Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Also available in print.

This dissertation develops a new non-essentialist theory of the global trade policies pursued by the contemporary state, focusing especially upon modern tariff policy. Though a topic attracting perhaps unprecedented analysis throughout the history of economic thought, this understanding differs from existing theory in two important ways: (i) its incorporation of overdeterminist logic in understanding the workings of a deeply interconnected world economy; (ii) its utilization of class theory in delineating the existence of manifold processes of surplus value creation and distribution comprising a global class structure. In these two concepts, overdetermination and class, this dissertation presents a new understanding of trade controls, and a new argument against their use as economic policy. Case studies include examination of the emergence and impact of trade protection in post-colonial American society, and new insight into the rise of the Asian Miracle economies and New Protectionism of the late twentieth century.

This dissertation is primarily a comparison of the ways that different theories address social phenomena. As an important sub-theme, it is about relationships among theories, targeted social issues, and political actions. I argue that among the infinite processes that constitute any particular process are alternative theories (explanations of the social totality). A conscious acknowledgment of alternative theories and their respective entry points is important because it has a significant bearing on decisions regarding political actions that may affect the social totality. The targeted social issue used as an example in this dissertation is the international trade of hazardous waste, with a specific focus upon U.S.-Mexico trade of electric arc furnace dust. There are two dominant economic theories that help shape current political actions regarding international trade of hazardous waste: Neoclassical and World-Systems theories—both essentialist in epistemology and ontology. I show that Neoclassical theory calls for the policy of free trade in hazardous waste, while World-Systems theory calls for the policy of trade bans in hazardous waste between OECD and non-OECD countries. Both theories assume that theory is the primary determinant of policy and that policy will necessarily achieve the stated objective (maximum material well-being for Neoclassical theory and the end of unequal exchange between developed and peripheral countries for World-Systems theory). A third, relatively-new theory that is not widely known is Marxian Class theory, which is nonessentialist in both epistemology and ontology. It has a very different conception of policy than essentialist theories. Marxian Class theory views itself as one among an infinite number of processes that helps shape political interventions, which it views as being among an infinite number of processes that help to shape the stated objective. Because of its unique entry points, the class process and overdetermination, it has the potential to focus attention on the otherwise ignored process of exploitation. This theory is therefore in a unique position to help push the social totality toward elimination of this injustice, and to help create alliances among those whose foci may differ but whose larger goals are to create a less toxic and more equitable social totality.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jean Soldi Esteves.pdf: 1454123 bytes, checksum: 6b78a6b848944510c6e4af16723d2b8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-29 / This paper supports a new approach to juristic acts, as a kind of dispositive fact. The approach is based on the communication theory of law, establishing a brief parallel between the historical and current approach on juristic acts and the approach presented herein, by means of applying the communication theory. It is irrefutable that both theories had a substantial evolution in the last thirty years and also, it is evident that the same should be aligned based on the scientific relevance they have. On the other hand, it is important to highlight in the field of comparative law, the use of the communication theory of law, particularly in Spain, where its main founder, attorney Gregorio Robles, established a growing dialogue with Brazilian jurists concerning not only the conformation of such communication theory of law, but also, as a consequence, its application and impact on various areas of law. This paper supports not only its existence, validity and effectiveness, but also its full application in a new approach to the theory of juristic acts, thus providing a comparative study of the civil law. The research seeks to apply the theory of communication to matters concerning the cause and reason in juristic acts, proposing a methodological analysis from the semiotics‟ point of view, and its syntactic, semantic and pragmatic dimensions. In fact, according to the semiotics, terminology entails a specific investigation on the definition of the concept of cause and reason, as determinants of the juristic acts, associated to matters concerning declaration of intent. Based on the signifier figure (physical support), concerning the meaning (referent or external object) and significance (understanding, interpretation or legal rule), it can be noted that the juristic act reason corresponds to the psychic impulse that leads one person to actualize it at an emotional references (pleasure, satisfaction, delight someone close, reward) and the juristic act cause corresponds to its objective reasoning, i.e., an specific element, such as an investment, acquisition of a home, sale of a good. There is, therefore, an acknowledgment of the law as a communication phenomenon and every implication that it generates in the various branches of the law / A presente tese sustenta uma nova abordagem sobre o negócio jurídico, enquanto uma espécie de fato jurídico. A abordagem tem como fundamento a teoria comunicacional do direito, estabelecendo um breve paralelo entre a abordagem histórica e atual da teoria do negócio jurídico e a abordagem que ora se apresenta mediante a aplicação da teoria comunicacional. É irrefutável que ambas as teorias obtiveram uma evolução significativa nos últimos trinta anos e, também, é evidente que as mesmas devem ser alinhavadas pela relevância científica que possuem. Por outro lado, é importante destacar no campo do direito comparado a utilização da teoria comunicacional do direito, sobretudo na Espanha, onde seu principal fundador, o jurista Gregório Robles, estabeleceu um crescente diálogo com juristas brasileiros acerca não só da conformação da aludida teoria comunicacional do direito e, consequentemente, sua aplicação e incidência nos diversos ramos do direito. Nesta tese, sustenta-se não só sua existência, validade e eficácia, como também sua plena aplicação em uma nova abordagem sobre a teoria do negócio jurídico estabelecendo, assim, um estudo comparado no âmbito do direito civil. A investigação realizada busca aplicar a teoria comunicacional sobre a questão da causa e do motivo no negócio jurídico propondo uma análise metodológica dos pontos de vista da semiótica e suas dimensões sintática, semântica e pragmática. A rigor, segundo a semiótica, a terminologia enseja uma investigação específica acerca da definição do conceito de causa e de motivo, como elementos determinantes do negócio jurídico, atrelada a questão da declaração de vontade. Tomando por base a figura do significante (suporte físico), do significado (referente ou objeto externo) e da significação (compreensão, interpretação ou norma jurídica) pode-se identificar que o motivo do negócio jurídico corresponde ao impulso psíquico que leva alguém a efetivá-lo mediante um referencial emocional (prazer, satisfação, agradar alguém próximo, recompensa) e a causa do negócio jurídico corresponde a sua razão objetiva, ou seja, um elemento específico como um investimento, a aquisição de uma casa, alienação de um bem. Tem-se, pois, um reconhecimento do direito como um fenômeno comunicacional e toda implicação que isso enseja nos diversos ramos do direito

<p>In today&rsquo;s global, dynamic, and uncertain business environments, the need for developing leaders and managerial talent throughout the organization is increasingly evident, especially for multinational companies. While the important role of job assignment for leadership and managerial development has been well recognized, there is no aligned, comprehensive global leadership development model. This study focused on understanding leadership development assignments and experiences of successful Japanese managers who are functioning in for-profit multi-national Western companies in the consumer products industry in Japan. A sequential explanatory mixed method design incorporating phenomenological interviews was used to first explore work-related strengths and developmental experiences and key competencies of 24 high performing managers working in the consumer goods industry, representing three different companies. 6 individuals were selected to participate in the phenomenological interview process. </p><p> Key findings from phase 1 research among 24 respondents are (a) while challenging job is the most effective method for leadership development, that alone cannot always develop effective leaders, and (b) effective leaders have more number of challenging assignments and work experiences. Phase 2 research, phenomenological interview was conducted among 6 most effective leaders selected based upon 360 feedback survey results. There were 3 types of developmental experiences those effective leaders found very effective: (a) business challenges, (b) interpersonal and cultural challenges, and (c) developmental relationship. Key findings from phase 2 research are (d) effective leaders have experienced dual challenges from key developmental work&mdash;both business challenge and interpersonal (or cultural) challenges, (e) they possess both business skills and interpersonal skills, (f) they have learned and strengthened both business management and interpersonal skills through overcoming challenges on the job, (g) they have a positive and open mindset and positive attitudes toward new challenging, learning and achievements, (h) they have learned through self reflection during and after developmental experiences. Of note, all of them have had a significant learning and influence from their boss(es) in their career. </p><p> Incorporating the findings from this research, I recommend a systemic leadership development approach that integrates challenging assignments with reflective learning, skill development supports, 360 feedback, and thorough performance review system, involving boss. </p>

<p> The efficiency and efficacy of the U.S. healthcare system has been in question for decades. We spend more per capita than any other industrialized nation while consistently realizing inferior health outcomes for our population as a whole when compared with many industrialized nations. In 1965, the proportion of U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) attributed to healthcare was approximately 6%. Today, the share of GDP spent on healthcare by the United States is almost 18%. This number is 5% higher than the next two countries, the Netherlands and France (spending 12.0% and 11.8% of their GDP on healthcare respectively) according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The proportion of GDP spent on healthcare in 2020 is estimated to reach 20%, with the nation's increasing healthcare expeditors reducing resources available for other worthy government programs, eroding wages, and undermining the competitiveness of U.S. industry. </p><p> This dissertation explores longitudinal outcome data for Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award recipients in healthcare in the dimensions of patient outcomes (mortality, complications and patient safety), as well as hospital financial and efficiency measures (average length of stay, expense per discharge and profitability). Source data from Truven Health Analytics (formerly Thomson Reuters) are used to evaluate changes in level, immediacy/latency and trend in the years prior to versus the years after becoming a Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award recipient. In support of the hypothesis, being a recipient of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award in healthcare explains slight enhancements in clinical outcomes, while hospital financial and efficiency measures all showed overwhelmingly positive operating results.</p>

Submitted by Odilio Hilario Moreira Júnior (odilio@espm.br) on 2016-11-10T17:21:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Gonzalez Abuin.pdf: 924644 bytes, checksum: d88ecaadea656614106cf5f23152e874 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Henrique Ribeiro (hribeiro@espm.br) on 2016-11-10T17:23:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Gonzalez Abuin.pdf: 924644 bytes, checksum: d88ecaadea656614106cf5f23152e874 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Odilio Hilario Moreira Júnior (odilio@espm.br) on 2016-11-10T17:25:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Gonzalez Abuin.pdf: 924644 bytes, checksum: d88ecaadea656614106cf5f23152e874 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-10T17:28:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Gonzalez Abuin.pdf: 924644 bytes, checksum: d88ecaadea656614106cf5f23152e874 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-31 / This study goal to analyze the factors influence to choice of certain countries to carry out clinical research and elucidate an influence of different variables that were defined in this study. To meet the goal we use the quantitative methodology to create parameters for understanding how these studies are distributed by countries. The literature review contributed to the analysis and selection of the determining factors for the choice of where to conduct clinical research, defining the authors like Gehring (2014), Huijstee; Schipper (2011), Thiers (2007) and Swan; Robertson (2009) as a foundation to this study. The literature review enabled we did a list of twenty-two variables influencing the choice of where to conduct clinical research. All this variables are put together in seven categories: Freedom Business, Government of Freedom, Property Rights, Previous Experiences, Education Index, GDP and Costs . To this study we used the Institutional Theory by North (1990), Rodrik (1999), Rodrik and Subramanian (2002), applying through the economic freedom index of the base "The Heritage Foundation" and the “World Bank”. Global data about countries where they are developed clinical research were found in ClinicalTrials.org database. A regression in panel was implemented to goal to quantify the influence of each determining variable for the attraction of clinical research. This study is important to International Business, as clinical research is lucrative for the pharmaceutical industry. That makes many countries interest in receiving these studies and highlights all factors used for choosing where and why a particular country will be selected to carry out a clinical research. / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os fatores que levam a escolha de determinados países para a realização da pesquisa clínica e elucidar o peso entre as diferentes variáveis que foram delimitadas no presente trabalho. Para atender à proposta de trabalho fizemos uso de uma metodologia quantitativa para parametrizar a decisão locacional dos estudos clínicos. A revisão da literatura específica acerca do tema se fez necessária para a busca, análise e seleção dos fatores determinantes para a escolha de onde realizar a pesquisa clínica contribuindo assim, para que alcançássemos o objetivo proposto. Pesquisas qualitativas que utilizamos por base, como em Gehring (2014), Huijstee; Schipper (2011), Thiers (2007) e Swan; Robertson (2009) entre outros, permitiram a obtenção de uma lista com vinte e dois fatores responsáveis por influenciar a escolha de onde realizar a pesquisa clínica. Essas variáveis foram agrupadas em torno de sete categorias que levam os nomes das variáveis que irão compor a regressão em painel. São elas: Liberdade Empresarial, Liberdade de Governo, Direito de Propriedade, Experiências Anteriores, Índice Educacional, PIB e Custos. Foi utilizada a Teoria Institucional segundo North (1990), Rodrik (1999), Rodrik e Subramanian (2002), com aplicação por meio dos índices de liberdade econômica da base “The Heritage Foundation” e Banco Mundial. Os dados mundiais acerca dos países onde são desenvolvidas pesquisas clínicas foram obtidos na base de dados ClinicalTrials.org, uma base antiga que apresenta amplitude global. Uma regressão em painel desbalanceado foi implementada com o objetivo de quantificar a influência de cada variável determinante para a atração da pesquisa clínica. Esse estudo apresenta relevância para a área de Negócios Internacionais, pois a pesquisa clínica representa a criação de novas receitas para o setor farmacêutico. O que faz com que diversos países demonstrem interesse em receber essas pesquisas e coloca em evidência os critérios utilizados para a escolha de onde e por que um determinado país será selecionado para a realização da pesquisa clínica.

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本研究之個案公司之經營策略可綜合為下列三點:一、以高品質的設計為導向，嚴格執行全面品質管理(TQM) 的品質政策，建立了優質而高效率的多重客製化服務系統，形成了一套具有產品線廣度與特色的管理模式。二、以商業理論來深入分析本研究之個案公司的管理模式，可以得出在其發展的歷程之中，如何能夠清醒地認識到個案公司生存的整體大環境及局部環境，以企業實際的狀況為基礎，有效運用適當的管理技術和方法，而走上了一條良性而健康的產業道路，首先本研究之個案公司在成長的不同階段，都能夠深入地分析產業的發展趨勢預測與特色，然後有效擬定因地制宜的經營策略，而確實掌握商機，其次依據實際的情況，採用適當的管理技術和方法。三、得益於策略聯盟、團隊合作以及領導階層的適度多角化經營、先發制人的成本降低與關鍵市場市佔率增加的執行力，以多顆引擎繼續全速前進(涵蓋醫療器材相關產品的元件開發、SPA客戶的開發、工廠外移降低成本、經由終端產品來提昇經濟規模等)。儘管以現代先進的管理理念來看本研究之個案公司的經營策略，許多地方還是相當傳統，甚至於相當陳舊，但是本研究之個案公司卻依據此種獨特的管理模式，而能夠在競爭激烈的全球化市場中生存下去。 本研究運用商業理論(The Theory of Business)、客戶訴求價值理論、行銷學、生產營運管理、組織行為學，策略管理等理論、知識和方法，對本研究之個案公司的現狀、自身存在的問題加以分析，並對本研究之個案公司的綜合競爭力加以論證。本研究針對本研究之個案公司的外部和內部環境的分析，為該個案公司設計了發展策略。本研究提出了該個案公司應採取發展型策略的構想，確定了公司發展的策略目標。同時分析了執行策略的可行性，提出了保證執行策略的實際措施。 總結本研究之個案公司的經營策略，本研究得出了下列的結論: 一、企業的外部整體大環境是企業賴以生存的條件，它是企業行為的主要決定因素之一，本研究之個案公司的成功商業模式即在於它能夠適應外部的整體大環境，而做出有效的垂直整合與目標市場的區隔，從而有效整合局部環境和一般認為很難做趨勢預測的整體大環境，持續改善，逐步求精，甚至使本研究之個案公司能夠動態而彈性地適應整體的大環境因素。 企業的內部環境決定企業的生存能力，它決定了企業行為的成效，企業只能根據其自身的實際情況，建立起行之有效的管理機制 才能有效開發內部的潛能，而使得各種資源能夠做最適化的組合和運用，從而有效促進企業的成長和發展。 二、面對形形色色、各種派別的管理理論和管理方式，在許多外在和內在條件都不成熟的時候，企業不能依樣畫葫蘆照抄地加以盲目地引進和運用，最重要的是要有耐心、按部就班，打好企業的基礎，同時依據整體的大環境和企業自身的實際情況，以客製化服務、精簡設計流程、生產管制流程等創新管理方式為核心競爭力，以提高員工素質，具有可行性與適當的設計流程與生產管制流程為基礎，採取既不因循守舊又不急於求成，而最適合本研究之個案公司的管理模式(涵蓋經營哲學、經營方針、生產管制流程、策略聯盟、研發與工程及品質政策、客製化服務、設計流程)，使得企業管理能夠更上一層樓地逐步縮小與先進國家的差距。 到目前為止，本研究之個案公司與國際上眾多的大型跨國企業相比，還相差甚遠，因為在整體上而言，我國的企業大都還只是處於微笑曲線中端的低附加價值製造區塊，而且隨著規模的日益擴大和走向國際化，本研究之個案公司所面臨的將是多層面而且更加激烈的全球化競爭，因此本研究之個案公司在擬定其經營策略與產業分析與趨勢預測時，能夠不斷地有效吸收適合其公司運作的先進管理經驗與商業模式，使其經營策略更朝向現代化導向，決策流程更加系統化，而能夠持久地保持其獨特的競爭優勢。 關鍵字:商業理論、全面品質管理、競爭優勢 / After the World II, all kinds of management techniques have been emerged one after another. Along with the development of science and technologies, especially with the rapid development of modern information technologies, more new and developing managing techniques come out. The enterprises in our country have lagged behind those in the world. The gap behaves not only on technologies, but also on the managing levels. So more enterprises begin to change their old managing styles, and to learn the advanced technologies. However, before we changes, we must solve these problems such as how to choose among the various technologies? Do those advanced ones deem to be effective to us? How to tradeoff and balance between the advancement and effectiveness of the technologies and the management theory? The different choices will lead the enterprises to the different developing roads. So the choice is very important and challenging. Before this challenge, Peter F. Drucker, the great master in managing field, put forward the theory of Business. In this theory he expressed that one organization, whatever it is a enterprise or a non profit organization, before it chooses, it should recognize its existing bases first. Generally speaking, the theory of Business of one organization is made up of three assumptions, that is the assumption of its circumstances, the assumption of its special cooperation and the assumption of its core competence. If these three assumptions can be conformity with the social developing trends, if they can be conformity with each other and if can be learned by every member of the organization, all these key performance indicators will be the key factor of the organization doings, decisions and gains in the future. We can learn from the Theory of Business before making any decisions, every enterprise should know well about its global and local surroundings. Only when its doings conform to the surroundings , then the enterprise would attain positive gains, and those doings also will help the enterprise to develop a continuous improvement process. Otherwise the enterprise can not achieve its goals. Sometimes those doings will even become the obstacles on the roads. In Trolling Group (also abbreviated as Trolling ) has been doing very well in its developing history. Founded in 1995, Trolling Group has been developing rapidly, sustainably and steadily. The successful business model and experiences of Trolling are as follows: choosing the “high quality” as its developing starting point and at the same time executing strictly the quality managing technique of TQM(Total Quality Management); building up a perfect Service system; forming and carrying out a Trolling -characterized managing model of OEC( that is Overall every control and clear). If we analysis the Trolling ’s successful business model and experiences through the Theory of Business, we can learn that during the Trolling ’s development, it can always recognize it’s existing global and local circumstances. Then on the basis of the above conditions and it’s own quality, it carried out the most suitable managing techniques. So it can develop quickly and well. First, during it’s every developing stage, Trolling formulated its strategies on the basis of the analysis of economic circumstances. Second, according to it’s own capability，Trolling carried out the most suitable management methods. And Trolling ’s success came from the special enterprises alliances and cooperation under social surroundings, and its leader’s managing talent. If we analyze Trolling ’s management ways on the basis of those modern theories, many aspects are being old and even out-of-date. But Trolling succeeded. Trolling ’s success is mainly because that it can always basing itself upon its own conditions. We can say that Trolling ’s success is the success under the Trolling -characterized business model、managing circumstances and managing models. Trolling ’s successful business model and experiences is more empowered by innovation and uniqueness than those of many large transnational enterprises in the world. We can learn from Trolling ’s successful business model and experiences as follows: 1. The outer circumstances reinforce the enterprise’s existing conditions. They will decide what one enterprise can do and can not do. The basic point of Trolling ’s success is that Trolling can adapt itself to those outer surroundings. Even after efforts, some global circumstances fit Trolling ’s needs. The inner circumstances decide the results and effects of enterprise’s doings. Only when the managing system is on the basis of the enterprise’s actual conditions, it will be effective and help enterprise to attain its goal. 2. Facing the various emerging managing theories and methods, we should not unrealistically learn and carry out them. We must base ourselves upon the social realities, and choose the most suitable methods. So that we can shorten the lagging gaps and become more systematic and scientific in management practice. Up to now, Trolling Group has become a larger enterprise than before. But compared with those transnational corporations it still will be a very small potatoes, because the competition among Taiwanese enterprises is still on a lower level. In the future, Trolling will be larger and more internationalized; and it will face more serious and intense competitions . So Trolling Group should be customized more modern and advanced managing theories and methods that fit for themselves, so that it can maintain its competitive advantages and sustainable development. Key Words: the theory of Business、Total Quality Management、competitive advantage

The diploma thesis investigates causes and progression of the financial crisis beginning in 2007 in the United States and leading in the economic recession. Theoretical part of the thesis describes business cycles and their explanations in accordance with the Austrian theory of the business cycle and other theories. Analytical part of the thesis explores the period before the crisis and significant events relevant to it. The main subject of the thesis are institutions and regulatory measures that have major importance for the U.S. real estate market -- including monetary and intervenionist policy of Fed, Community Reinvestment Act, government sponsored enterprises and three major rating agencies. The goal of the work is to provide a comprehensive view of the financial crisis and analyse main factors that influenced its creation -- credit expansion, mortgage market, Fed's monetary policy, bank behavior, etc. This thesis tries to demonstrate an inaccuracy of state inteventions and their impacts on the economy and market system.