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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Sobre l'ordenació de les arrels reals de les derivades de polinomis a coeficients reals.

Rubió Massegú, Josep 10 February 2005 (has links)
Alguns problemes clàssics sobre teoria analítica de polinomis estan relacionats amb un problema més general: determinar com estan ordenades les arrels reals d'un polinomi a coeficients reals i les arrels reals de totes les seves derivades. Si ens restringim a l'ordenació entre arrels de derivades consecutives d'un polinomi, aquest problema pot formular-se de la següent manera. Sigui n un nombre natural no nul. Per a cada j=0,1,.,n-1 considerem variables indeterminades xj,1,xj,2,...,xj,m(j), que anomenarem variables de derivació j, i que considerarem lligades per les desigualtats xj,1<xj,2<···<xj,m(j). Definir un ordre entre variables de derivacions consecutives significa especificar, per a dues variables qualssevol de derivacions consecutives, diguem xj,k i xj+1,s, una de les tres ordenacions següents: (i) xj,k<xj+1,s, (ii) xj,k=xj+1,s, o (iii) xj,k>xj+1,s. Llavors, el problema consisteix en determinar per a quines ordenacions entre variables de derivacions consecutives existeix un polinomi P(x), de grau n, de manera que si les arrels reals de cada derivada P(j), 0&#8804;j&#8804;n-1, són els nombres yj,1<yj,2<···<yj,r(j), aleshores r(j)=m(j) i entre arrels de derivades consecutives es verifiquen els lligams proposats. És a dir, si (i) xj,k<xj+1,s, (ii) xj,k=xj+1,s, o (iii) xj,k>xj+1,s, aleshores s'ha de complir (a) yj,k<yj+1,s, (b) yj,k=yj+1,s, o (c) yj,k>yj+1,s respectivament. Si tal polinomi existeix aleshores es diu que l'ordenació proposada és representable per un polinomi. El teorema de Rolle imposa restriccions a l'ordenació de les variables en el cas que aquesta ordenació sigui representable per polinomis. Concretament, si xj,k<xj,k' són dues variables de derivació j, aleshores ha d'existir una variable de derivació j+1, xj+1,s, tal que xj,k<xj+1,s<xj,k'. No obstant, les restriccions imposades pel teorema de Rolle no són suficients per a que una ordenació de les variables sigui representable per un polinomi.En aquest sentit, ens proposem assolir els tres objectius següents:(1) Caracteritzar les ordenacions entre variables de derivacions consecutives que són representables per polinomis.(2) Classificar els polinomis en base a l'ordenació de les arrels de derivades consecutives i trobar certs nombres d'interès relacionats amb aquesta classificació, com per exemple el nombre de classes en que queden classificats els polinomis de grau n i el nombre de classes obertes de grau n (classes estables per pertorbacions).(3) Estudiar què succeeix quan es consideren ordenacions que inclouen lligams entre variables de derivacions no consecutives.L'objectiu (1) s'ha assolit establint que les ordenacions entre variables de derivacions consecutives representables per polinomis coincideixen amb les ordenacions que satisfan les restriccions imposades per un resultat que generalitza el teorema de Rolle. Essencialment, s'ha obtingut el recíproc del teorema que diu que entre cada dues arrels reals consecutives d'un polinomi hi ha un nombre senar d'arrels de la derivada comptant multiplicitats.L'objectiu (2) s'ha assolit classificant els polinomis segons l'ordenació que presenten les arrels de les seves derivades consecutives. Els nombres d'interès relacionats amb aquesta classificació s'han obtingut a partir de fórmules recurrents.L'objectiu (3) s'ha assolit determinant els nombres n per als quals la mencionada generalització del teorema de Rolle és suficient per a que una ordenació de les variables que inclogui lligams entre variables de derivacions no consecutives sigui representable per un polinomi. / Some classical problems in analytic theory of polynomials are related to a more general one that consists in determining how the real roots of a real polynomial and the roots of all its derivatives are ordered.If we restrict our attention to the ordering amongst the roots of consecutive derivatives of a polynomial, this problem can be stated as follows: Let n be a nonzero natural number. For each j=0,1,.,n-1 we consider some indeterminate variables xj,1,xj,2,...,xj,m(j), called variables of derivative j, which will be linked by the inequalities xj,1<xj,2<···<xj,m(j). To define an order amongst variables of consecutive derivatives means to specify, for any two variables of consecutive derivatives, say xj,k and xj+1,s, one of the following three relations: (i) xj,k<xj+1,s, (ii) xj,k=xj+1,s, or (iii) xj,k>xj+1,s. Then, the problem consists in determining for which of those orderings amongst variables of consecutive derivatives there exists a polynomial of degree n, say P(x), so that if the real roots of each derivative P(j), 0&#8804;j&#8804;n-1, are the numbers yj,1<yj,2<···<yj,r(j), then r(j)=m(j) and between roots of consecutive derivatives the suggested connections hold. That is, if (i) xj,k<xj+1,s, (ii) xj,k=xj+1,s, or (iii) xj,k>xj+1,s, then (a) yj,k<yj+1,s, (b) yj,k=yj+1,s, or (c) yj,k>yj+1,s must hold respectively. If such a polynomial exists, then we say that the suggested ordering is represented by a polynomial.Rolle's theorem sets up restrictions to the ordering of the variables in the case when this ordering is represented by polynomials. More precisely, if xj,k<xj,k+1 are two consecutive variables of the same derivative j, then there must exist a variable of derivative j+1, namely xj+1,s, such that xj,k<xj+1,s<xj,k+1. However, the restrictions imposed by Rolle's theorem are not sufficient to ensure that an ordering of the variables is represented by a polynomial.In this sense, we intend to achieve the following goals:(1) To characterize the orderings amongst variables of consecutive derivatives that are represented by polynomials.(2) To classify the polynomials according to the ordering of the roots of consecutive derivatives and to find certain numbers of interest related to this classification, such as the number of classes of equivalence in which polynomials of degree n are classified and the number of classes of equivalence which are open as subsets of the space of polynomials of degree at most n.(3) To study what happens when we consider orderings that include connections between variables of non-consecutive derivatives.Goal (1) has been achieved by showing that the orderings amongst variables of consecutive derivatives that are represented by polynomials coincide with the orderings that satisfy the restrictions imposed by a result which generalizes Rolle's theorem. Essentially, we have obtained the inverse of the theorem that states that between every two consecutive real roots of a polynomial, there is an odd number of roots of its derivative counting their multiplicities.Goal (2) has been attained by classifying the polynomials according to the ordering of the roots of their consecutive derivatives. The numbers of interest related to this classification have been obtained by means of recurrent formulae.Goal (3) has been attained by determining all numbers n for which Rolle's theorem generalization, mentioned above, is sufficient to ensure that an ordering of the variables that include connections between variables of non-consecutive derivatives, be represented by a polynomial.

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