Computer networks have become increasingly popular over the last ten years. A simple low cost Mini Apple Network that uses Apple II plus computers and Apple's Parallel Interface Cards, is presented here. The Mini Apple Network is driven by PIC DRIVER, a software program that is able to transmit an Applesoft array variable from one computer to another. Three application programs are presented. A comparison is made of the gain in execution time when one, two, and three computers are used to solve the same problem, namely Laplace's partial differential equation. An increase in gain was obtained when the number of computers was increased from one to three. This gain, however, was not ideal, due to the overheard associated with transmitting the data.

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Fruit thinning is critical to the success of apple industry because most apple trees are prone to biennial bearing characterized by heavy bloom and over-cropping in the "on" year and low or no cropping in the "off" year. Fruit thinning can improve fruit size, increase return bloom, and reduce alternate bearing habit of apple trees. Chemical thinning has been widely used as a horticultural practice by growers for years in apple and other fruit production. However, its thinning results are often variable and very difficult to predict since parameters as well as their interactions (e.g. concentration, environmental condition, cultivar response) that affect thinning effectiveness have been poorly defined and the regulatory mechanisms at molecular level remain to be illustrated. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to characterize the physiological and molecular responses of the apple trees to the thinning treatments, and then use key genes as molecular markers for screening potential thinning agents. The long-term goal is to understand how the applied chemicals and environmental factors interact and regulate key regulatory genes as well as the thinning effectiveness during thinning process, and establish a predictable model for the improvement of fruit thinning consistency and effectiveness in apple and other fruit trees. Effects of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), shading, amimoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on young apple fruit abscission, leaf and fruit ethylene production, and the expression of genes related to ethylene biosynthesis, perception and cell wall degradation were examined in "Golden Delicious" apples (Malus x domestica borkh.). NAA at 15 mg·L-1 and shading increased fruit abscission and ethylene production of leaves and fruit when applied at a 12-mm stage of fruit development, whereas AVG, an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis, at 250 mg·L-1 reduced NAA-induced fruit abscission and ethylene production of leaves and fruit. 1-MCP at 160 mg·L-1 had no effect on fruit abscission but induced ethylene production by both leaves and fruit. Changes in the gene expression pattern responding to each treatment were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. NAA treatment was found to enhance the expression of genes related to ethylene biosynthesis (MdACS5A, MdACS5B and MdACO1) and perception (MdETR1, MdETR1b, MdETR2, MdERS1 and MdERS2). AVG reduced NAA-induced expression of these genes except for MdERS2 in the fruit abscission zone (FAZ). NAA increased the expression of a polygalacturonase gene (MdPG2) in the FAZ but not in the fruit cortex (FC), whereas AVG reduced NAA-enhanced expression of MdPG2 in the FAZ. These results suggest that ethylene biosynthesis, ethylene perception, and MdPG2 gene are involved in young fruit abscission caused by NAA. On the other hand, 1-MCP did not affect the expression of MdACS5A and MdACS5B in the FAZ, although it enhanced the expression of these two genes in the FC from 6 to 24 hours post-treatment. The expression of MdACO1 in both tissues was increased by 1-MCP after 3 or more days post-treatment. 1-MCP had only a small influence on the expression of most ethylene receptor genes, with the exception of MdETR1, which was up-regulated in the FC to a level similar to that observed for NAA treatment. In response to 1-MCP, in the FAZ, the expression of MdCel1 and MdPG2 was up-regulated at the beginning and the end, respectively, of the experiment, but otherwise remained at or below control levels. 1-MCP did not inhibit NAA-induced abscission of young apple fruit, suggesting that abscission does not solely depend on ethylene signal transduction, or that the periods of effectiveness for 1-MCP and ethylene were asynchronous in this study. Gene expression analysis also revealed that both NAA and shading enhanced the expression of gene related to ABA biosynthesis in the FAZ, which suggested the involvement of ABA in young fruit abscission. Global gene expression profile during young fruit abscission was analyzed using an apple oligonucleotide microarray. More than 700 genes were identified with reproducible changes in transcript abundance in the FAZ after NAA treatment. Genes associated with abscission, ethylene, ABA, cell wall degradation, mitochondrial activity, glycolysis, lipid catabolism, secondary metabolism, abiotic stress, and apoptosis were upregulated, while genes involved in regulation of cell cycle, cell wall biosynthesis, photosynthesis, carbon fixation, chromatin assembly, auxin transport/efflux, cytoskeleton function, and flower development were generally downregulated. Comparison of changes in the gene expression patterns during NAA-induced fruit abscission with shading-induced fruit abscission revealed similarities, but also considerable differences. The data suggested that young fruit were shutting down growth and energy production and undergoing a certain kind of programmed cell death (PCD) induced by these different stimuli. Gene expression analysis in abscising young fruit revealed that photosynthesis, carbon utilization, and ABA/ethylene pathways appeared to operate in both NAA- and shading-induced fruit abscission. However, more sugar signaling genes were regulated in shading-induced fruit abscission, compared to NAA-induced fruit abscission. / Ph. D.

The aim of the research. To identify genes involved in V. inaequalis induced resistance response in Malus sp. and to develop apple hybrids with pyramidic resistance. Specific aims: 1. To characterize the genetic diversity and resistance to apple scab in the collection of apple genetic resources; 2. To develop apple hybrids of pyramidic resistance for apple breeding; 3. To characterize apple nuclear proteome and to perform a comparative genomic analysis of V. inaequalis induced Malus response; 4. To identify apple resistance genes involved in response to apple scab and to develop functional markers. / Tyrimų tikslas: identifikuoti V. inaequalis indukuojamo Malus sp. apsauginio atsako reikšmingus genus ir sukurti piramidinio atsparumo rauplėgrybiui donorus obels selekcijai. Tyrimų uždaviniai: 1. Charakterizuoti obels genetinių išteklių įvairovę bei nustatyti jų atsparumą rauplėgrybiui; 2. Sukurti ir atrinkti superjautrumo atsaku pagrįsto piramidinio atsparumo donorus obels selekcijai; 3. Charakterizuoti naminės obels ląstelės branduolio proteomą ir atlikti V. inaequalis indukuojamo atsako lyginamosios genomikos analizę; 4. Identifikuoti obels atsparumo rauplėgrybiui reikšmingus genus ir sukurti obels atsparumo ligoms funkcinius žymeklius.

<p>At Kiviks Musteri AB, situated in the southeast part of Scania, a wide variety of products based on fruits and berries, are produced. One of these products is base apple wine, which is used for the production of cider and mulled wine and also is sold to other producers of cider. A foaming problem has occurred at some customers when the cider is bottled, and this problem has been traced to the base wine. The aim of this paper is to investigate what causes the foaming and how the foaming is affected by the clarifying agents used during the production of the wine. An investigation whether silica based antifoaming agents might be a solution of the problem will be performed. During the work fermentations, clarification and foaming tests will be performed in laboratory scale in Kivik. Tests with four different silica based antifoaming compounds are carried out and on these samples the surface tension and viscosity are measured to see how these factors correlate with the foaming when antifoaming agents are added to the wine. What is more, fermentations with a new yeast type and fermentations with less fruit are made to investigate if this could give better foaming properties in the wine.</p><p>The tests showed that it is probably proteins that are the main cause of the foaming, but an increase of the amount of bentonite, the clarifying agent reducing protein content in the wine, is not possible since this causes too much sediment. Antifoaming agents gave reduced foaming times, which were at an acceptable level, but when the wine was mixed to cider base and filtered the effect was lost. No significant differences were observed between the four antifoaming compounds. The test with the new yeast type gave no positive results when it came to foaming. The test with less fruit showed a decrease in foaming but not sufficient enough.</p>

The problem with which this study is concerned is that of critically analyzing and producing the musical comedy The Apple Tree. The study attempts to adapt some of the major unifying elements of this production and, in addition, unite the show through the use of color. The study also attempts to update the production through an extension of symbolism based on the style of Peter Max; to produce a major musical comedy in a stylized and symbolic style, and to show how a stylized and symbolic method of production can be used to achieve simplicity and unity within the confines of a limited budget.

<p>In this essay the authors are trying to level the success in the IT-company Apple’s market communication. The problem investigated is if the company’s profile, the picture they are trying to implement onto the market, is the same as the market consider the image of the company to be. The problem is studied in a method which combines both a qualitative and a quantitative survey. A number of people were interviewed and a number of commercials and earlier studies were used. The authors came to the conclusion that Apple’s profile, due to a well performed market strategy, in many ways are equal to the markets image of the company, which this essay hopefully will show.</p>

In this essay the authors are trying to level the success in the IT-company Apple’s market communication. The problem investigated is if the company’s profile, the picture they are trying to implement onto the market, is the same as the market consider the image of the company to be. The problem is studied in a method which combines both a qualitative and a quantitative survey. A number of people were interviewed and a number of commercials and earlier studies were used. The authors came to the conclusion that Apple’s profile, due to a well performed market strategy, in many ways are equal to the markets image of the company, which this essay hopefully will show.

Through Value Net Analysis and Co-opetition, we study the reasons why Apple iPhone becomes so successful nowadays. Apple Inc. has changed the ecosystem and the rules of the game, Apple iPhone sells like hot cakes when appearing on the market. Furthermore, the App Store becomes the most popular software shop in recent years. Apple Inc.,a closed ecological system, threatens the telecom companies such as AT&T, and Apple Inc. versus AT&T are complementary with each other. In this case, Apple Inc. wants to use AT&T¡¦s market share to expand its territories; On the other hand, AT&T hopes that the iPhone makes profits to AT&T as well. Therefore, AT&T signs a tie with the Apple iPhone with a 2-year contract, and sells an iPhone to pay for each additional subsidies of USD$ 250-$300 to Apple Inc.. Apple Inc. used the integration of iPod + iTunes software, bringing consumers customized services. Apple Inc. launched an iPhone in 2007 with the concept of iPod + cell phone + Internet, to subvert the traditional cellphone using habits. Apple Inc. would like to fill its product lines, such as, using memory segments (8G, 16G, 32G ...) to distinguish iPhone 4S for high-end markets, iPhone 4 for the middle markets, iPhone 3GS for low-end customers and so forth. Apple Inc. also adopts different pricing, marketing strategies, to bring high added value to its loyal customers. Apple Inc. took a small risk of judo strategy, to turn the incumbent's advantage into obstacles.Apple Inc. was a late mover, only got 10% market share, it still stands on its niche market. Apple Inc. targets on the high-end markets, and differentiates with itself with other players (including NOKIA, MOTOROLA, HTC, SAMSUNG and so on). Apple Inc. changes the scope of game, and redefines the industrial boundaries, so Nintendo and SONY have to face intense competition in few years. Apple Inc. launched App Store, letting different groups of people to join the software application development, in this way Apple Inc. lowers the software price to attract more consumers. Theoritically,that is so-called bilateral market effects (It¡¦s a positive loop between software programmers and consumers). As long as the bilateral market effects get stronger, Apple Inc. will have stronger bargaining power for its suppliers. In order to control the suppliers, Apple Inc. always signs a contract with them or takes part in their shares. Apple Inc. would not only give its suppliers a great amount of single order, but also give same orders in turn between two manufacturers. Under this situation, its suppliers can easily be replaced and Apple Inc. will benefit from this condition. According to reports, Apple Inc. would limit all raw materials of an iPhone and try so hard to cost down in advance, and even follow-up iPhone logistics and maintenance as well. As a result, Apple Inc.¡¦s suppliers do nothing but the OEM jobs for Apple Inc. after all.

We live in a post-PC era with mobile devices on the rise. We can witness a growing number of applications that utilize the mobility of such devices to create applications that make our lives more efficient and connected. In the United States alone, millions of Americans play sports each year starting from middle school through college. With social media on the rise, there is a need for an application that takes advantage of the technologies incorporated in mobile devices with the ability to connect athletes in an area to one another. There is currently a lack of a social network application in the sports category of the Apple App Store. Therefore, this report describes how an iOS mobile application for a sports social network is designed, developed, and deployed. Specifically, we will explore in depth the iOS framework, user stories and requirements, the design and development of the client and backend application, and the tests and results. / text