This study argues for a more widely-conceived cultural sphere that allows the complex and multifarious interactions of both English and Dutch cultures in the early modern period to be explored more fully. My lenses are the works of John Milton and Andrew Marvell, and the relations that they and their work had with the United Provinces and its people. The thesis has a two-part structure. The first half introduces Dutch contexts, being a brief introduction to major areas of early modern Dutch culture, while the second shows how these contexts were influential on, and reflected by, Milton and Marvell. The first four chapters therefore consider areas that had an impact on England and its political and literary writers. These include, in Chapter I, stereotypes and first impressions of the Dutch Republic in English travelogues; representations of the Dutch in these works often surfaced in satirical work on the Dutch during the Anglo-Dutch Wars. Another concern is the literary milieu of the United Provinces, including print culture, literary circles, and ideas of educational reform. Other chapters in Part I discuss two highly influential aspects of Dutch religious life, Arminianism and toleration - both of which had repercussions for Protestantism in England - politics and trade, in particular works on Dutch republicanism and trade, in which England became the United Provinces’ greatest rival. Part II then explores Dutch culture, nation and stereotyping in Milton and Marvell. It demonstrates the far-reaching involvement of Dutch printing culture, especially visible in the publication history of Milton’s Defenses. It also interrogates literary similarities in the works of two Dutch authors, Constantijn Huygens and Joost van den Vondel, with Milton’s Paradise Lost and Marvell’s Upon Appleton House, respectively. The last two chapters identify traces of Dutch Arminianism and toleration in Milton’s Samson Agonistes, Marvell’s Remarks, and Rehearsal Transpros’d, part I and II; and compare versions of republicanism in Samson Agonistes and Vondel’s Samson, of Heilige Wraak, as well as discussing Anglo-Dutch rivalry in their works. This thesis demonstrates the deep and abiding importance of Anglo-Dutch relations to the works of two canonical English authors. Literary, intellectual and politico-religious exchange between England and the United Provinces was more entrenched than it has previously been portrayed.

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本文第一個研究目的，是解釋17、18世紀荷蘭「如何」（how）決定面對英國崛起威脅的策略。這裡指的策略不是短期單一政策，而是「大戰略」（grand strategy）。若將此問題抽離「荷蘭面對英國崛起」的背景，則本文命題便是：「一國崛起的過程裡，其他國家如何決定面對該國威脅的策略？」而本文第二個研究目的，即對此命題提出一套通則理論，該理論適用的「其他國家」包括原有霸權以及其他任何的大國與小國（本文稱這些國家為非崛起國）。然後本文將運用該理論解釋荷蘭面對英國崛起的個案，藉此初步驗證該理論。 　　本文理論認為，非崛起國會採取「抗衡」（balancing）或「順從」（bandwagoning）策略，取決於其對國家利益的界定。首先，非崛起國國內行為者的偏好與實力，將因非崛起國和崛起國在國際體系中相對位置的變化，以及兩國間的互動而改變。接著，非崛起國國內的政經制度與行為者的合縱連橫，會影響各行為者能否有效向「國家」（state）施壓。最後，非崛起國的國內行為者與國家將在正式政策場域中議價，決定對國家利益的界定。之後，非崛起國執行經由國內政治過程選擇的策略，於國際層次與崛起國進行新階段的互動。 　　根據本文研究，本文理論確實能妥善解釋17、18世紀時，荷蘭的對英政策由抗衡到順從的轉變。也因為荷蘭面對英國崛起的個案，能類比當代各國面對中國崛起時的種種政經問題。故以此個案初步驗證的本文理論，應可運用在當代中國與其他國家關係的發展上，包括台海兩岸關係的發展。

Předkládaná diplomová práce se soustřeďuje na proměny anglické zahraniční politiky od obnovení stuartovské monarchie roku 1660 do roku 1678. Zmíněné období je sledováno zejména krále Karla II. a jeho okolí dílčí zájem se soustředí na recepci jednotlivých kroků ze strany dalších domácích i zahraničních aktérů. Důraz je kladen hlavně na proměny vzájemných vztahů Francií a Nizozemím, pozornosti se těší též vztahy s Dánskem, Portugalskem, Španělskem a Švédskem, stejně jako pohled anglických politických elit. Anglická diplomacie je v této práci pojímána v kontextu vývoje anglické domácí politiky a s přihlédnutím k dění v ostatních evropských zemích. V omezené míře je nastíněn také hospodářský, konfesní a mezinárodněprávní rámec, ve kterém se anglická diplomacie zmíněných let pohybovala.

An international maritime labour market study, the thesis focuses on the Dutch naval labour market, analysing wartime Zeeland admiralty crews. The research is based primarily on unique naval pay sources. Analysis of crew compositions has not been made on this scale in the period before. The 1667 Dutch Medway Raid is the starting point, where a few British played a leading role – amongst many others reported on the Dutch side. Pepys and Marvell primarily blamed their joining the enemy on the lure of superior Dutch payment. The thesis asks how many British there were really, how they came to be in Dutch service, and whether this involvement occurred, as indicated, at other times too. Part One is thematic and explores the background mechanisms of the maritime environment in detail, determining causation. First, the two naval recruitment systems are compared and completely reassessed in the light of state intervention in the trade sphere. Two new sets of ‘control’ data – naval wages and foreign shipping – are amongst the incentives and routes determined. British expatriate communities are examined as conduits for the supply of naval labour and civilian support. British personnel are compared and contrasted with other foreigners, against the background of Anglo-Dutch interlinkage and political transition from neutrality through conflict to alliance. Part Two is chronological, covering four major wars in three chapters. Micro-case studies assembled from the scattered record streams enable analysis of the crews of particular officers and ships. Seamen were an occupation that made them a very little known group: the thesis examines the different career types of British personnel of many different ranks, shedding light on their everyday lives. The thesis shows that British personnel were an integral part of Dutch crews throughout the period, even when the two nations were fighting each other. The basic need of subsistence labour for employment took precedence over allegiance to nation/ideology, demonstrating limitations in state power and the continual interdependence forced on the maritime powers through the realities of the labour market.