Historically on a global scale and in South Africa it was common practice for mining operators to abandon a mine once the mineral extraction on site was completed. The operators had no obligation to rehabilitate the land and in most cases the disturbed areas were abandoned with no regard for the residual impacts that the site may present or the continued environmental deterioration. This represents the mining legacy of many countries, particularly in South Africa. The continual underestimations in financial provisioning for premature mine closure, leads to the continual abandonment of mining sites. Abandoned mines and the resultant legacy of environmental pollution are of major concern as literature indicates that there are around 6000 abandoned sites in South Africa. The problem is that no-one is currently taking responsibility for these sites as the Minister for Mineral Resources has stated that the South African government would not take the liability onto them. With this being said the burden still falls on the state as the mining companies responsible for the pollution may no longer exist or have the finances to carry out post-closure rehabilitation to ensure that the site no longer poses a threat to the environment. To address a similar problem, Western Australia has implemented the Mining Rehabilitation Fund Act 33 (2012) which delegates due responsibility for abandoned sites. The act provides for a government administered pooled fund into which all current mining operators pay an annual levy. The funds are used to rehabilitate abandoned mining areas, alleviating the burden of government to solely fund their rehabilitation. The aim of this research is, therefore, to investigate the viability of Western Australia‟s Mining Rehabilitation Fund as a fiscal policy solution for the rehabilitation of South African abandoned mines. To achieve this aim, three lines of inquiry are pursued. Firstly, to “identify the challenges related to abandonment of mine sites in South Africa,” secondly “to compare the legal provisions for abandoned mine sites management in South Africa with that of Western Australia, specifically the rehabilitation fund” and lastly “to investigate how such a policy will be received by stakeholders in the South African mining industry.” The research was approached from a pragmatic philosophical stance. A qualitative dominant mixed methods research approach with an embedded design is used for data analysis. The strategies of inquiry consist of a literature review, comparative analysis and open-ended interview questions which provide qualitative data and structured survey questions which produces quantitative data. Surveys were carried out with selected stakeholders to investigate how such a policy will be received in the South African mining industry. The methods employed for the analyses of data consist of a scoping and literature review, coding and categorising, a comparative analysis, the identification of themes and analytical evaluation of survey data. An article format was chosen for the presentation of results and is presented in chapter 4. The challenges related to the abandonment of mine sites in South Africa are related to skills shortages, poor enforcement of existing legislation and an out of date Guideline document for the evaluation of the quantum of closure related financial provision (DME, 2005). The comparison of the legal provisions for abandoned mine sites management in South Africa with that of Western Australia, highlighted that both frameworks have the intention to protect the environment and promote sustainable mining but as can be seen in South Africa, even if the intentions of the legislation is good, it has limited value without proper implementation and enforcement. The results indicate a general feeling of stakeholders that such a policy is necessary and will be beneficial, but the respondents have doubts in the ability of the South African government to enforce the law. They also felt that it was unfair to hold the current mining operators responsible for the heedless actions of the previous miners and ruling party. / MSc (Geography and Environmental Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Since their creation in Europe in the seventeenth century, pension funds have grown to become one of the main sources of capital in the world. A number of role players ultimately manage the pension money of members on their behalf. Accordingly, the focus of this study is on the role players involved in the actual investment of pension fund money. For the purposes of the study, the key role players in the pension fund investment chain are identified as pension fund trustees, asset managers and asset consultants. These role players have a specific responsibility in terms of the service that they ought to provide. One of the key aspects of this dissertation is therefore determining whether their responsibility is a fiduciary responsibility. The main purpose of the study is, however, to answer one overarching research question: Does fiduciary responsibility create barriers to the implementation of responsible investment in the South African pension fund investment chain? Clearly, there are two key terms in this research question, fiduciary responsibility and responsible investment. It is suggested that responsible investment takes at least two forms: a “business case” form1 in which environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues are considered only in so far as they are financially material; and a social form in which ESG issues are considered over maximising risk adjusted financial returns. Three key questions were asked in order to find qualitative descriptions and interpretations of fiduciary responsibility: Question 1: Are the key role players in the pension fund investment chain fiduciaries? Question 2: If so, to whom do the key role players owe their fiduciary duty? Question 3: What are the fiduciary duties of the key role players in the pension fund investment chain? It is also suggested that the duty to act in the best interests of beneficiaries could be described as the all-encompassing fiduciary duty. Two main interpretations of the / Private Law / (LL.M.(Private Law))

This thesis analyses and compares the performance, performance persistence and fund flows for UK equity unit trusts/OEICs and UK equity unit-linked personal pensions over the sample period January 1980 to December 2007. Unit-linked personal pension funds are an illiquid investment from the investor’s perspective since any invested capital is inaccessible until retirement whereas for unit trusts/OEICs capital invested can be withdrawn at any time. Since decreasing returns to scale from fund flows are the equilibrating mechanism in Berk and Green (2004) that results in no persistence in performance the illiquid nature of unit-linked personal pension funds should ensure more evidence of performance persistence in comparison to unit trusts/OEICs. I find significant evidence using performance ranked portfolio strategies that underlying portfolios that are only composed of unit-linked personal pension funds have greater performance persistence than unit-linked personal pension funds that have underlying portfolios that also include at least a unit trust/OEIC. This evidence is consistent with Berk and Green (2004) since the illiquid nature of personal pension funds results in an attenuated performance fund flow relationship restricting the equilibrating mechanism. However, there are anomalies in the performance persistence results in relation to Berk and Green (2004) but it could be due to the differential between the number of non-surviving unit trusts/OEICs and non-surviving unit-linked personal pension funds. I also find that the performance fund flow relationship based on abnormal returns from a Carhart four factor model for both UK equity unit trusts/OEICs and UK unit-linked personal pensions is convex but the performance fund flow relationship is more attenuated for the unit-linked personal pension funds. For the worst performing unit trusts/OEICs there are outflows on average whereas for unit-linked personal pensions there are fund inflows on average. For performance persistence tests conditional on underlying portfolio fund flows unit trusts/OEICs that have the worst performance but the lowest net fund flows in the ranking period have significantly greater subsequent performance in comparison to the unit trusts/OEICs that have the worst performance but the highest net fund flows in the ranking period. This empirical evidence provides support for Berk and Green (2004) but for the unit-linked personal pension funds the evidence is less convincing. There is very little evidence that UK equity unit-trusts/OEICs or UK equity unit-linked personal pensions produce abnormal returns. These results are robust across the single index (CAPM) model, the Fama and French three factor model and the Carhart four factor model for both conditional and unconditional models. There is also no evidence that unit trusts/OEICs or unit-linked personal pension funds can time the market. There is a significantly negative timing effect across unconditional factor models which becomes insignificant for the conditional models. There is also no evidence that unit trusts/OEICs have significantly different performance than unit-linked personal pension funds.

This thesis attempts to resolve the deadlock to achieve an equitable division of taxes, and thereby internation equity. As the present tax laws were not negotiated, it is not considered here as fair. In this thesis it is proposed that an equitable division could be achieved through a division based on the levels of human development (combining Rawlsian schema and Sen’s capability approach). Therefore, it is argued that such a division would be equitable; because it would be based on entitlements (territorial claims), it would generate cooperation and thereby lead to greater efficiency. Importantly, this thesis establishes that the present tax treaties neither generate cooperation nor cohere with global welfare. Similarly, it is also found that the other institutions (OECD, IMF, WB and Dispute Settlement) related the tax regime presently do not promote development based on human capabilities. This could help developing countries to pursue a division favouring development (laws favouring development) and understand the institutions better suited to pursue such goals.

The focus of this thesis is on index tracking that aims to replicate the movements of an index of a specific financial market. It is a form of passive portfolio (fund) management that attempts to mirror the performance of a specific index and generate returns that are equal to those of the index, but without purchasing all of the stocks that make up the index. Additionally, we consider the problem of out-performing the index - Enhanced Indexation. It attempts to generate modest excess returns compared to the index. Enhanced indexation is related to index tracking in that it is a relative return strategy. One seeks a portfolio that will achieve more than the return given by the index (excess return). In the first approach, we propose two models for the objective function associated with choice of a tracking portfolio, namely; minimise the maximum absolute difference between the tracking portfolio return and index return and minimise the average of the absolute differences between tracking portfolio return and index return. We illustrate and investigate the performance of our models from two perspectives; namely, under the exclusion and inclusion of fixed and variable costs associated with buying or selling each stock. The second approach studied is that of using Quantile regression for both index tracking and enhanced indexation. We present a mixed-integer linear programming of these problems based on quantile regression. The third approach considered is on quantifying the level of uncertainty associated with the portfolio selected. The quantification of uncertainty is of importance as this provides investors with an indication of the degree of risk that can be expected as a result of holding the selected portfolio over the holding period. Here a bootstrap approach is employed to quantify the uncertainty of the portfolio selected from our quantile regression model.

Thesis (MAcc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Op 9 Februarie 2007 het President Thabo Mbeki in sy “State of the Nation Address” aangekondig dat voorstelle vir ‘n bydraende verdienste-gebaseerde nasionale maatskaplike aftreefonds as deel van die 2007- begroting voorgelê sal word. Die raamwerk vir so ‘n nasionale maatskaplike aftreefonds is uiteengesit in ‘n dokument wat gepubliseer is in ‘n geskrif wat deur die Nasionale Tesourie beskikbaar gestel is vir openbare terugvoer. Hierdie stelsel beoog om deur middel van ‘n verpligte belasting wat maandeliks van lede se salarisse afgetrek sal word, ‘n fonds daar te stel wat ten doel het om ‘n sekere vlak van inkomste ná ‘n lid se aftrede te verseker. Die aangeleentheid het onlangs dekking in die pers ontvang onder die opskifte “Lede wat nie vroeg genoeg doodgaan nie, kan pensioenfondse knou”, “Aftreefonds-paniek” en "Nasionale fonds straks deur private sektor bestuur, staat gaan nie almal se geld vat”. Uit hierdie artikels kan afgelei word dat die Suid-Afrikaanse publiek bekommerd is oor die vooruitsig dat die regering aangedui het dat hulle voortaan aftreefondse sal bestuur onder die nasionale maatskaplike aftreefonds. Dit is ‘n welbekende feit dat soortgelyke stelsels in baie ekonomieë wêreldwyd teenwoordig is, en tans onder geweldige finansieringsdruk gebuk gaan. Hierdie navorsing is onderneem om die Suid-Afrikaanse publiek in staat te stel om ‘n ingeligte besluit te neem oor die risiko van ‘n finansieringskrisis by die voorgestelde Suid- Afrikaanse nasionale maatskaplike aftreefonds deur die volgende te doen: · Identifisering van die oorsake van finansieringsprobleme by maatskaplike aftreefondse wêreldwyd. · ‘n Vergelyking te tref tussen die voorgestelde Suid-Afrikaanse nasionale maatskaplike aftreefonds en beter praktyke vir maatskaplike aftreefondse. · ‘n Oorweging of die bogenoemde oorsake van finansieringsprobleme by maatskaplike aftreefondse wêreldwyd, van toepassing is op die Suid-Afrikaanse situasie. iii Die navorsing het op die volgende gedui: · Die hoofoorsake van finansieringskrisisse by nasionale maatskaplike aftreefondse wêreldwyd is: die teenwoordigheid van finalebydraeskemas, afname in die aftreeouderdom van die bevolking, die teenwoordigheid van langer lewensverwagtings en die afname in bevolkingsgroei. · Die voorgestelde Suid-Afrikaanse nasionale maatskaplike aftreefonds is byna identies aan die stelsel van beste praktyke soos voorgelê deur die Wêreldbank. Die feit dat die struktuur van die stelsel gebaseer is op soortgelyke stelsels wat reeds suksesvol geïmplementeer is in die res van die wêreld, behoort die Suid Afrikaanse publiek positief te beïnvloed. · Die Suid-Afrikaanse nasionale maatskaplike aftreefonds sal nie gebaseer wees op ’n finalebydraeskema nie en sal gevolglik nie blootgestel wees aan die risiko nie. Die fonds sal egter, soortgelyk aan die internasionale situasie, blootgestel wees aan ‘n afname in aftree-ouderdom, afname in geboortes en ‘n toename in lewensverwagting. Gebaseer op die bogenoemde bevindinge is dit duidelik dat die Suid-Afrikaanse voorstel vir ’n nasionale maatskaplike aftreefonds, wel blootgestel sal wees aan finansieringsrisiko’s. Die skrywer glo egter dat deur die Suid-Afrikaanse voorstel te baseer op die beste praktyke soos uiteengesit deur die Wêreldbank, hierdie risiko’s op die mees effektiewe manier gehanteer sal word. Die Suid-Afrikaanse voorstel is dus weens sy samestelling, nie voor sy inwerkingtreding reeds gedoem tot die ontwikkeling van ’n finansieringskrisis nie. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: On 9 February 2007 President Thabo Mbeki announced in his “State of the Nation Address” that proposals for an earnings-based national social security fund will be tabled as part of the 2007 budget. The framework for such a national social security fund is documented in a paper released by National Treasury and currently available for public feedback. The purpose of this system is to establish a fund which will ensure that members retain a certain level of income after retirement. This will be done by way of a compulsory tax, which will be deducted from members’ salaries on a monthly basis. This matter recently received widespread press coverage under the headlines “Lede wat nie vroeg genoeg doodgaan nie kan pensioenfondse knou”,”Aftreefonds-paniek” en “Nasionale fonds straks deur die private sektor bestuur, staat gaan nie almal se geld vat”. It is clear from these articles that the South African public is concerned about the prospect that the government indicated that they will be managing retirement funds under the national social security fund. It is also a well-known fact that similar systems worldwide are currently facing major financial pressure. The purpose of this research was to enable the South African public to make an informed decision regarding the financing risk associated with the proposed South African national social security fund by performing the following steps: · Identification of the causes of financing problems at social security funds worldwide. · To compare the proposed South African national social security fund to better practice for social security funds. · To consider whether the abovementioned causes of financing problems in social security funds worldwide, is also applicable to the South African situation. The research indicated the following: v · The main causes of financing crises in national social security funds worldwide are: the presence of final contribution schemes, the decline in the retirement age of the population, the presence of longer life expectancy and the decline in the population growth. · The proposed South African national social security fund is basically identical to the system of best practices as published by the World Bank. · The South African national social security fund will not follow the system of a final contribution scheme and will therefore not be exposed to the risk associated with these schemes. The fund will, however, in line with the international situation, be exposed to the risks associated with the decline in age of retirement, decline in population growth and an increase in life expectancy. Based on the findings listed above it is apparent that the South African proposal for a social security fund will be exposed to finance risks. The writer however believes that by basing the proposal on the best practices as set out by the World Bank, these risks will be mitigated in the most effective manner. The South African proposal is therefore, due to its composition, not doomed to the development of a financing crisis before its coming into existence.

Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Western Cape Province experiences a shortage of funds, which results in provincial departments, such as the Western Cape EducationDepartment (WCED), not being able to fulfil all its needs. Alternative methods of funding have to be found to supplement the traditional tax-based funding by the State. The Provincial Administration: Western Cape (PAWC) owns immovable properties which are not fully utilised or managed cost-effectively. Properties, if managed entrepreneurially, offer the advantage of an income to the PAWC, and the WCED in particular. This study investigates the possibility of entrepreneurial property management in the public sector. Literature has been studied in order to establish what property management is about, what public management and entrepreneurial public management entail, and the characteristics that organisations should have to manage themselves innovatively. The present property management system in the PAWC and the WCED was examined and problems regarding the system highlighted. Guidelines for entrepreneurial property management were then drawn from the literature. With a view to ensuring the optimal management and use of property and a comprehensive service to clients, an organisational structure model was developed and illustrated schematically. The existing public management system was evaluated and found to be unsatisfactory measured against the guidelines and model for entrepreneurial public management. Recommendations were made for changing and renewing the organisational structure and management style of the PAWC and WCED. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Wes-Kaap Provinsie ondervind 'n tekort aan fondse, wat meebring dat provinsiale departemente, soos die Wes-Kaap Onderwysdepartement (WKOD), nie in al hul behoeftes kan voorsien nie. Alternatiewe befondsingsmetodes moet ondersoek word ten einde die staat se tradisionele belastinggebaseerde inkomste aan te vul. Die Provinsiale Administrasie:Wes-Kaap (PAWK) besit vaste eiendomme wat nie optimaal benut of koste effektief bestuur word nie. Indien eiendomme ondernemend bestuur kan word, is dit moontik dat dit 'n bron van inkomste kan word vir die PAWK en die WKOD in die besonder. Hierdie studie ondersoek die moontlikheid van ondernemende eiendomsbestuur in die openbare sektor. Literatuur is bestudeer om vas te stel wat onder eiendomsbestuur verstaan word, wat onder openbare bestuur en ondernemende openbare bestuur verstaan word, en watter eienskappe openbare organisasies moet openbaar om ondernemend bestuur te word. Die eiendomsbestuurstelsel in die PAWK en die WKOD is beskryf en die probleme in die stelsel belig. Riglyne vir ondernemende openbare eiendomsbestuur is uit die literatuur afgelei. 'n Organisasiestruktuurmodel, gerig op die maksimale bestuur en benutting van eiendomme en 'n omvattende diens aan kliênte, is ontwikkel en skematies voorgestel. Die bestaande eiendomsbestuurstelselis geëvalueer en daar is bevind dat dit nie aan die vereistes van die voorgestelde riglyne en model vir ondernemende openbare bestuur voldoen nie. Aanbevelings is gemaak vir vernuwing in die PAWK en die WKOD se organisasiestruktuur en bestuursbenadering.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Private equity has been dominating the news recently both as an asset class and a tool to facilitate market efficiency in South Africa. Many private equity funds have had good returns in recent times. However, many pension funds still shun away from this asset class, mainly due to lack of understanding of the risk inherent in this asset class, and in its potential overall risk diversifying characteristics. Regulation 28 of the Pension Fund Act, prescribes maximum allocation of five percent to unlisted assets and that includes private equity as an asset class. One of the reasons why investors don't understand this asset class is the lack of comparable data relative to the listed asset classes such as listed equities and listed bonds. From these asset classes, people get data on a daily basis and they are able to understand the daily prices and values of their portfolio. They can also try to value the individual stocks within their portfolio by using variables such as price earnings ratio and dividend yields, as that information is freely available. This research tries to use the listed private equity companies to establish a Private Equity Index. The criteria used are the same as the ones used by Bilo, Christophers, Degosciu and Zimmennann (2004) when they created a Listed Private Equity Index (LPE), which is made up of 114 global listed private equity companies mainly from Europe and North America. The South African Index was created from six companies, and even though the sample looks small, the results were good enough to justify further studies on the same line and to encourage more listings of these types of companies. The Index was then analysed using modem portfolio analysis and optimisation tools to understand the risk and return characteristics of this asset class and how it behaves when blended with other asset classes. The results suggest that this asset class is under allocated and there is a need to create a more representable index even on an IRR basis. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Privaataandele het onlangs die nuus oorheers, beide as 'n bateklas sowel as 'n instrument om die markdoeltreffendheid in Suid-Afrika te fasiliteer. Talle privaataandeelfondse het onlangs goeie opbrengste opgelewer. Baie pensioenfondse skram egter steeds weg van hierdie bateklas, hoofsaaklik weens 'n kennisgebrek van die risiko wat inherent is aan die bateklas en die potensiele risikoverskansing wat die bateklas bied. Regulasie 28 van die Pensioenfondswet vereis dat 'n maksimumtoewysing van vyf persent in ongenoteerde bates bele mag word en dit sluit privaataandele as 'n bateklas in. Een van die redes hoekom beleggers nie hierdie bateklas verstaan nie, is weens 'n gebrek aan vergelykbare data met die genoteerde bateklasse soos genoteerde aandele en genoteerde verbande. Uit hierdie bateklasse verkry mense inligting op 'n daaglikse basis en is hulle in staat om die daaglikse pryse en waardes van hul portefeuljes te verstaan. Hulle kan ook probeer om die afsonderlike gevolge binne hul portefeuljes te begryp deur veranderlikes soos prys inkomsteverhouding en dividendopbrengste te evalueer, soos wat die inligting beskikbaar raak. Hierdie navorsing poog om genoteerde privaataandeelmaatskappye te gebruik om 'n privaataandeelindeks daar te stel. Die maatstawwe wat gebruik word, is dieselfde as die wat Bilo, Christopbers, Degosciu en Zimmennann (2004) gebruik het toe bulle 'n Genoteerde Privaataandeel-indeks (GPA) daargestel bet, waarin 114 genoteerde privaataandeelmaatskappye wereldwyd uit hoofsaaklik Europa en Noord-Amerika gebruik is. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Indeks is saamgestel uit ses maatskappye en hoewel die steekproef klein blyk te wees, was die eindresultaat voldoende bevredigend om verdere navorsing volgens dieselfde riglyne te regverdig en om die notering van meer sulke maatskappye aan te moedig. Die indeks is vervolgens ontleed aan die hand van moderne portefeulje-ontledings tegnieke om die risiko en opbrengste van hierdie bateklas te verstaan en hoe dit reageer wanneer dit met ander bateklasse vermeng word. Die resultate dui daarop dat hierdie bateklas onvoldoende onderskryf is, maar dat daar 'n nodigheid bestaan om 'n meer verteenwoordigende indeks selfs op 'n interne opbrengskoers grondslag daar te stel.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The non-profit sector has grown and changed substantially since its origins more than 2 000 years ago. At present there is an increase in organised voluntary activity around the globe, which reflects a set of social and technological changes, as well as an increasing lack of confidence in the ability of the state to render certain vital services. NPOs that do not work in the fields of housing, the aged, HIV/AIDS and education, for instance organisations doing missionary work, are faced with the difficult task of procuring funds within this highly competitive environment. The overall purpose of relationship marketing is customer retention and development, not simply a series of transactions. With this in mind, it seems that relationship marketing has an important role to play in the non-profit sector. Why is it then so difficult to "sell brotherhood like soap"? To answer this question tools have been developed and adapted to fit the non-profit sector. Donor behaviour plays a crucial role in the survival of an organisation and insights into behaviour can give the organisation an edge over its competitors. In the case of this study the research problem relates to the identification of the dimensions impacting on donor behaviour in religious (Christian) organisations. A conceptual model of donor behaviour in religious non-profit organisations was developed and used for the eventual formulation of 23 hypotheses to guide the study and to represent the possible relationships. For the statistical analysis it was deemed necessary to revise both the model and the proposed hypotheses. The model was split into three models: - Perceptions of non-profit organisations; - Individual donor characteristics; and - Donor perceptions of the non-profit organisation. A thorough overview of the literature was undertaken, mainly to investigate the nature of the non-profit sector in general as well as in South Africa, its marketing and behaviour of its donors. The conceptual model that was developed through the literature study was used to develop a measuring instrument specifically for this study for collecting primary data. It was empirically tested in a religious (Christian) non-profit organisation in South Africa by collecting primary data. Questionnaires were mailed to its whole donor database. The questionnaires returned were captured with the aid of an Excel spreadsheet and merged with data from the donor database. The first step was to assess the validity and reliability of the measurement instrument used. Next, an exploratory factor analysis was done to identify the unique factors evident in the study data. The next step entailed testing the proposed theoretical model by means of the "Structural Equation Modelling" technique. The results of the data analysis led to the creation of a model suitable for the management of the donors of a Christian missionary organisation. This study is a pioneering study of donor behaviour in South African religious non-profit organisations, in particular Christian organisations. It is clear from the results that donors of religious organisations react differently than donors of other non-profit organisations and therefore that different approaches are needed to secure Christian donor loyalty and trust. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die nie-winsgewende sektor het sedert die oorsprong daarvan, meer as 2 000 jaar gelede aansienlik gegroei en verander. Op die oomblik is daar oral in die wêreld 'n toename in georganiseerde vrywillige optrede. Hierdie neiging weerspieël sekere maatskaplike en tegnologiese veranderinge, asook 'n toenemende gebrek aan vertroue in die staat se vermoë om sekere noodsaaklike dienste te lewer. Die nie-winsorganisasies wat nie binne die veld van behuising, bejaardesorg, MIV/VIGS en onderwys werk nie, soos byvoorbeeld organisasies wat sendingwerk doen, het 'n moeilike taak om fondse te bekom. Die oorwegende doel van verhoudingsbemarking is die behoud en ontwikkeling van klante, nie net 'n reeks transaksies nie. As hierdie feit in ag geneem word, word dit duidelik dat verhoudingsbemarking 'n belangrike rol binne die sektor te speel het. Hoekom is dit dan so moeilik om "broederskap soos seep te verkoop"? Om hierdie vraag te beantwoord is hulpmiddele ontwikkel wat aangepas is by die behoeftes van hierdie sektor. Donateursgedrag speel 'n uiters belangrike rol in die oorlewing van 'n organisasie en daarom kan insig in hierdie gedrag die organisasie 'n voorsprong gee bo die van sy mededingers. In die geval van hierdie studie gaan dit oor die identifisering van dimensies wat donateurs se gedrag beïnvloed binne religieuse (Christelike) organisasies. 'n Konseptuele model is ontwikkel om donateurs, soos dit verband hou met religieuse nie-winsorganisasies se gedrag, te ontleed. Die model is gebruik as riglyn vir die navorsing, asook om uiteindelik 23 hipoteses te formuleer en hulle moontlike onderlinge verhoudings uiteen te sit. Gebaseer op die statistiese ontledingsproses, is die model en die voorgestelde hipoteses aangepas. Die model is onderverdeel in drie modelle: - Persepsies van nie-winsorganisasies; - Individuele kenmerke van donateurs; en - Donateur persepsies van die nie-winsorganisasie. 'n Deeglike oorsig van die literatuur is gedoen, hoofsaaklik om ondersoek in te stel na die omstandighede van die nie-winssekor oor die algemeen en veral binne Suid-Afrika, asook na donateurs se gedrag. Die konseptuele model wat ontwikkel is volgens die literatuurstudie, is empiries getoets binne 'n Christelike nie-winsorganisasie in Suid-Afrika. 'n Metingsinstrument is spesfiek ontwikkel om primêre data te verkry en vraelyste is gepos aan die totale dontateurbasis van die organisasie. Die inligting van die vraelyste wat teruggestuur is, is opgeneem in 'n Excel-spreitabel en saamgevoeg met inligting van die donateurdatabasis. Die eerste stap was om die geldigheid en betroubaarheid van die metingsinstrument te bepaal. Daarna is 'n ontleding van verkenningsfaktore gedoen, wat gebruik is om unieke faktore uit die navorsingsinligting te identifiseer. Die volgende stap was die toetsing van die teoretiese model volgens 'n erkende toetstegniek wat gebruik word vir strukturele vergelykings. Die resultate van die ontleding is daarna gebruik om 'n geskikte model te skep vir die bestuur van donateurs van 'n Christelike sendingorganisasie. Die navorsing van die gedrag van donateurs van religieuse nie-winsorganisasies en veral Christelike organisasies is baanbrekerswerk in Suid-Afrika. Die resultate dui ook daarop dat donateurs van religieuse organisasies verskillend reageer as donateurs van ander nie-winsorganisasies en dat ander benaderings dus noodsaaklik is om eersgenoemde se lojaliteit en vertroue te bekom en te behou.

Thesis (DComm (Economics))--University of Stellenbosch, 1982. / The subject discussed in this dissertation is that of how universities should best be financed. This appears, prima facie, to be a readily solvable question, but is in fact one that contains innumerable disguised difficulties. Casual observation confirms that resources are allocated, which places the subject undeniably in the realm of economics. Needless to say however, much more is ultimately at stake than just the economic: educationalists, sociologists, business leaders, indeed all who come into contact with the products of universities in their many guises justifiably believe that they have a contribution to make. Nevertheless, the arguments marshalled below are unashamedly taken from the economist's arsenal, although some aspects of a wider nature are included. In particular the analysis will proceed as if economic efficiency, growth and welfare are the primary aims of society; which is not, of course, to imply that other considerations are trivial. The institutions referred to in the body of the dissertation are those commonly regarded as being the 'white' South African universities. This was necessitated by the division of the universities for administrative purposes between several government departments and the fact that the South African Post-Secondary Education (SAPSE) information system, which forms the basic structure for the empirical sections of the dissertation, has only been introduced for those universities under the jurisdiction of the Minister of National Education. Section 1.4 is devoted to tracing the historical development of this dichotomy and in Chapter 9 some of its implications are investigated. Other institutions for post-secondary education, the Technikons for example, are not dealt with specifically, although much of the analysis could be applied to them as well. As is emphasized in Section 4.5, the policy implications of this dissertation should ideally be applied to the postsecondary education sector as a whole. The primary hypothesis of this dissertation is that a system of formula financing for universities can be economically efficient without in any way encroaching upon university autonomy. This implies several subsidiary hypotheses: firstly, that a decentralized procedure for planning university education, whereby the decisions to enroll are largely left in the hands of students, can lead to economically efficient configurations; that those decisions should be made by considering the social and private costs of education, and not simply the benefits; that the private coats of (university) education are best reflected in prices, that is tuition fees; and that the structure of university costs can be discerned by observing the universities' internal optimization processes as revealed in their ex post patterns of expenditures.