ITS teaching problem solving methods. Teaching methods for solving problems consists in teaching students how to think about the problem before starting its resolution. In a given field, such a method is based on a categorization of problems. Knowing to recognize the class of a problem enables students to choose the resolution technique associated with this class. However, designing such ITS is tedious and costly, and specially require expertise in the application domain and in programming.In order to reduce the design cost of these ITS and to enable an author (for example a teacher) to be able to elicit knowledge needed without programming, we propose an interactive knowledge elicitation process. This process is implemented through the design of an authoring tool: AMBRE-KB. For that, we first propose meta-models for the knowledge to be acquired. This knowledge is not an expert knowledge, but knowledge such as we would want that they work at the end of the learning. Next, we propose a knowledge acquisition process based on these meta-models, which enable the author to be assisted in the elicitation process enabling him/her to build specific knowledge models for a given domain.We conducted two experiments to evaluate the knowledge acquisition process and its implementation in the AMBRE-KB tool. The first relates to completeness. The aim is to verify, for a given domain, whether the knowledge models generated by AMBRE-KB enable the solver to solve problems. The aim of the second experiment is to measure the utility and usability of AMBRE-KB. The results of both experiments are satisfactory.

This study reports on the investigation of the educators teaching methods at Grade 4 First Additional Language. The study focused on selected schools in Moretele APO. It took into consideration the teaching methods and the challenges of the environment educators found themselves in teaching FAL. The study used a qualitative method to investigate the teaching of FAL. The experiences and the qualifications of educators were taken into consideration during the empirical study when the observations and the interviews were conducted. The empirical investigation revealed that educators did not know how to teach reading in FAL. They knew less about new approaches to teaching reading and that reading was treated as a separate entity from speaking and writing. The conditions that they found themselves were appalling due to lack of motivation, overcrowding in classes, lack of resources and lack of support from the Department of Education. / Language Education, Arts and Culture / M.Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

The research study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the instructional methods, particularly the lecture-discussion instructional method as a teaching and learning method at grade 7 level, in Shurugwi district, Zimbabwe. The subject taught being English language. The experimental method (quasi-experimental) used at the twenty chosen schools was the pre-test and post test group method. It was found that the lecture-discussion instructional method produced better results in more cases than the discussion method alone. It was also found that work produced by the lecture-discussion instructional method was more refined than work produced by the discussion method alone. Guided learners were more work focused than learners discussing alone without a teacher. Average and below average learners did not enjoy learning without the presence of the teacher talk. The learners, during teacher absence, seemed hesitant and confused at times. The lecture-discussion method seems to cater for all the learners and their learning styles. The importance of the teacher in the class was clearly demonstrated by the work and results produced by the learners at the twenty selected primary schools in Shurugwi district, Midlands province, Zimbabwe. All the learners that received treatment from the experiment produced better results than their control groups that did not receive the treatment. However, conclusions and generalisations can not be made because the samples used and the areas covered were too small in size. The learners studied were too few to make meaningful generalisations and conclusions for the country. Further researches should be carried out in future. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / M. Ed. (Didactics)

The aim of this study is to deal with the theoretical and philosophical aspects of Christian education and to evaluate the realisation thereof in Gazankulu schools. Concepts dealing with the study, such as education, Christian education, learning, teaching, pedagogy, religion and Christianity are firstly discussed. A brief background of the area of study is also given. Secondly a philosophical orientation is given in which an attempt is made to answer the question 'What is philosophy?'. Important aspects of a Christian philosophy is also established and philosophical categories, the nature and aims of Christian education are discussed. Christian schooling are thirdly discussed, especially Christian schooling as it ought to be. Important aspects thereof, such as major learning goals and components of the education situation are dealt with. The position and status of scripture teaching in school, as well as the position of religious education in Gazankulu are outlined. In the fourth place, an empirical study to evaluate the stand of Christian education in Gazankulu schools, are discussed. This study involved principals, parents, pupils and teachers. Finally conclusions are given and certain recommendations regarding Christian education are made. / Die doel van hierdie studie is om die teoretiese en filosofiese aspekte van Christelike onderwys te deurgrond en om die realisering van hierdie aspekte in skole in Gazankulu te evalueer. Begrippe wat met die studie te make het, soos opvoeding, Christelike onderwys, onderrig-leer, pedagogie, geloof, en Christelikheid, word bespreek. 'n Beknopte oorsig van die studiegebied word ook gegee. Daar word tweedens 'n filosofiese orientering gegee, waarin daar gepoog word om vrae soos 'Wat is filosofie?' te beantwoord. Belangrike aspekte van 'n Christelike filosofie word ook bespreek en filosofiese kategoriee, die aard van en doelstellings met Christelike onderwys, word aangespreek. Christelike onderwys, en veral Christelike onderwys soos dit behoort te wees, word derdens bespreek. Belangrike aspekte daarvan, soos die onderrigleerdoelstellings en die komponente van die opvoedingsituasie word aangeraak. Die plek en status van Bybelonderrig in Gazankulu word ook beskryf. In die vierde plek word 'n empiriese ondersoek om die stand van Christelike onderwys in Gazankulu te evalueer, bespreek. Hierdie ondersoek het hoofde, ouers, leerlinge en onderwysers betrek. Laastens word daar tot sekere gevolgtrekkings gekom, en aanbevelings gemaak ten opsigte van Christelike onderwys. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Philosophy of Education)

O trabalho apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a relação entre cinema, história e ensino de história e a reflexão sobre a forma como o cinema tem sido utilizado como recurso pelos professores de história. A partir da revisão, de entrevistas com colegas professores e alunos construiu-se uma proposta pedagógica de uso do cinema para abordar o tema da Pluralidade Cultural no contexto dos Temas Transversais. A proposta pedagógica lança reflexões sobre as possibilidades de uso do cinema e de outras fontes dentro de uma perspectiva interdisciplinar e que dá à Pluralidade Cultural espaço para fazer parte do currículo escolar no curso do ano letivo, retirando do tema o caráter de currículo eletivo, que aparece ocasionalmente como curiosidade no currículo escolar. Considerando o fato de que Pluralidade Cultural é um tema amplo, escolhi abordar o sincretismo religioso. A partir das relações entre cinema e história, esta proposta pretende contribuir para que estudantes da educação básica reflitam sobre o caráter móvel da cultura e das diferentes religiões. / This dissertation presents a bibliographic review of the relationship between cinema, history and history teaching, and a reflection on how cinema has been used as a teaching resource for history teachers. Based on this review, interviews with fellow teachers and students we aimed at developing a pedagogical proposal for using cinema as a means for approaching the subject “Cultural Pluralism” in the context of the “Tranversal Themes”. The pedagogical proposal evokes reflections on the possibilities of using cinema and other sources within an interdisciplinary perspective, giving Cultural Pluralism a space in school curriculum throughout the year, thus removing its character of an elective subject, appearing occasionally as a mere curiosity. Taking into account that Cultural Pluralism is a broad theme, I chose to approach the issue of religious syncretism. By looking at the relationships between cinema and history, this proposal intends to be a contribution for students from basic education, so they can reflect on the shifting character of culture and different religions.

The main aim of my thesis is to create a suggestion of my own teaching materials for teaching the topic "The Earth in Space" in the context of geography on the 2nd stage of Primary schools which includes not only workbook for students but also a methodological guide for teachers and additional outputs usable for an interactive whiteboard. The teaching text itself corresponds to the principles defined in the current educational documents. The theoretical part evaluates the significance and status of the material in the curriculum in the context of the Framework Educational Programme for Elementary Education and the school educational programmes of schools monitored. The next chapter is devoted to the didactic analysis of current educational textbooks and workbooks for the 2nd stage of Primary schools which includes the subject matter. The thesis also contains an overview of selected modern elements in the teaching of geography.