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This thesis proposes to examine Voltaire as 'literary' historian and to compare the theory and practice of his histories with those of contemporary historiographers and historians. The works selected for focus are Voltaire's Histoire de Charles XII (1730) and Le Siècle de Louis XIV (1751). Section I, 'History Voices', centres on the enunciated theory and the actual practice of contemporary history. The prefatory writing of a selection of historians (from among Voltaire's sources) is analysed to identify a prefatory programme. This is subsequently compared to the contemporary practice of writing history and it reveals an intriguing degree of divergence concerning attitudes towards authority, objectivity and truth. Similar analysis is applied to Voltaire's theoretical writing on historiography, revealing a 'historian's voice'. While Voltaire and his contemporaries all discuss questions of the historical author, subject, style, truth, aims and reader, actual contemporary history (excluding Voltaire) discloses a monotonal texture, uniquely concerned with the chosen subject of history. Section II, 'Story Voices', focuses on Voltaire's use of different textual levels in his composition of the story of his histories, that is, the telling, evaluation and presentation of historical and non-historical material within history. Analysis is made of structure, style, use of anecdotes, voices and echoes to investigate the development of a polytonal history which is simultaneously historical and contemporary, analytical and polemical, general and personal. In comparing Voltaire's histories to contemporary histories and to his own enunciated theories of historiography, textual analysis also reveals ambiguities in fact and fiction, in the historical and the storical, in historiography and narrative. A salient feature of the literariness of Voltaire's histories is the presence of duality, ironic tone and polytonal voices, all of which are audible beneath and within the official history. This literariness underlies and comprises the very vitality of Voltaire's history.

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Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston University / It is the purpose of this study to list the quantitative concepts that occur in selected reading and content-subject third-grade textbooks and to determine the frequency of their occurrence. There were several reasons for the selection of the above topic: 1. the continuing trend in education toward closer correlation (of. such terms as unit, fusion, integration, etc.); 2. the increasing emphasis upon the importance of meanings, understandings, and concepts (of. such phrases, especially, as concept of number, concept of words, concept of processes, concept of skills, etc.); and 3. the suggestions, in articles (especially those 1n research periodicals) that indicate the need for new research concerning quantitative concepts and the teaching of such concepts.

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This discussion is based on a word by word comparison of the source document and the translation throughout the 1364 verses of the book. The conclusions drawn are: 1. the translator's main aim was to present the sense of his Hebrew Vorlage without change, and to do so in a readily accessible presentational style. The evidence on which this conclusion is based is the presence of two co-existing forms of translation throughout: (i) almost always literal, in presentation of the sense. The few points at which the sense is modified almost all pertain to the theme of the movement from the Temple- and sacrifice-based pre-exilic religion to a prayer-based religion compatible with exile; (ii) often non-literal, stylistically, in pursuit of the precise and intelligible presentational style. When the translator wished to add lexical items, breaking the constraints of quantitative literalism so as to increase the precision of expression, he did so. 2. Comparison of earlier with later mss. shows that these characteristics are to be found not only in the work of the translator, but also in the work of later editors: evidently those editing the Peshitta mss. valued the presentational style sufficiently to impose it on the text even though they knew that by so doing they were likely to lessen the correspondence between that text and the Hebrew Vorlage. 3. The Vorlage was probably a document almost but not quite at the end of the process of recension which led to the formulation of MT: a group of minuses in which LXX and the Peshitta agree against MT, occurring at points of the Hebrew text where textual criticism suggests some underlying problem, constitute the evidence on which this conclusion is based. 4. The translator's approach to the choice of lexical equivalents is that of one who enjoyed exercising literary initiative. 5. There is no evidence that more than one translator was involved. 6. Future work, assessing the literary style of the Peshitta as a whole, is suggested to throw light on the puzzle of the incompatibility of the Peshitta to Isaiah and to Psalms with the classification of the other books of the Peshitta according to the characteristics of the translation technique.

Demystifying the Commodification of Social Relations in the Ontario Child Protection System: A Marxist Approach to Textual Analysis Susan Elizabeth Preston Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Social Work University of Toronto 2013 In the space of quiet and disquiet, another read is possible. Abstract Capitalism invades all aspects of society, including the welfare state. Capitalist notions of the market appear to be encroaching into social services, wherein we see the “businessology” of social work; however, little empirical attention has been given to how capitalism appears to be replicated within social services. This research aims to make the invisible visible in order to agitate for radical change in the organization and practice of social service provision. In this inquiry, focusing on the child protection system in Ontario I examine some of the documentary actualities of the ruling apparatus of regulated parenthood and childhood by exploring the textualities of the state. Specifically, through the critical lens of Marxism and feminism, and drawing on my own experience of a classed and gendered world, I critically deconstruct the regulatory texts closest to the state, the legislation of the Child and Family Services and the regulations that expand the legislative intent. I also explore the procedural document of the Ontario Risk Assessment Model as an enacted text that operationalizes the legislation and regulation. By reading and re-reading these texts, at the surface but also above and below the surface, positioning the documents in context and recalling my social work practice, I seek answers to questions of how texts replicate capital, and commodify social relations through the ruling apparatus of the state. This work queries how the text itself in its active use of language has implications for social work, in practice, in research and in education.

Demystifying the Commodification of Social Relations in the Ontario Child Protection System: A Marxist Approach to Textual Analysis Susan Elizabeth Preston Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Social Work University of Toronto 2013 In the space of quiet and disquiet, another read is possible. Abstract Capitalism invades all aspects of society, including the welfare state. Capitalist notions of the market appear to be encroaching into social services, wherein we see the “businessology” of social work; however, little empirical attention has been given to how capitalism appears to be replicated within social services. This research aims to make the invisible visible in order to agitate for radical change in the organization and practice of social service provision. In this inquiry, focusing on the child protection system in Ontario I examine some of the documentary actualities of the ruling apparatus of regulated parenthood and childhood by exploring the textualities of the state. Specifically, through the critical lens of Marxism and feminism, and drawing on my own experience of a classed and gendered world, I critically deconstruct the regulatory texts closest to the state, the legislation of the Child and Family Services and the regulations that expand the legislative intent. I also explore the procedural document of the Ontario Risk Assessment Model as an enacted text that operationalizes the legislation and regulation. By reading and re-reading these texts, at the surface but also above and below the surface, positioning the documents in context and recalling my social work practice, I seek answers to questions of how texts replicate capital, and commodify social relations through the ruling apparatus of the state. This work queries how the text itself in its active use of language has implications for social work, in practice, in research and in education.