Este trabalho apresenta a preparação e caracterização de compósitos baseados em poli (tereftalato de butileno) PBT e argila brasileira modificada preparados por intercalação por fusão. Os nanocompósitos de PBT com 3 e 5 %, em peso, de argila organicamente modificada, pela adição de um sal quaternário amônio, foram preparadas pelo processo de extrusão utilizando-se uma máquina extrusora dupla rosca. Após o processo de extrusão, os materiais foram injetados para obtenção de corpos-de-prova para os ensaios de caracterização. Parte dos corpos-de-prova foram submetidos ao processo de irradiação utilizando-se um acelerador de feixes de elétrons de 1,5 MeV, à temperatura ambiente e na presença de ar. As amostras de PBT puro e nanocompósitos irradiadas e não irradiadas foram caracterizadas por meio de ensaios mecânicos de tração, flexão e impacto, ensaios de temperatura de distorção térmica (HDT), difração de raios - X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), índice de fluidez, termogravimetria (TG) e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e a correlação entre as propriedades foi discutida. Os resultados mostraram que a adição da argila, em ambas as porcentagens, promoveu aumento superior a 50 % na resistência a tração na ruptura e um ganho de cerca de 35 % na temperatura de distorção térmica quando comparado ao polímero puro. O tratamento por radiação ionizante de feixe de elétrons nas doses utilizadas neste estudo não apresentaram mudanças significativas nas propriedades dos materiais. / This work describes the preparation and characterization of composites based on poly (butylene terephthalate) - PBT and brazilian modified clay prepared by the melt intercalation. PBT nanocomposites with 3 and 5 % by weight of organically modified clay, by the addition of a quaternary ammonium salt, were prepared by extrusion using a twin-screw extruder machine. After the extrusion process, the materials were injected to obtain specimens tests samples for the characterization tests. Part of the specimens samples were irradiated using an electron beam accelerator with 1.5 MeV at room temperature in the presence of air. Samples of pure PBT and irradiated and non-irradiated nanocomposites were characterized by mechanical tests of tensile, flexural and impact, heat distortion temperature (HDT), X - ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), melt flow index (MFI) thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the correlation between the properties was discussed. The results showed that the addition of clay, in both percentages, promoted an increase greater than 50 % in tensile strength at break and a gain of around 35% in heat distortion temperature when compared to the pure polymer. The treatment with ionizing radiation of electron beam at the doses used in this study showed no significant changes in material properties.

Este trabalho apresenta a preparação e caracterização de compósitos baseados em poli (tereftalato de butileno) PBT e argila brasileira modificada preparados por intercalação por fusão. Os nanocompósitos de PBT com 3 e 5 %, em peso, de argila organicamente modificada, pela adição de um sal quaternário amônio, foram preparadas pelo processo de extrusão utilizando-se uma máquina extrusora dupla rosca. Após o processo de extrusão, os materiais foram injetados para obtenção de corpos-de-prova para os ensaios de caracterização. Parte dos corpos-de-prova foram submetidos ao processo de irradiação utilizando-se um acelerador de feixes de elétrons de 1,5 MeV, à temperatura ambiente e na presença de ar. As amostras de PBT puro e nanocompósitos irradiadas e não irradiadas foram caracterizadas por meio de ensaios mecânicos de tração, flexão e impacto, ensaios de temperatura de distorção térmica (HDT), difração de raios - X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), índice de fluidez, termogravimetria (TG) e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e a correlação entre as propriedades foi discutida. Os resultados mostraram que a adição da argila, em ambas as porcentagens, promoveu aumento superior a 50 % na resistência a tração na ruptura e um ganho de cerca de 35 % na temperatura de distorção térmica quando comparado ao polímero puro. O tratamento por radiação ionizante de feixe de elétrons nas doses utilizadas neste estudo não apresentaram mudanças significativas nas propriedades dos materiais. / This work describes the preparation and characterization of composites based on poly (butylene terephthalate) - PBT and brazilian modified clay prepared by the melt intercalation. PBT nanocomposites with 3 and 5 % by weight of organically modified clay, by the addition of a quaternary ammonium salt, were prepared by extrusion using a twin-screw extruder machine. After the extrusion process, the materials were injected to obtain specimens tests samples for the characterization tests. Part of the specimens samples were irradiated using an electron beam accelerator with 1.5 MeV at room temperature in the presence of air. Samples of pure PBT and irradiated and non-irradiated nanocomposites were characterized by mechanical tests of tensile, flexural and impact, heat distortion temperature (HDT), X - ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), melt flow index (MFI) thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the correlation between the properties was discussed. The results showed that the addition of clay, in both percentages, promoted an increase greater than 50 % in tensile strength at break and a gain of around 35% in heat distortion temperature when compared to the pure polymer. The treatment with ionizing radiation of electron beam at the doses used in this study showed no significant changes in material properties.

<p>The combat mission is an extreme situation with high demands of the soldier. Killing might very well be necessary. Before a mission a soldier can experience stress due to these factors. The purpose of this paper is to find methods to handle stress due to an upcoming combat mission and to the prospect of having to kill. The main questions of this essay: -<em>How can certain parts of the physiological psychology improve a soldiers ability to perform a mission?</em> <em>– Is the Swedish soldier mentally prepared to kill?</em> The theory for this essay has been described using litteratur by experts within the field, and the results thereafter discussed. The results: Technics such as objective planning, routines, visualisation and discussions about killing has a positive effect on the soldier’s stress level. It prevents stress and improves his ability during the mission. Future battle planners should integrate this into training before a mission.</p>

The combat mission is an extreme situation with high demands of the soldier. Killing might very well be necessary. Before a mission a soldier can experience stress due to these factors. The purpose of this paper is to find methods to handle stress due to an upcoming combat mission and to the prospect of having to kill. The main questions of this essay: -How can certain parts of the physiological psychology improve a soldiers ability to perform a mission? – Is the Swedish soldier mentally prepared to kill? The theory for this essay has been described using litteratur by experts within the field, and the results thereafter discussed. The results: Technics such as objective planning, routines, visualisation and discussions about killing has a positive effect on the soldier’s stress level. It prevents stress and improves his ability during the mission. Future battle planners should integrate this into training before a mission.

Laser Transmission Welding (LTW) involves localized heating at the interface of two pieces of plastic (a laser transparent plastic and laser absorbing plastic) to be joined. It produces strong, hermetically sealed welds with minimal thermal and mechanical stress, no particulates and very little flash. An ideal transparent polymer for LTW must have: a low laser absorbance to avoid energy loss, a low level of laser scattering so it can provide a maximum energy flux at the weld interface and also have a high resistance to thermal degradation. The objective of the project was to analyze the effect of blend ratios of polybutylene terephthalate and polyethylene terephthalate (PBT/PET) on these laser welding characteristics. The blends were manufactured by DSM (Netherlands). They were characterized using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal Gravimetry Analysis (TGA). The latter technique was used to estimate the order (n), activation energy (ΔH) and frequency factor (A’) of the degradation reaction of the polymer blends. The normalized power profile of the laser after passing through the transparent polymer was measured using a novel non-contact technique and modeled using a semi-empirical model developed by Dr.Chen. Adding more PET ratio to the blend, did not change beam profile of the transmitted beam significantly. Laser welding experiments were conducted in which joints were made while varying laser power and scanning speed. Measuring the weld strength and width showed that the blends containing PET have higher strength in comparison to pure PBT. The temperature-time profile at the interface during welding was predicted using a commercial FEM code. This information was combined with the degradation rate data to estimate the relative amount of degraded material at the weld interface. It showed that increasing the ratio of PET in the blend makes it more resistant against thermal degradation which can be one of the reasons the PET containing blends reach higher weld strengths when compared to pure PBT. / Thesis (Master, Chemical Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2010-08-31 10:03:42.167

In this study, metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitances were prepared with rf magnetron sputtering of Ta2O5 on both n-type GaN and p-type GaN. And metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) capacitances were prepared with conjugated rigid-rod polymers PBT on n-type GaN. The processes of fabrication the diodes were shown, and the structures of MOS/MIS diodes were represented. Hysteresis was observed in high-frequency capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements. And the hysteresis was changed with different scanning delay time on scanning step. They were ascribed to mobile charges and interface charges. The carrier concentration were calculated and compared with the Hall results. The flatband voltage and threshold voltage were calculated and compared with C-V curves which were measured.

No description available.

Introdução: É cada vez mais preocupante a escassez de água e a qualidade dos recursos hídricos. Nas últimas décadas diversos estudos têm apontado a presença de fármacos em água destinada ao consumo humano, caracterizando a existência de rotas de exposição que podem representar riscos para a saúde humana e meio ambiente. Devido a escassez de dados sobre o comportamento ambiental e toxicidade na exposição crônica a baixas doses a fármacos, sua ocorrência em água é uma preocupação para comunidade científica, reguladores e população. Diversos estudos recentes têm sugerido critérios para a definição de fármacos prioritários, ou seja, abordagens com componentes ou fatores que atribuem grau de relevância aos contaminantes. Devido aos altos custos e necessidade de testes adicionais, uma das alternativas propostas para avaliação do comportamento ambiental e toxicidade têm sido os modelos in silico. Objetivos: Estudar o comportamento ambiental e o potencial de toxicidade de ingredientes farmacêuticos ativos(IFAs) para fins de identificação de contaminantes prioritários por meio da aplicação de ferramentas computacionais e modelos in silico. Métodos: Foram selecionados fármacos considerados relevantes para o Brasil conforme critérios de inclusão específicos. Para os fármacos selecionados, foram realizadas buscas de dados experimentais em bases de dados de agências internacionais e predições de propriedades físico-químicas, transporte e mobilidade no ambiente, persistência, bioacumulação e toxicidade, através de modelos in silico e ferramentas desenvolvidas pela USEPA e OECD: EPISuite (v 4.1, EPA, 2011), PBT Profiler (EPA, v.2.0, 2012) TEST© - Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (v.4.1, EPA, 2012) e QSAR Toolbox (v.3.2, OECD de 2013). Foi utilizado o método de priorização do software ToxPi GUI (Carolina Center for Computational Toxicology/Universidade da Carolina do Norte), para obtenção de um Índice de Prioridade Toxicológica (Toxicological Priority Index-ToxPi) e definição dos agentes prioritários com base nos resultados das predições e dados da literatura Resultados: Foram obtidos dados e predições de propriedades físico-químicas, transporte e mobilidade no ambiente, persistência, bioacumulação e toxicidade para os 39 IFAs selecionados. Com base nestes dados, foi obtido um perfil de priorização baseado no ToxPi. Conclusão: Fármacos de diferentes classes podem apresentar características físico-químicas e de comportamento ambiental que lhes conferem alto potencial de exposição ambiental, e apesar do uso seguro nas condições posológicas, há diversos ingredientes ativos com potencial de toxicidade e que podem representar alta preocupação em exposições crônicas As ferramentas computacionais podem ser uma importante ferramenta para avaliação do comportamento ambiental e da toxicidade e identificação preliminar de agentes prioritários. / Introduction: It is a subject of more concern the shortage of water and quality of water sources. For the past decades a variety of studies have pointed the presence of pharmaceuticals in water intended for human consumption, characterizing routes of human and environmental exposure over potential health risks. Due to lack of environmental fate and toxicity data on chronic exposure to low doses of pharmaceuticals, their occurrence in water worries the scientific community, regulators and population. Many recent studies have suggested criteria for the definition of prioritary pharmaceuticals, i.e. approaches of components and factors that attach the relevance of contaminants. Also due to high costs and the necessity for additional tests, one of the alternatives suggested for the assessment of environmental fate and toxicity are in silico models. Objective: To study the environmental fate and the potential of toxicity in active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in order to identify the prioritary contaminants through the application of computational tools and in silico models. Methods: Pharmaceuticals considered relevant to Brazil were selected according to specific inclusion criteria. For selected pharmaceuticals, experimental data searches were made in databases of international agencies and predictions of physicochemical, transport and mobility properties in the environment, persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity, through in silico models and tools developed by the USEPA and OECD: EPISuiteTM (v 4.1, EPA, 2011), PBT Profiler (EPA, v.2.0, 2012) TEST© Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (v.4.1, EPA, 2012) and QSAR Toolbox (v.3.2, OECD, 2013). The priorization method of software ToxPi GUI (Carolina Center for Computational Toxicology/University of North Carolina) was used in order to obtain a Toxicological Priority index - ToxPi and a definition of prioritary agents based on results of the predictions and data from literature. Results: Data and predictions of physicochemical, transport and mobility properties in the environment, persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity were obtained to the 39 selected APIs. It was obtained a profile of priorization based on ToxPi with these data. Conclusion: Different classes of pharmaceuticals may have physicochemical and environmental fate properties that give them high potential of environmental exposure, and in spite of the safe use in posological conditions, there are several active ingredients with toxicity potential that may represent high concern in chronic exposures. The computational tools may be an important tool for environmental fate and toxicity assessments in order to identify preliminary prioritary agents.

Introdução: É cada vez mais preocupante a escassez de água e a qualidade dos recursos hídricos. Nas últimas décadas diversos estudos têm apontado a presença de fármacos em água destinada ao consumo humano, caracterizando a existência de rotas de exposição que podem representar riscos para a saúde humana e meio ambiente. Devido a escassez de dados sobre o comportamento ambiental e toxicidade na exposição crônica a baixas doses a fármacos, sua ocorrência em água é uma preocupação para comunidade científica, reguladores e população. Diversos estudos recentes têm sugerido critérios para a definição de fármacos prioritários, ou seja, abordagens com componentes ou fatores que atribuem grau de relevância aos contaminantes. Devido aos altos custos e necessidade de testes adicionais, uma das alternativas propostas para avaliação do comportamento ambiental e toxicidade têm sido os modelos in silico. Objetivos: Estudar o comportamento ambiental e o potencial de toxicidade de ingredientes farmacêuticos ativos(IFAs) para fins de identificação de contaminantes prioritários por meio da aplicação de ferramentas computacionais e modelos in silico. Métodos: Foram selecionados fármacos considerados relevantes para o Brasil conforme critérios de inclusão específicos. Para os fármacos selecionados, foram realizadas buscas de dados experimentais em bases de dados de agências internacionais e predições de propriedades físico-químicas, transporte e mobilidade no ambiente, persistência, bioacumulação e toxicidade, através de modelos in silico e ferramentas desenvolvidas pela USEPA e OECD: EPISuite (v 4.1, EPA, 2011), PBT Profiler (EPA, v.2.0, 2012) TEST© - Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (v.4.1, EPA, 2012) e QSAR Toolbox (v.3.2, OECD de 2013). Foi utilizado o método de priorização do software ToxPi GUI (Carolina Center for Computational Toxicology/Universidade da Carolina do Norte), para obtenção de um Índice de Prioridade Toxicológica (Toxicological Priority Index-ToxPi) e definição dos agentes prioritários com base nos resultados das predições e dados da literatura Resultados: Foram obtidos dados e predições de propriedades físico-químicas, transporte e mobilidade no ambiente, persistência, bioacumulação e toxicidade para os 39 IFAs selecionados. Com base nestes dados, foi obtido um perfil de priorização baseado no ToxPi. Conclusão: Fármacos de diferentes classes podem apresentar características físico-químicas e de comportamento ambiental que lhes conferem alto potencial de exposição ambiental, e apesar do uso seguro nas condições posológicas, há diversos ingredientes ativos com potencial de toxicidade e que podem representar alta preocupação em exposições crônicas As ferramentas computacionais podem ser uma importante ferramenta para avaliação do comportamento ambiental e da toxicidade e identificação preliminar de agentes prioritários. / Introduction: It is a subject of more concern the shortage of water and quality of water sources. For the past decades a variety of studies have pointed the presence of pharmaceuticals in water intended for human consumption, characterizing routes of human and environmental exposure over potential health risks. Due to lack of environmental fate and toxicity data on chronic exposure to low doses of pharmaceuticals, their occurrence in water worries the scientific community, regulators and population. Many recent studies have suggested criteria for the definition of prioritary pharmaceuticals, i.e. approaches of components and factors that attach the relevance of contaminants. Also due to high costs and the necessity for additional tests, one of the alternatives suggested for the assessment of environmental fate and toxicity are in silico models. Objective: To study the environmental fate and the potential of toxicity in active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in order to identify the prioritary contaminants through the application of computational tools and in silico models. Methods: Pharmaceuticals considered relevant to Brazil were selected according to specific inclusion criteria. For selected pharmaceuticals, experimental data searches were made in databases of international agencies and predictions of physicochemical, transport and mobility properties in the environment, persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity, through in silico models and tools developed by the USEPA and OECD: EPISuiteTM (v 4.1, EPA, 2011), PBT Profiler (EPA, v.2.0, 2012) TEST© Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (v.4.1, EPA, 2012) and QSAR Toolbox (v.3.2, OECD, 2013). The priorization method of software ToxPi GUI (Carolina Center for Computational Toxicology/University of North Carolina) was used in order to obtain a Toxicological Priority index - ToxPi and a definition of prioritary agents based on results of the predictions and data from literature. Results: Data and predictions of physicochemical, transport and mobility properties in the environment, persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity were obtained to the 39 selected APIs. It was obtained a profile of priorization based on ToxPi with these data. Conclusion: Different classes of pharmaceuticals may have physicochemical and environmental fate properties that give them high potential of environmental exposure, and in spite of the safe use in posological conditions, there are several active ingredients with toxicity potential that may represent high concern in chronic exposures. The computational tools may be an important tool for environmental fate and toxicity assessments in order to identify preliminary prioritary agents.

Kosmetika är något som används i stor utsträckning i dagens samhälle. Läkemedelsverket är den ansvariga myndigheten för kosmetika och är de som definierar vad begreppet kosmetika innefattar. På EU-nivå är det Kosmetikaförordningen som reglerar vilka ingredienser som får förekomma i kosmetika. För miljöskadliga ämnen ska EU:s kemikalielagstiftning REACH säkerställa att dessa inte får användas. Dock finns det brister i både REACH och Kosmetikaförordningen. Det är därför möjligt att det idag används kosmetiska produkter med ingredienser som är belastande eller till och med farliga för miljön. För att få en tydligare bild av huruvida detta är ett problem, har i detta projekt undersökts ca 1440 kosmetiska ingredienser. Undersökningen har skett med avseende på ingrediensernas persistens, bioackumuleringsförmåga och toxicitet. Projektet har utförts i samarbete med Naturskyddsföreningen. Syftet var att fylla på Naturskyddsföreningens egna kosmetikadatabas med information om vilka ämnen som är klassade som persistenta, bioackumulerande och/eller toxiska. De klassade ingredienserna togs även vidare för att ta reda på om de förekommer ute i svenska vatten. Projektet genomfördes genom att söka upp ingredienserna i ECHA, som är EU:s kemikaliemyndighets databas, där information om ingrediensernas PBT-utredningar fanns att hämta. Ett ämne klassas som PBT om det uppfyller kraven för både persistent, bioackumulerande och toxisk. Ett ämne kan också vara mycket persistent och mycket bioackumulerande, vPvB. De ingredienser som var P, B, T, vP och/eller vB, togs sedan vidare att jämföras med vattenanalysresultat från IVL:s screeningdatabas. En sammanställning gjordes av vilka ämnen som förekom även där, och i vilka halter de uppmätts. Under projektets gång påträffades svårigheter såsom att ganska många ämnen saknade en registrerad PBT-utredning i ECHA. Ämnen som idag inte har någon registrerad PBT-utredning är troligtvis de ämnen som produceras eller importeras i mängder om 1-100 ton/år. Detta eftersom dessa ämnen fått en tidsfrist till år 2018 innan registreringen i ECHA måste göras. Resultatet av projektet blev att av 1440 ämnen kunde endast 880 stycken som hittas i ECHA:s databas. Av dessa hade 300 ämnen en registrerad PBT-utredning, och 270 stycken av dem var inte klassade som persistenta, bioackumulerande eller toxiska. De kvarvarande 30 ämnena var - eller kunde inte uteslutas vara - persistenta, bioackumulerande eller toxiska. Då de 30 ämnena jämfördes mot IVL:s databas, återfanns nio av dem även där. Ämnena förekom i dessa analyser i koncentrationer om upp till 32 μg/l. Zinc pyrithione var det ämne som hade det högst detekterade värdet. Resultatet har också jämförts med tidigare arbeten inom området, och där kan framförallt konstateras att ett ämne som kommit på fråga i flera av dem är Cetrimonium chloride. Under projektets gång har konstaterats att vi i dagens läge inte har riktigt koll på alla de ämnen vi tillåter släpps ut i vår miljö. Kanske man i framtiden borde följa och analysera samtliga ämnen som klassas som persistenta, bioackumulerande och/eller toxiska. Inte bara de som redan är känt miljöfarliga och som importeras/produceras i mängder större än ett ton per år. Slutsatsen blev att av 1440 undersökta ämnen återfanns 30 stycken som är klassade som - eller inte kan uteslutas att vara - persistenta, bioackumulerande eller toxiska. Av dem återfanns nio stycken i IVL:s vattenanalyser. En intressant aspekt är att hela fyra av dessa ämnen, är sådana som används för UV-skydd i kosmetiska produkter. Man bör därför utreda dessa ingredienstyper närmare och försöka hitta bättre alternativ till dem. Särskilt då vi under sommaren smörjer in en stor del av kroppen med produkter innehållandes UV-skydd och sedan badar med det. Det innebär antagligen att det varje år läcker ut relativt stora mängder av dessa miljöbelastande ämnen i våra sjöar och hav, utan att de passerar några reningsverk som skulle kunna rena bort dem. / The use of cosmetics is widely spread in today’s society. In Sweden, the Medical Products Agency (Läkemedelsverket) is the authority responsible for cosmetic products, and they define which products belongs in that category. When it comes to which ingredients a cosmetic product may contain, it is in the European Union defined in the Cosmetics Regulation. For environmentally harmful substances, the REACH Regulation shall make sure these are not used. There are however some shortages in both the REACH and Cosmetics Regulation. Therefore, there may today still be products in use on the market containing ingredients that are harmful to the environment. To get a better picture of whether this is a problem or not, this project has consisted in examining the environmental harmfulness of approximately 1440 cosmetic ingredients. The project was done in cooperation with the Swedish Society for Nature Conservation (Naturskyddsföreningen). The purpose of the project was to supply their database of cosmetic ingredients with another bit of information - if the ingredients are classified as persistent, bioaccumulating and/or toxic. The ingredients that had a classification were then compared to results from analyzes done on Swedish waters. The information of whether the substances were persistent, bioaccumulating and/or toxic, was found in the database of the European Chemicals Agency, ECHA. The results from the water analyzes were found in the database of IVL. An issue that occurred during the project, was that some substances did not have a registered PBT-assessment in ECHA. PBT stands for persistent, bioaccumulating and toxic, and if a substance fulfills the criteria of all these three, it is classified as PBT. A substance can also be vPvB, very persistent and very bioaccumulating. The substances that today are missing a registered PBT-assessment in ECHA, are most likely those that are produced or imported in quantities of 1 000 – 100 000 kilograms per year. This is because these substances have been given time until year 2018 before they have to be registered. The result of the project is that out of 1440 substances, only 880 were found in ECHA. Out of these, 300 substances had a registered PBT-assessment. Among them, 270 were not classified as persistent, bioaccumulating or toxic. The remaining 30 substances had a classification - or could not be entirely excluded. Nine of the remaining 30 substances were found in IVL’s database. These substances turned out to occur in Swedish waters in concentrations of up to 32 μg/liter. The substance with the highest concentration value was Zinc pyrithione. When comparing the result of the project with earlier studies done within this subject, it can be concluded that the substance Cetrimonium chloride occurred in several of them. From the project it can be concluded that we are not fully aware of which substances we let out into our environment today. In the future it would perhaps be better to do water analyzes for all substances that are classified as persistent, bioaccumulating and/or toxic. Not just for the substances that are already known to be environmentally harmful, and imported or produced in amounts of over 1 000 kilograms per year. The overall conclusion of the project was that out of 1440 examined substances, 30 had – or were suspected to may have – a classification as persistent, bioaccumulating or toxic. Nine of these substances were also found in water analysis results from IVL. An interesting fact is, that four out of these substances are used in cosmetic products as UV-protection. Therefore, products containing UV-protection, such as sunscreen, should definitely be examined further, and maybe even the ingredients should be exchanged for better alternate ones in the future. Especially since most of us cover ourselves in sunscreen products during sunny days, and then go swimming in our seas and oceans. This probably causes the release of a large amount of these environmentally harmful ingredients into our waters. Water that does not pass any water treatment plant that could possibly purify it from the substances.