The enzymatic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars is a promising approach for producing renewable fuels and chemicals. However, the cost of the fungal enzymes usually employed in this process remains a significant bottleneck for manufacturing low value-added products from biomass. A potential route to increase hydrolysis yield, and thereby to reduce hydrolysis cost, would be to supplement the fungal enzymes with their lacking enzymatic activities, such as Beta-glucosidase. To produce such enzymes at a low cost, the bacterium Escherichia coli is a strong contender, owing to its ability to grow rapidly on simple and inexpensive media, and to achieve high levels of productivity. Nevertheless, there is hardly any techno-economic analysis of low-value protein production using E. coli in the literature, and, more generally, there are very few techno-economic analyses of low-value protein production ever reported, with the exception of cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei. In particular, the biotechnological application of recombinant E. coli platforms equipped with toxin-antitoxin systems to ensure plasmid stability remains largely unexplored, and its economic impact, unknown. As such, this work presents a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of the industrial production of a low-cost enzyme (Beta-glucosidase) using both E. coli BL21(DE3) and E. coli SE1, a modified BL21(DE3) strain equipped with a toxin-antitoxin system for plasmid maintenance. Moreover, this study describes the actual cloning and expression of a Beta-glucosidase enzyme into E. coli BL21(DE3) and E. coli SE1, and the development of a novel inoculum production scheme that exploits the features of the SE1 strain, based on repeatedly recycling a fraction of the inoculum cells. The results of the techno-economic analysis project an enzyme production cost of 316 US$/kg in the baseline scenario, which is considerably higher than the values reported in the literature for the fungal cocktails. The facility-dependent cost, which is strongly associated with the cost of equipment, accounts for roughly half of the estimated cost, while the cost of raw materials, especially IPTG and glucose, and the cost of consumables are all quite significant. However, the simulation of multiple scenarios and optimization measures suggest that the enzyme cost can be substantially reduced on many fronts, such as: substituting the carbon source for cheaper alternatives; reducing the amount of IPTG used for induction; using an E. coli strain capable of extracellular production; or eliminating the steps of concentration and stabilization of the enzyme, in the case of on-site enzyme utilization. Developing E. coli strains capable of high rEnzyme volumetric productivities can also significantly reduce the cost of the enzyme, up to approximately 135 US$/kg in the scenario of highest productivity. In addition, based on the experimental results with the E. coli SE1 system, an inoculum recycle strategy that avoids the need of an extensive seed train was simulated, resulting in a significant reduction of the enzyme cost. Finally, the combination of multiple process improvements could lead to an enzyme cost near 20 US$/kg of protein, which comes close to the cost of fungal cellulases and demonstrates the great biotechnological potential of recombinant E. coli platforms. / A conversão enzimática de biomassa lignocelulósica em açúcares fermentescíveis é uma via promissora para a produção de combustíveis e produtos químicos renováveis. No entanto, o custo das enzimas fúngicas usualmente empregadas nesse processo permanece um gargalo significativo para a fabricação de produtos de baixo valor agregado a partir de biomassa. Uma possível estratégia para aumentar o rendimento da hidrólise e, assim, reduzir seu custo, seria suplementar as enzimas fúngicas com suas atividades enzimáticas deficientes, tais como a enzima Beta-glicosidase. Para produzir tais enzimas a um baixo custo, a bactéria Escherichia coli é uma forte candidata, dada a sua capacidade de crescer rapidamente em meios simples e baratos e de alcançar altos níveis de produtividade. No entanto, na literatura quase não há análises técnico-econômicas de produção de proteínas de baixo valor agregado utilizando E. coli e, de forma mais geral, há muito poucas análises técnico-econômicas de produção de proteínas de baixo valor agregado publicadas, com exceção da produção de celulases por Trichoderma reesei. Em particular, a aplicação biotecnológica de plataformas recombinantes baseadas em E. coli dotadas de sistemas toxina-antitoxina para garantir a estabilidade plasmidial segue em larga medida inexplorada, e seu impacto econômico, desconhecido. Assim, este trabalho apresenta uma análise técnico-econômica abrangente da produção industrial de uma enzima de baixo custo (Beta-glicosidase) usando E. coli BL21 (DE3) e E. coli SE1, uma cepa de BL21 (DE3) modificada que possui um sistema toxina-antitoxina para manutenção plasmidial. Além disso, este estudo descreve a clonagem e expressão de uma Beta-glicosidase em E. coli BL21 (DE3) e E. coli SE1, assim como o desenvolvimento de um novo método de produção de inóculo que tira proveito das peculiaridades da linhagem SE1, baseado em reciclar repetidamente uma fração das células do inóculo. Os resultados da análise técnico-econômica apontam para um custo de produção da enzima de 316 US$/kg no cenário-base, valor consideravelmente superior àqueles relatados na literatura para os coquetéis fúngicos. Os custos de overhead da planta, que estão fortemente associados ao custo de aquisição dos equipamentos, são responsáveis por aproximadamente metade do custo total, enquanto o custo de matérias-primas, especialmente IPTG e glicose, e o custo de consumíveis são bastante significativos. Porém, a simulação de múltiplos cenários e medidas de otimização sugerem que o custo da enzima pode ser substancialmente reduzido em muitas frentes, tais como: a substituição da fonte de carbono por alternativas mais baratas; a redução da quantidade de IPTG usado para indução; a utilização de cepas capazes de produzir a enzima extracelularmente; ou a eliminação das etapas de concentração e estabilização da enzima, em caso de utilização da enzima in situ. O desenvolvimento de cepas de E. coli capazes de atingir altas produtividades volumétricas de rEnzima também pode reduzir significativamente o seu custo, chegando a US$ 135/kg no cenário de maior produtividade. Com base nos resultados experimentais com a linhagem E. coli SE1, uma estratégia de reciclagem de inóculo que evita a necessidade de um extenso trem de inoculação também foi simulada, gerando significativa diminuição do custo da enzima. Por fim, a combinação de múltiplas melhorias no processo poderia levar a um custo de enzima em torno de 20 US$/kg de proteína, valor que se aproxima do custo das celulases fúngicas e que demonstra o grande potencial biotecnológico de plataformas de expressão baseadas em E. coli recombinante.

Consacrée à l'industrie lithique du Magdalénien moyen et supérieur-final dans les Pyrénées occidenta-les, cette analyse se propose d'atteindre trois objectifs principaux : <br /> * la présentation du cadre chronologique et environnemental de cette région à la fin du Pléisto-cène, ainsi que des débats scientifiques qui la concernent,<br /> * la constitution d'une séquence de référence restituant l'évolution diachronique des industries lithiques,<br /> * et l'ébauche d'une comparaison avec les régions avoisinantes, afin d'intégrer les Pyrénées occidentales dans la dynamique culturelle du Magdalénien à une échelle plus large, notamment pour percevoir les influences auxquelles cette zone est soumise.<br /><br />Quatre raisons majeures justifient le choix de cette zone :<br /> * sa localisation – au carrefour de trois ensembles culturels et sur l'une des deux voies de cir-culation inévitable entre l'Europe occidentale et la péninsule ibérique – ,<br /> * la concentration géographique de ses gisements,<br /> * l'étude approfondie des industries lithiques qui montre que la réputation de monotonie peine à cacher une diversité qui pourrait être chronologiquement significative<br /> * et l'apparition de nouvelles techniques d'analyses lithiques depuis les dernières grandes syn-thèses consacrées à cette région.<br /><br />Deux méthodes d'étude ont été utilisées :<br /> * synthèse bibliographique pour la reconstitution du cadre chronologique et environnemental et pour faire un état des recherches consacrées à cette région.<br /> * et analyse de l'industrie lithique de trois gisements archéologiques selon une méthode qui prend en compte les matières premières exploitées, les modes de fabrication des supports d'outils et la produc-tion des outils.<br />Les sites ont été choisis en raison de leur longue séquence stratigraphique – Bourrouilla à Arancou (64) et Duruthy à Sorde (40) – ou pour la qualité des informations fournies – Arbouet (64).<br /><br />Les résultats aboutissent à deux types d'interprétations. Ils permettent de caractériser les gisements en eux-mêmes et de comprendre le lien entre les Pyrénées occidentales et les régions voisines. Plusieurs tendan-ces apparaissent :<br />L'approvisionnement en matières premières siliceuses est essentiellement local. Et ce, en dépit des constatations faites dans les Pyrénées centrales, par exemple, où quelques gisements ont livré des silex collec-tés dans le nord de l'Aquitaine.<br />Ces industries ne montrent pas de particularismes techniques et s'inscrivent donc pleinement dans le cadre technologique général et la variété du Magdalénien. Sauf dans de rares cas, la conduite de l'exploitation des nucléus atteste d'un fort « opportunisme » dans la mesure où le bloc guide les choix techniques au sein d'un vaste ensemble de possibles.<br />Malgré l'existence de probables faciès d'activité, des modifications diachroniques de la composition techno-typologique de ces industries sont perceptibles. En effet, le croisement entre les analyses strictement techniques et celle de l'outillage montre que :<br /> - l'outillage est riche en lamelles de type scalène et/ou en lamelles à dos tronquées dans les pé-riodes les plus anciennes,<br /> - l'outillage typé « Magdalénien supérieur » apparaît progressivement avec les burins de La-can, les pointes à cran puis les pointes à dos et les grattoirs unguiformes,<br /> - la fin du Magdalénien supérieur voit s'enrichir la palette technique avec l'apparition d'un dé-bitage de type carénoïde qui vient s'ajouter au fond commun de la production très variée des lamelles au Mag-dalénien moyen et supérieur,<br /> - l'extrême fin de la période révèle l'utilisation d'une nouvelle chaîne opératoire : celle desti-née à la production de supports massifs, obtenus par percussion dure rentrante, pour les pointes à dos. Elle est accompagnée de l'apparition d'une nouvelle production laminaire, au percuteur dur. Cette constatation est d'autant plus surprenante qu'elle a été réalisée au sein d'une industrie encore très magdalénienne dans ses composantes aussi bien lithique qu'osseuse.<br />Enfin, la confrontation des résultats de l'analyse de l'industrie lithique avec les sources bibliographi-ques disponibles pour les gisements contemporains prouve que, en l'état de la recherche, les gisements des Py-rénées occidentales s'apparentent plutôt à ceux du nord de l'Aquitaine qu'aux aires culturelles les plus pro-ches, c'est-à-dire les Cantabres et les Pyrénées. Ces résultats doivent cependant être nuancés en raison de l'absence de certains outils nord-aquitains (conformément aux Pyrénées centrales et aux Cantabres).<br /><br />Ce travail a eu pour but de dresser un bilan bibliographique approfondi des données disponibles pour la fin du Paléolithique supérieur dans les Pyrénées occidentales, mais aussi de démontrer que l'étude de l'industrie lithique est susceptible d'apporter des résultats majeurs et novateurs. Il s'est agi :<br />¬ de réfuter définitivement le postulat d'une zone pauvre en matières premières lithiques exploitables à travers l'analyse de leur mode d'approvisionnement,<br />¬ d'élaborer, pour la fin du Paléolithique supérieur, une nouvelle séquence de référence qui tient compte de la technique d'obtention des supports lithiques mais aussi de l'outillage. Elle demande désormais à être confirmée par l'étude de gisements non retenus dans le cadre de la thèse. Cependant, elle a d'ores et déjà montré que Bourrouilla et Duruthy – au moins – possèdent des clés fondamentales pour la compréhension de la transition entre la fin du Paléolithique supérieur et le Mésolithique,<br />¬ et de démontrer que, au Magdalénien, l'influence des deux « régions culturelles » les plus proches – Pyrénées centrales et Cantabres – n'était pas plus marquée que celle, plus éloignée, du Périgord.<br />De multiples pistes de recherches possibles sont ainsi esquissées.

Improbable enfant du Solutréen, le Badegoulien, composé d'industries souvent dépréciées technologiquement, a d'abord été indexé au Magdalénien sous les traits d'une industrie en devenir. Rapidement contesté par l'enchainement des découvertes, ce statut s'est finalement effacé devant leur originalité : à l'aube des années 90 prime ainsi l'idée d'une autonomie " culturelle " que les premières analyses technologiques vont contribuer à affermir. Embrassant une zone géographique jusqu'ici peu investie (Landes, Lot, Aude) et ce, à travers un corpus d'industries constituant un panel représentatif de la variabilité de ces assemblages, notre analyse a poursuivi deux objectifs : tenter, d'une part, de cerner au mieux les comportements techno-économiques badegouliens ainsi que les raisons de cette variabilité et, de l'autre, éprouver la réalité de cette " parenthèse " sur le plan diachronique. Si l'architecture techno-économique des premières industries lithiques badegouliennes nous apparait en définitive très éloignée des données aujourd'hui disponibles sur la fin du Solutréen - attestant d'une recomposition probablement rapide de ces normes techniques -, la rupture souvent évoquée avec le Magdalénien (moyen) se trouve adoucie par les liens existant entre Badegoulien récent et Magdalénien inférieur. Ainsi, introduisant sur le plan des équipements lithiques une coupure assez nette au début du LGM, ce techno-complexe va pourtant s'insérer dans une dynamique marquée par une transformation graduelle des comportements techno-économiques, ceci malgré une modification substantielle des normes techniques régissant le registre osseux entre la fin du Badegoulien et les débuts du Magdalénien.

The growing interest in small-scale electricity generation located near customers, known as Distributed Generation (DG), is driven primarily by emerging technologies, environmental regulations and concerns, electricity market restructuring, and growing customer demand for increased quality and reliability of the electricity supply. Wind turbines are one of the renewable DG technologies that have become an important source of electricity in many parts of the world. Wind power can be used in many places to provide a viable solution to rising demand, energy security and independence, and climate change mitigation. This research aims broadly at facilitating the integration of wind-based DG without jeopardizing the system’s economics and reliability. To achieve this goal, the thesis tackles wind power from three perspectives: those of the policy maker, the investor, and the system operator. Generally, the economic viability of a project is determined within the framework of relevant policies. Therefore, these policies influence the decisions of potential investors in wind power. From this perspective, chapters 3 and 4 investigate the influence of policies on the economic viability of wind-based DG projects. In chapter 3, the role of Ontario’s taxation and incentive policies in the economic viability of wind-based DG projects is investigated. In this study, the effects of provincial income taxes, capital cost allowances, property taxes, and relevant federal incentives are considered. Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for different scenarios are used to assess the project’s viability under the Ontario Standard Offer Program (SOP) for wind power. In chapter 4, the thesis proposes the use of wind power as a source of electricity in a new city being developed in the Duqm area of Oman, where no policies supporting renewable energy exist. The study shows that the cost of electricity produced by wind turbines is higher than that of the existing generation system, due to the subsidized prices of domestically available natural gas. However, given high international natural gas prices, the country’s long-term Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) export obligations, and the expansion of natural gas-based industries, investments in wind power in Duqm can be justified. A feed-in tariff and capital cost allowance policies are recommended to facilitate investments in this sector. From a wind-based DG investor’s perspective, the optimal selection of wind turbines can make wind power more economical, as illustrated in chapters 5 and 6. In chapter 5, the thesis presents a new generic model for Capacity Factor (CF) estimation using wind speed characteristics at any site and the power performance curve parameters of any pitch-regulated wind turbine. Compared to the existing model, the proposed formulation is simpler and results in more accurate CF estimation. CF models can be used by wind-based DG investors for optimal turbine-site matching applications. However, in chapter 6, the thesis demonstrates that using CF models as the sole basis for turbine-site matching applications tends to produce results that are biased towards higher towers but do not include the associated costs. Therefore, a novel formulation for the turbine-site matching problem, based on a modified CF formulation that does include turbine tower height, is introduced in chapter 6. The proposed universal Turbine-Site Matching Index (TSMI) also includes the effects of turbine rated power and tower height on the initial capital cost of wind turbines. Chapter 7 tackles wind power from a power system operator’s perspective. Despite wind power benefits, the effects of its intermittent nature on power systems need to be carefully examined as penetration levels increase. In this chapter, the thesis investigates the effects of different temporal wind profiles on the scheduling costs of thermal generation units. Two profiles are considered: synoptic-dominated and diurnal-dominated variations of aggregated wind power. To simulate wind profile impacts, a linear mixed-integer unit commitment problem is formulated in a GAMS environment. The uncertainty associated with wind power is represented using a chance constrained formulation. The simulation results illustrate the significant impacts of different wind profiles on fuel saving benefits, startup costs, and wind power curtailments. In addition, the results demonstrate the importance of the wide geographical dispersion of wind power production facilities to minimize the impacts of network constraints on the value of the harvested wind energy and the amount of curtailed energy.

The growing interest in small-scale electricity generation located near customers, known as Distributed Generation (DG), is driven primarily by emerging technologies, environmental regulations and concerns, electricity market restructuring, and growing customer demand for increased quality and reliability of the electricity supply. Wind turbines are one of the renewable DG technologies that have become an important source of electricity in many parts of the world. Wind power can be used in many places to provide a viable solution to rising demand, energy security and independence, and climate change mitigation. This research aims broadly at facilitating the integration of wind-based DG without jeopardizing the system’s economics and reliability. To achieve this goal, the thesis tackles wind power from three perspectives: those of the policy maker, the investor, and the system operator. Generally, the economic viability of a project is determined within the framework of relevant policies. Therefore, these policies influence the decisions of potential investors in wind power. From this perspective, chapters 3 and 4 investigate the influence of policies on the economic viability of wind-based DG projects. In chapter 3, the role of Ontario’s taxation and incentive policies in the economic viability of wind-based DG projects is investigated. In this study, the effects of provincial income taxes, capital cost allowances, property taxes, and relevant federal incentives are considered. Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for different scenarios are used to assess the project’s viability under the Ontario Standard Offer Program (SOP) for wind power. In chapter 4, the thesis proposes the use of wind power as a source of electricity in a new city being developed in the Duqm area of Oman, where no policies supporting renewable energy exist. The study shows that the cost of electricity produced by wind turbines is higher than that of the existing generation system, due to the subsidized prices of domestically available natural gas. However, given high international natural gas prices, the country’s long-term Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) export obligations, and the expansion of natural gas-based industries, investments in wind power in Duqm can be justified. A feed-in tariff and capital cost allowance policies are recommended to facilitate investments in this sector. From a wind-based DG investor’s perspective, the optimal selection of wind turbines can make wind power more economical, as illustrated in chapters 5 and 6. In chapter 5, the thesis presents a new generic model for Capacity Factor (CF) estimation using wind speed characteristics at any site and the power performance curve parameters of any pitch-regulated wind turbine. Compared to the existing model, the proposed formulation is simpler and results in more accurate CF estimation. CF models can be used by wind-based DG investors for optimal turbine-site matching applications. However, in chapter 6, the thesis demonstrates that using CF models as the sole basis for turbine-site matching applications tends to produce results that are biased towards higher towers but do not include the associated costs. Therefore, a novel formulation for the turbine-site matching problem, based on a modified CF formulation that does include turbine tower height, is introduced in chapter 6. The proposed universal Turbine-Site Matching Index (TSMI) also includes the effects of turbine rated power and tower height on the initial capital cost of wind turbines. Chapter 7 tackles wind power from a power system operator’s perspective. Despite wind power benefits, the effects of its intermittent nature on power systems need to be carefully examined as penetration levels increase. In this chapter, the thesis investigates the effects of different temporal wind profiles on the scheduling costs of thermal generation units. Two profiles are considered: synoptic-dominated and diurnal-dominated variations of aggregated wind power. To simulate wind profile impacts, a linear mixed-integer unit commitment problem is formulated in a GAMS environment. The uncertainty associated with wind power is represented using a chance constrained formulation. The simulation results illustrate the significant impacts of different wind profiles on fuel saving benefits, startup costs, and wind power curtailments. In addition, the results demonstrate the importance of the wide geographical dispersion of wind power production facilities to minimize the impacts of network constraints on the value of the harvested wind energy and the amount of curtailed energy.

In 1970&rsquo / s, significant shifts occurred both in planning and design theories as a response to the decreasing role of state in property relations and widening arena of private property. This shift in planning approaches led to an increase in the importance of &lsquo / flexibility&rsquo / concept. However this study proposes that flexibility in the control of spatial development is not an indisputable solution, but rather it is a dilemma. This is because / the definition, degree and effect of flexibility may change in every step of the process depending on the actors in the process. While it may be a way of solution in one case, it may be the problem itself in another. In the study, this dilemma is discussed in the context of spatial development in science parks. The concept of flexibility has a particular importance in respect to science parks which host especially technology based firms. Due to market changes and technology shifts, the spatial requirements of market and also the tenants change in time rapidly. That is why flexibility becomes a necessary tool in the physical planning of science parks. In this context, firstly the role flexibility in different planning and decision-making approaches is discussed. Then the structural characteristics of science parks and specifically METU Technopolis are defined. Within this framework, the physical development process of METU Technopolis and the role of flexibility in planning and decision making processes is examined. Finally some suggestions for controlling the flexibility in planning and design processes are developed.

Brayton cycles are open gas turbine cycles extensively used in aviation and industrial applications because of their advantageous volume and weight characteristics. With the bulk of waste exhaust heat and engine emissions associated, there is need to be mindful of environmentally-friendliness of these engine cycles, not compromising good technical performance, and economic viability. This research considers assessment of power plants in helicopters, and aeroderivative industrial gas turbines combined-heat-and-power (ADIGT-CHP) in the petrochemical industry. Thus, it consists of two parts: part A focuses on performance analysis of helicopter gas turbines, while part B entails technoeconomic and environmental risk assessment of ADIGT-CHP in the petrochemical industry. The investigation encompasses comparative assessment of simple cycle (SC) and advanced gas turbine cycle options including the component behaviours and the environmental and economic analysis of the systems. The advanced cycles considered include: recuperated (RC), intercooled (IC), intercooled-recuperated (ICR), and low pressure compressor zero-staged (LPC-ZS), cycles. The helicopter engines are analysed and subsequently converted to small-scale ADIGT engines. Also, modelling combined-heat-and-power (CHP) performances of small-scale (SS), and large-scale (LS) ADIGT engines is implemented. More importantly, a large part of the research is devoted to developing a techno-economic model for assessing, predicting, and comparing viability of simple and advanced cycle ADIGT-CHP in the petrochemical industry in terms of net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and simple payback period (SPBP). The techno-economic performances of the ADIGT-CHP cycles are measured against the conventional case of grid power plus on-site boiler. Besides, risk and sensitivity of NPV with respect to uncertain changes in grid electricity cost, gas fuel cost, emission cost, and electricity export tariff, are investigated. Two case studies underlie the development of the techno-economic model. One case study demonstrates the application of the model for large-scale (LS) ADIGT-CHP, and the other for small-scale (SS) ADIGT-CHP, all in the petrochemical industry. By so doing, techno-economic and environmental risk analysis framework (a multi-disciplinary preliminary design assessment tool comprising performance, emissions, economic, and risk modules) is adapted to ADIGT-CHP in the petrochemical industry, which is the aim of this research. The investigation and results led to the conclusions that advanced cycle helicopter and ADIGT engines exhibit higher thermal efficiencies than simple cycle, and that savings exist in operational costs of ADIGT-CHP above the conventional case. Thus, for both SS ADIGT-CHP, and LS ADIGT-CHP cases, all ADIGT-CHP cycles are profitable than the conventional case. For LS ADIGT- CHP category, the IC ADIGT-CHP is the most profitable, whereas for SS ADIGT-CHP category, the RC ADIGT-CHP is the most profitable. The contribution to knowledge of this research is the development of a technoeconomic model for assessing, predicting, and comparing viability of simple and advanced cycle ADIGT-CHP in the petrochemical industry in terms of NPV, SPBP, and IRR over the conventional case of grid power plus on-site boiler. A second contribution is the derivation of simple and advanced cycle small-scale ADIGT and ADIGT-CHP from helicopter engines. Cont/D.

No description available.

Dans cette thèse, nous abordons la conception des composants d'électronique de puissance, intégrés sur semi-conducteur. Dans cette large problématique, nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement aux méthodes et outils logiciels et numériques pour le dimensionnement technologique et géométrique. Ainsi, nous abordons le dimensionnement en faisant des compromis d'intégration entre la technologie du composant de puissance et les fonctions électriques de ses composants annexes, en prenant en compte la fiabilité de la réalisation technologique en salle blanche et les impacts de l'environnement électronique. Pour cela, nous avons proposé des démarches, méthodes et outils pour repousser les limites existantes de la conception, visant à offrir le support correspondant en terme de " design kit ". Finalement, nous appliquons les méthodes et les démarches choisies et développées, au dimensionnement d'un MOSFET de puissance (VDMOS), pour différents cahiers des charges.

Zugl.: Hildesheim, Univ., Diss., 2006