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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
101

Maturação de aguardente de cana composta com extrato de madeira de carvalho em embalagens de polietileno tereftalato (PET) / Brazilian sugar-cane spirit maturation with brazilian sugar-cane spirit oak extract in PET packages

Forlin, Flavio João 05 October 2005 (has links)
Orientador: Roberto Herminio Moretti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T04:17:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Forlin_FlavioJoao_D.pdf: 1138330 bytes, checksum: 51a6f2384ea1ceebfd10fc6e31f2c879 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A elaboração de extrato por maceração de madeira de carvalho triturada com destilado alcoólico simples de cana-de-açúcar (DASCA) para maturação de aguardente de cana mostra vantagens de processo e econômicas por racionalizar a utilização e otimizar a extração de compostos da madeira, reduzir o tempo de maturação da bebida, prescindindo da utilização de tonéis de carvalho. A utilização de embalagens de PET mostra viabilidade para o acondicionamento e/ou maturação de destilados em substituição aos tonéis de madeira tradicionalmente utilizados, por suas características de integridade estrutural, permeabilidade seletiva e inocuidade com a bebida. Foram obtidos 13 extratos por macerações contínuas em batelada a partir de mesma quantidade de madeira de carvalho triturada, nas formas tostada e não tostada, com DASCA de teor alcoólico de 55% em volume, a 20°C. O extrato de ca da maceração foi estudado quanto ao extrato seco, compostos fenólicos totais, pH, acidez volátil, fixa e total e cor. A unificação dos extratos integrais das 5 primeiras macerações originaram um extrato resultante do qual foram obtidas as dosagens de 20, 40 e 60mL utilizadas na maturação de aguardente de cana em embalagens de PET de 0,250, 2 e 20L e vidro de 4,7L, durante 4, 8 e 12 meses. Aguardente de cana sem extrato foi maturada paralelamente em barris de carvalho de 200L, durante 4, 8, 12, 36 e 48 meses. A maturação da bebida foi acompanhada com o estudo de perda de massa, teor alcoólico real, pH, acidez volátil, fixa e total, compostos fenólicos totais, cor, álcoois superiores (isoamílico, isobutílico e n-propílico), aldeídos e ésteres totais em cada período de maturação correspondente. As aguardentes de cana maturadas em embalagens de PET, vidro e barris de carvalho, em cada período de maturação, incluindo o tempo zero, foram submetidas ao teste de aceitação com 81 consumidores, avaliando-se os atributos cor, aroma, sabor e impressão global, utilizando escala hedônica não estruturada de 9cm. Os resultados das análises físico-químicas e sensorial de aceitabilidade foram tratados com análise de variância e comparação de médias pelos testes de Duncan (p£0,05) e Tukey (p£0,10), respectivamente. O atributo impressão global da análise de aceitação foi complementarmente analisado pelo método Mapa de Preferência Interno (MDPREF). O extrato resultante originado da mistura dos extratos integrais das cinco primeiras macerações (acumulando 41 dias de maceração), no contexto de 13 macerações (acumulando 346 dias de maceração), resultou na extração de 74,5% de extrato seco, 67,5% de compostos fenólicos totais, 83,9% de acidez fixa e 67,7% de acidez total. A maturação da aguardente de cana pela incorporação de 20, 40 e 60mL deste extrato/L de aguardente de cana alterou significativamente (p£0,05) o perfil físico-químico e sensorial da bebida, agregando cor e compostos fenólicos totais, reduzindo o pH, incrementando a acidez total, volátil e fixa e a composição orgânica de aldeídos e ésteres totais e de álcoois superiores isoamílico, isobutílico e n-propílico. O período de maturação de 12 meses em embalagens de PET de 0,250, 2 e 20L alterou o perfil físico-químico da aguardente de cana, diminuindo a acidez volátil e total e de aldeídos totais, incrementando a acidez fixa e o teor de ésteres totais. O aumento de volume das embalagens de PET refletiu em menores perdas de massa e maiores incrementos de ésteres totais. A aguardente de cana maturada 12 meses em embalagens de PET e vidro com a incorporação de extrato de carvalho mostrou similar aceitabilidade pelos consumidores, em relação à bebida maturada em barris de carvalho, entre 12 até 48 meses. A incorporação na aguardente de cana de dosagens de extrato de 20, 40 e 60mL/L determinou incrementos significativos (p£0,10) de aceitabilidade da bebida maturada em embalagens de PET e vidro, independentemente do tempo de maturação. O atributo cor, originado pela incorporação de distintas dosagens de extrato à aguardente de cana, foi o de melhor aceitabilidade pelos consumidores, seguido pelo aroma, impressão global e sabor / Abstract: The elaboration of extract through maceration of brazilian sugar-cane spirit (BSCS) with oak wood grinded for brazilian sugar-cane spirit maturation shows advantages of process as well as economic ones, such as rationalization of the utilization, optimization of wood compounds extraction, reduction of the maturation time of the drink, renouncing the utilization of oak wood barrels. The utilization of PET packages shows its viability for storage and/or maturation of distilled beverages in substitution to the traditionally used wood structures for its structural integrity characteristics, selective permeability and innocuousness with the content. It was obtained 13 oak extracts by sequential units macerations using fixed quantity of toasted and not toasted grinded wood with BSCS 50°GL/20°C. Each extract was studied with the dry extract, total phenolic compounds, fixed, volatile and total acidity and colour. The unification of the integral units extracts from the five initial macerations produced the resultant extract for which were obtained the 20, 40, 60mL dosages for BSCS maturation in 0.250, 2, and 20L PET packages and in 4,7L glass packages during 4, 8 and 12 months. This study went along with the maturation of BSCS in 200L oak barrels during 4, 8, 12, 36 and 48 months. The maturation process of BSCS was physical-chemically accompanied by the study of mass losses, real alcoholic level, fixed, volatile and total acidity, total phenolic compounds, colour, superior alcohols (isoamilic, isobutilic, and n-propilic), total esters and aldehydes, in each specific times, included at zero time. An acceptance test also took place involving 81 BSCS consumers through their manifestation concerning the attributes colour, aroma, flavour and global impression using a nonstructured 9cm hedonic scale. The physical-chemical and acceptance tests results were statistically treated with variance analysis and Duncan (p=0.05) and Tukey (p=0.10) tests for average comparisons, respectively. The global impression attribute of the acceptance test was supplementary treated by Multidimensional Preference Analysis (MDPREF) method. The resultant extract obtained of the mixture of the five initial units macerations (totalizing 41 days of maceration) in context of thirteen units macerations (totalizing 346 days of maceration) resulted in 74.5% dry extract, 67.5% total phenolic compounds, 83.9% fixed acidity and 67.7% total acidity extraction. The incorporation of 20, 40, and 60mL of this extract per liter for BSCS maturation were significant effect (p£0.05) on physical-chemical profile of the beverage, associating to it colour and total phenolic compounds, reducing pH, adding volatile and fixed total acidity, the organic composition of superior alcohols, total esters and aldehydes. At 12 months BSCS maturation time in 0.250, 2 and 20L PET packages altered the physical-chemical profile of the beverage, decreasing the total and volatile acidity and total aldehydes and increasing the fixed acidity and total esters. The volume increase in PET packages reflected smaller indexes of mass losses and larger increments of total esters. The BSCS matured in PET and glass packages with the incorporation of oak extract during 12 months showed similar acceptability by consumers, in relation to the BSCS matured in oak barrels, during 12 to 48 months. The incorporation of the 20, 40, and 60mL oak extract dosage per liter for BSCS maturation determined significant increments (p=0.10) of acceptance of the BSCS matured in PET and glass packages independently of maturation time. The colour attribute originated by the distinct dosages of extract was the better acceptance by the consumers, followed by aroma, global impression and flavour / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos
102

Bubbling Fluidized Bed Gasification of Biomass and Refuse Derived Fuel

Robinson, Travis January 2015 (has links)
In Canadian remote northern communities most electricity is generated by burning diesel fuel. However, because it is expensive to import fuel into remote communities the cost of electricity is very high. Waste management is also difficult in remote northern communities. The goal of this thesis was to investigate the co-gasification of refuse waste materials and biomass as a means of reducing solid waste volumes while also using locally available materials for power generation. As part of this research, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) was investigated as a potential means of characterizing refuse derived fuels (RDF). Laboratory sample preparation of RDF for TGA had not been thoroughly considered. Laboratory sample preparation is important since RDF is very heterogeneous compared to other solid fuels and since TGA typically requires a very small sample size. A TGA method was applied to a variety of materials prepared from a commercially available RDF using a variety of procedures. The repeatability of the experimental results was related to the sample preparation methods. Cryogenic ball milling was found to be an appropriate means of preparing RDF samples for TGA. Applicability of the TGA method to the determination of the renewable content of RDF was considered. Air-blown auto-thermal gasification experiments using materials representative of waste and biomass were performed at 725°C, 800°C, and 875°C, using a 0.15 m internal diameter bubbling fluidized bed gasifier located at NRCan CametENERGY in Ottawa, Ontario. Commercially prepared RDF and PET scrap were used to represent waste materials. Commercially produced hardwood pellets were used to represent biomass. The co-gasification of hardwood pellets and commercially produced RDF indicated that each fuel make a contribution to the results which is proportional to its fraction in the feed mixture. Inclusion of the RDF in the fuel mixture led to bed agglomeration at the 875°C temperature condition. Higher temperatures were found to provide better conversion of the fuel to gas, and the limitation which inclusion of RDF places on the operating temperature of the gasifier negatively affects conversion of biomass. Results obtained with RDF suggested that utilization of mixed waste for a thermal conversion process located in a Canadian remote northern community is probably not a viable option. It was then decided to target plastic waste in particular. Plastic could be source-separated, collected, and gasified alongside biomass. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is often used for food and beverage containers, was chosen to represent plastic. Initially, attempts were made to co-gasify mixtures of PET pellets and hardwood pellets. These attempts failed due to the formation of coke above the bed. To alleviate these problems hardwood-PET composite pellets were manufactured and these were gasified at 725°C, 800°C, and 875°C. Inclusion of PET in the pellets dramatically increased the amount of tar produced during gasification.
103

Estudo teórico da interação de ânions tereftalato na estrutura de compostos tipohidrotalcita modificados

Nangoi, Inna Martha 30 July 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-04T14:10:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 innamarthanangoi.pdf: 4605252 bytes, checksum: 945db0de8851ec1b0dc51a32f4ee760e (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: Renata, o nome (Júnior) deste membro da banca realmente ñ tem acento: Borges Junior, Itamar? Verifique na autorização e no Lattes, por favor. on 2016-01-25T15:57:49Z (GMT) / Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-25T16:34:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 innamarthanangoi.pdf: 4605252 bytes, checksum: 945db0de8851ec1b0dc51a32f4ee760e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-25T19:37:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 innamarthanangoi.pdf: 4605252 bytes, checksum: 945db0de8851ec1b0dc51a32f4ee760e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T19:37:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 innamarthanangoi.pdf: 4605252 bytes, checksum: 945db0de8851ec1b0dc51a32f4ee760e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-30 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Cálculos de primeiros princípios baseados na Teoria do Funcional da Densidade (DFT) foram utilizados para investigar propriedades estruturais e eletrônicas de Hidróxidos Duplos Lamelares (HDL) de composição Mg-Al-Tereftalato e Mg-Al-CO3 nas razões molares, x, de 0,25, 0,33 e 0,50. Foi feita uma análise estrutural, baseada na energia total com mapeamento angular do tereftalato (TA) e cálculos de RMN de carbono 13C, que demonstrou a existência de orientações preferenciais na região interlamelar. As diferenças de densidade de carga demonstraram maior transferência de carga das moléculas de água do que do ânion com as lamelas, sendo mais pronunciada em Mg-Al-TA com x = 0,50. O cálculo de ΔG de formação demonstrou que a síntese de Mg-Al-CO3 com x = 0,50 não é espontânea à temperatura ambiente, ao contrário do Mg-Al-TA. Apesar da relação entre as áreas ocupadas pelos ânion e moléculas de água por carga da lamela permitirem a acomodação na estrutura lamelar verificou-se que existe uma competição pelos sítios das lamelas. O resultado da otimização de geometria mostrou a preferência das moléculas de água formarem ligações de hidrogênio com as hidroxilas da lamela, que deslocam o carbonato no Mg-Al-CO3. Este íon passa então a adotar uma posição inclinada em relação à lamela, demonstrado pelos cálculos da energia de formação como sendo desfavorável. Foi simulada a desidratação do Mg-Al-TA e o acordo encontrado para a temperatura de desidratação reportada experimentalmente foi excelente. Foi observada uma modificação mensurável no deslocamento químico do 13C de um dos núcleos de carbono na nova orientação do TA na estrutura desidratada. A influência do cátion divalente nos HDL estudados foi verificada pela substituição do Mg2+ por Zn2+ ou Ni2+. Foram observadas diferenças nos parâmetros geométricos relacionadas à diferenças nos raios iônicos. A análise de carga de acordo com os critérios de Bader indicaram que as cargas dos átomos de oxigênio do TA e das moléculas de água não são alterados de forma significativa pelo tipo da cátion divalentes escolhido. / First principles calculations based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) were used to investigate the structural and electronic properties of Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH) of Mg-Al-terephthalate and Mg-Al-CO3 composition with molar ratios, x, of 0.25, 0.33 and 0.50. The structural analysis was based on total energy angular mapping of terephthalate (TA) and NMR calculations of carbon 13C, which demonstrated the existence of preferred orientations in the interlayer region. The charge density differences demonstrated greater load transfer of water molecules than the anion with the layer being more pronounced in Mg-Al-TA with x = 0.50. The calculated ΔG of formation demonstrated that the synthesis of Mg-Al-CO3 with x = 0.50 is not spontaneous at room temperature, unlike the Mg-Al-TA. Although the ratio between the areas occupied by the anion and water molecules per positive charge area permit the accommodation in the layer structure, it was found that there is a competition for the layer sites. The lower energy geometry optimization showed the preference of the water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl groups of the layer, displacing the carbonate of Mg-Al-CO3. This ion then will adopt an inclined position regarding to the layer, shown by the Gibbs free energy formation to be unfavorable. The Mg-Al-TA dehydration reaction simulated found an excellent agreement with experimental values. A measurable change in the 13C chemical shift of the carbon nuclei was verified in the new position of the TA in the dehydrated structure. The influence of divalent cation was verified by substitution of Mg2+ by Zn2+ or Ni2+. Differences were observed in geometric parameters related to differences in the ionic radii. Charge analysis based on Bader criteria indicated no significant variation in oxygen atoms of TA and water molecules by the type of divalent cation chosen.
104

Biofilmes e enzimas sintetizados no processo de degradação do tereftalato de polietileno (pet) por bacillus subtilis e phanerochaete chrysosporium

Jara, Alícia Maria Andrade Torres 10 December 2007 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:20:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_alicia_jara.pdf: 8514825 bytes, checksum: e7811d2022af27360b50bd77f223f4ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In recent years, the consumption of the poly ethylene terephtalate plastic - PET is used in the manufacture of bottles, comes increasing in Brazil. PET is a polar thermoplastic, with raised dimensional stability and temperature of fusion, high impermeability the acid gases and chemical resistance to solvents. The biodegradation has been described as a possible methodology to reduce the accumulation of plastics. In this work it was carried through the evaluation by Bacillus subtilis and Phanerochaete chrysosporium performance on the biodegradation of the polyethylene terephtalate. In this direction, particles of polymer were submitted to the treatments: exposition to ultra violet light (6 and 36 hours) and temperatures (35ºC and 50ºC), followed incubation with the microorganisms during 30 and 60 days. The polymer degradation process was accompanied by determination of pH, biofilm formation and the cells viability, enzymes detection (amylase, protease, esterase, and polyphenoloxidase), as well as the scanning electron microscopy of biofilm and toxicity tests. The results obtained observed the biofilm formation by Bacillus subtilis on polyethylene terephtalate surface particles. The treatment using the temperature of 50ºC demonstrated a higher alteration in the surface of the polymer, supported the colonization of the microorganisms followed of the hydrolytic enzymes production. It was observed that Bacillus subtilis does not produced polyphenoloxidase. The results indicated the temperature (50º.C), induces the esterase production and it is related to degradation process. The P. chrysosporium produced esterases and polyphenoloxidase, whose enzymes had demonstrated to be involved with the polyethylene terephtalate degradation process, and were formed products with higher toxicities to Artemia salina / O Tereftalato de Polietileno PET é um termoplástico polar,com elevada estabilidade dimensional e temperatura de fusão, alta impermeabilidade a gases e resistência química a ácidos e solventes, empregado na fabricação de garrafas no Brasil. A biodegradação tem sido descrita como uma possível metodologia para reduzir o acúmulo de plásticos. Neste trabalho foi avaliado o desempenho das linhagens de Bacillus subtilis e Phanerochaete chrysosporium isoladamente na biodegradação do tereftalato de polietileno. Neste sentido, foram preparadas partículas do polímero sendo submetidas aos tratamentos com luz ultra violeta (6 e 36 horas) e temperaturas (35ºC e 50ºC) em seguida, foram colocadas nos meios caldo nutriente (B.subtilis) e Sabouraud (P. chrysosporium), incubados por 30 e 60 dias, incubados a 35ºC e 28ºC, respectivamente. Com a degradação das partículas observou-se que o pH passou de 5 para >8, com formação de biofilmes e indução da produção de enzimas (amilase, protease, esterase e polifenoloxidases). A formação do biofilme foi evidenciada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os produtos metabólicos formados no meio de cultura foram avaliados pelo teste de toxicidade utilizando Artemia salina. A microscopia eletrônica demonstrou que B. subtilis colonizou completamente a superfície das partículas do PET, tanto nas condições controle (sem tratamento), como tratados. Os melhores resultados foram observados com o tratamento à temperatura de 50ºC, onde ocorreu alteração na superfície do polímero, perda da massa polimérica, permitindo maior colonização de ambos os microrganismos. As enzimas hidrolíticas foram produzidas pelos microrganismos em todos os tratamentos, em especial, à temperatura de 50ºC. Contudo, observou-se que B. subtilis não produziu polifenoloxidases. Os subprodutos da degradação do PET nas condições estudadas apresentaram alta toxicidade para Artemia salina no caso do P. chrysosporium e baixa toxicidade para B. subtilis. Os resultados obtidos sugerem o tratamento o prévio com a temperatura de 50ºC como importante para o processo de biorremediação
105

Sustainable, Flame-Retarded Poly(butylene terephthalate)

DeGracia, Kimberly C. 23 May 2019 (has links)
No description available.
106

Study of Poly (ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) Synthesis at Reduced Temperatures: Kinetics and Process Improvements

Alipourasiabi, Niloofar January 2020 (has links)
No description available.
107

Relaxation of PET Orientation at Temperatures Below the Glass Transition

Johnson, Brian Michael January 2013 (has links)
No description available.
108

Constitutive Modeling of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)

Venkatasubramaniam, Shyam January 2014 (has links)
No description available.
109

Kinetics and Chemical Reactions of Acetaldehyde Stripping and 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane Generation in Poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Kesaboina, Sirisha R. January 2011 (has links)
No description available.
110

Cyclopentadienone Conversions to Terephthalates and Cycloadditions of Alkynes and Azides

Bragg, Sarah E. 10 June 2011 (has links)
No description available.

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