Recentemente passou a ser aceito por amplos segmentos da sociedade as conclusões de cientistas de que o homem vem provocando a mudança climática global em curso por meio da emissão de gases de efeito estufa. E espera-se, se nada for feito, por um agravamento do aquecimento global, em função do aumento da população mundial e do desenvolvimento econômico, para os próximos anos. O resíduo gerado pela sociedade, quando em decomposição, é forte emissor de metano, um dos gases mais maléficos nesse processo. Organismos internacionais liderados pela ONU participam do esforço de limitar as emissões com a negociação de créditos de carbono do Protocolo de Kyoto, o que pode contribuir para viabilizar a adoção de novas tecnologias de tratamento de resíduos. Esta pesquisa traz aos gestores municipais, e aos empreendedores do setor, um modelo de decisão para escolha estratégica das tecnologias mais recentes para tratamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Usando a técnica de abordagem sistêmica (system analysis), com o apoio da teoria de ciclo de vida do produto e do conceito de eco-eficiência, foram traçadas tendências. O modelo de decisão usou a técnica do pensamento focado no valor (Value-Focused Thinking) pertencente à teoria da decisão multiatributo. A partir da percepção de importantes formadores de opinião, aponta-se que as tecnologias de aterro sanitário, incineração e de processamento por plasma térmico, acompanhadas da coleta seletiva, da recuperação energética, da separação e da reciclagem, têm cada uma importante parcela de contribuição na solução do problema ambiental. Também é apontado que a combinação da coleta seletiva, seleção do lixo para aumento do seu potencial energético, processamento por plasma térmico acompanhado da geração de energia, é a mais efetiva para ser adotada num município de porte médio do Estado de São Paulo, para os próximos vinte anos. Ao final da pesquisa, as soluções estudadas foram apresentadas a gestores públicos para validação do modelo. / Recently it became accepted, by large segments of society, the conclusions of several scientists that man has been causing a global climatic change through the emission of greenhouse gases. If nothing is done, an increase in global warmth is expected in the years to come, due to the growth of world population as well as economic growth. The waste generated by society, while decomposing, is a strong methane emitter, one of the gases that contribute the most to the global warmth. International organisms, led by UN, have joint efforts in order to limit the emissions of greenhouse gases with the negotiation of carbon credits, mechanism created by the Kyoto Protocol, which may turn the adoption of new technologies of waste treatment economically feasible. This research brings to the public managers and entrepreneurs of this sector a decision-making model to strategically choose the most recent technologies for the treatment of municipal solid waste. Using the system analysis technique, supported by product?s life cycle theory and the concept of eco-efficiency, some tendencies of this sector have been mapped. The decision-making model uses the Value-Focused Thinking technique, which belongs to the multi-attribute decision theory. From of the gathering opinions of important stakeholders, some technologies may be pointed as the most important contributors to solving this environmental problem: landfill technologies, incineration and plasma process, accompanied also by energy recovery, waste sorting and recycling. It is also suggested that a solution of waste sorting, a process of generating refused derived fuel, and plasma process followed by energy recovery is the more effective combination to be adopted by a medium-size city in the near future. At the end of the research works, the studied solutions were presented to public managers to validate the model.

A discussão em torno da degradação ambiental tem origem nos debates iniciados na década de 70. A presente dissertação se insere no escopo da crítica ecológica desenvolvida a partir da teoria do capital monopolista e de seus desdobramentos contemporâneos, ao incorporar as contribuições feitas por François Chesnais et all sobre a dominância financeira. O objetivo dessa dissertação é oferecer os paralelos existentes entre as politicas internacionais sobre o meio ambiente e a trajetória percorrida pela economia internacional ao longo dos últimos 30 anos. O contexto histórico no qual o tema se origina é o processo de endividamento dos países do Terceiro Mundo, e a implementação dos Programas de Ajuste Estruturais, a partir da década de 1980. A dissertação busca apresentar as permanências e as rupturas existentes entre os mecanismos de ajuste e as políticas internacionais voltadas ao meio ambiente, incluindo a ratificação do Protocolo de Quioto, processos desenvolvidos sob a mediação neoliberal. / The discussion of environmental degradation originates in debates started in the 70s. This thesis falls within the scope of the ecological critique developed from the theory of monopoly capital and its contemporary developments, to incorporate the contributions made by François Chesnais et all on the financial dominance. The objective of this dissertation is to provide the parallels between the international policies on the environment and the trajectory by the international economy over the last 30 years. The historical context in which the issue arises is the process of indebtedness of Third World countries, and the implementation of the Structural Adjustment Programs from the 1980s. The dissertation aims to show the continuities and ruptures between the adjustment mechanisms and international policies related to the environment , including the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol, developed under the mediation processes neoliberal.

The thesis International Climate Change Law presents international legislation in the area of climate protection. Specifically, it focuses on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol and proposed legal aspects of the new agreement, which is to arise from the 21st yearly session of the Conference of the Parties in Paris. In its introduction the thesis outlines the scientific background of the climate change and political and technical approaches to its solution. Then, it gives an overview of the development of the international law in this area, including its political context. The following chapters analyse key legal documents highlighting their objective, principles, commitments, and tools. The last chapter sums ups and briefly analyses the most important aspects of the proposed legislation.

Climate system protection from the legal point of view The global warming is one of the most serious and acute problem, that is touching all the global society. Growing of the greenhouse gasses is evoking the change of climate system, especially the warming of the Atmosphere and the Earth. In the last 100 years the temperature rises, what cause a lot of problems not just on the environment, but impacts on human health and society. Many of recent scientist studies clearly indicate, that climate changes are a result of human activities. Consequences of the global warming have been observed for several years, included rising global average temperature, rising of the sea level, melting glaciers and severity of extremes such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods and droughts. To preclude this consequences, there is necessary a global action with participation of every country. The aim of the diploma thesis is an introduction to the reader create a picture of the functioning of the climate system and its changes, causes and consequences of these changes and clarify the activities to protect, whether it is the activities of international, multinational or the Czech Republic. Finally, I will try to assess the individual activities and measures, including measures of adaptation, or to compare them and...

The increasing volume of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has led to the creation of European Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). This system should also fulfil an incentive function to reduce emissions. The EU ETS also participates in revenues of the state budgets. This master thesis deals with impacts of EU ETS on revenues of state budgets for each member states of this system. The thesis is compiled with calculations of revenues of state budgets. This methodology is then applied to the assessment of the impact of auctioning of emission allowances on the Czech state budget and is demonstrated on three possible scenarios.

This work discusses the development of solar energy exploitation in Czech republic and partially in Germany. It contains basic definitions of terms in the area of renewable energy sources, such as solar energy, fotovoltaic powrplants etc. In next part it describes development of solar systems in Czech republic and birth of legislation that regulates it. The main part of the work analyzes status quo of solar systems in Czech republic, especially in relation to continuous development of legislative environment. Equal attention is paid to solar energy evolution in Germany and its simmilarities with Czech environment. Based on these findings potential trends are outlined.

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Darbo objektas – „žalioji“ investavimo sistema. Darbo tikslas – ištirti „žaliosios“ investavimo sistemos įgyvendinimo galimybes Lietuvoje. Darbo uždaviniai: remiantis mokslinės literatūros analize, atskleisti „žaliosios“ investavimo sistemos sampratą; išnagrinėti užsienio šalių patirtį kuriant ŽIS; remiantis Aplinkos ministerijos pateikiamais duomenimis, sudaryti ŽIS įgyvendinimo Lietuvoje galimybių tyrimo modelį; atlikti ŽIS įgyvendinimo galimybių Lietuvoje empirinio tyrimo modelio įvertinimą bei nustatyti pagrindines ŽIS įgyvendinimo Lietuvoje galimybes ir kliūtis. „Žalioji“ investavimo sistema yra naujas finansinis mechanizmas, kurio dėka pajamos, gautos iš nustatytosios normos vienetų pardavimo, yra toliau investuojamos į šiltnamio dujų mažinimą. Atlikus ekspertų apklausą, nustatyta, kad Lietuvoje tikslingiausia skirti 80 proc. „sunkaus“ ir 20 proc. „lengvo žalinimo“ projektams. Lietuvoje yra daug neišnaudotų energijos efektyvumo didinimo ir atsinaujinančių išteklių kūrimo galimybių, o stiprioji ŽIS pusė yra jau veikianti Lietuvoje teisinė bazė ir institucinė sistema. Tyrimas parodė, kad per mažai žmogiškųjų išteklių panaudojama ŽIS kūrimui, tobulinimui ir valdymui ir LAAIF yra silpnas žmogiškųjų gebėjimų ir kompetencijos. Nustatyta, kad Lietuva sugebės laiku parduoti tik dalį, o ne visą NNV perteklių. Kadangi Lietuva turi galimybių įgyvendinti ŽIS, ji gali sėkmingai dalyvauti tarptautiniame klimato kaitos kapitalistiniame žaidime pasinaudodama šiuo naujuoju finansiniu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / An object of the work – “green” investment scheme. The aim of the work - to research the potentialities of implementation of “green” investment scheme in Lithuania. Tasks of the work: on the basis of scientific literature analysis to specify the concept of the “green” investment scheme; to consider the foreign experience in developing GIS; based on data, supplied by the Ministry of the Environment, to create the model of opportunities for implementation GIS in Lithuania; to execute the assessment of empirical study model of GIS Implementation opportunities in Lithuania and to identify the key opportunities and barriers of GIS implementation in Lithuania. “Green” investment scheme is a new financial mechanism, by which the income from sale of the assigned amount units is being further invested in a greenhouse gas reduction. Executing experts survey, identified that dedicating 80 percent for “hard” and 20 percent for “soft greening” projects is the most appropriate variant in Lithuania. In Lithuania is a lot of unused energy efficiency and renewable resource development opportunities and a strong GIS side is already operating legal framework and institutional framework of Lithuania. The study showed that too little human resources is being used for GIS design, development and management and LEIF is weak of human capacity and competence. It was found that Lithuania will be able to sell only a part, but not all AAU surplus. Since Lithuania has the opportunities to implement GIS... [to full text]

The Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism (‘CDM’) allows developed countries to invest in developing country projects, to effect both greenhouse gas emission reductions and sustainable development, in exchange for carbon credits. This study considers how Brazilian CDM projects currently promote or inhibit sustainable development in Brazil. Brazil originally proposed the CDM-type framework, led the developing countries in the multilateral negotiations, and now ranks third globally for CDM project investment. The critical legal geography literature and corresponding hybrid analytical framework is applied to analyse the overlapping and multi-layered legal space of CDM projects in the context of an uneven physical and human geography. It applies legal and qualitative social research methods including textual analysis of English and Portuguese-language documents, onsite visits, semi-structured and unstructured interviews, focus groups and case studies of twelve Brazilian CDM projects of varying project types to consider: • The environmental policymaking processes underlying Brazil’s position in the international climate negotiations and how that position impacts Brazil’s assessment of proposed CDM projects’ sustainable development benefits; • The role of the Brazilian Proposal from the 1997 Kyoto Protocol negotiations in Brazil’s ongoing assessment of proposed CDM projects; • Brazil’s enunciated sustainable development criteria for CDM projects against the criteria actually applied; • The role of state environmental licensing authorities and nonstate actors in defining appropriate sustainable development benefits for CDM projects; and • The resulting (neo-)regulatory framework for Brazilian CDM projects’ sustainable development benefits in the context of legal pluralism. This dissertation concludes that Brazil’s CDM-specific domestic regulation is driven by the negotiating positions Brazil has taken in the international climate negotiations, most notably the 1997 Brazilian Proposal. As a result, Brazilian government-based CDM-specific regulation only considers the CDM projects’ Greenhouse Gas emission reductions benefits. Brazilian approval of domestic CDM projects also entails confirmation of administrative compliance with certain non-CDM specific regulatory frameworks, but institutional capacity issues within state and local regulatory agencies tend to undermine the effectiveness of assessing administrative compliance rather than legal and regulatory compliance. This government based regulatory framework is augmented by non-state actors, who have a neo-regulatory impact on corporate activity through demands for sustainable development benefits, giving rise to corporate sustainability programmes. There is scope for this neo-regulatory impact to extend to addressing sustainable development issues more broadly through NGO engagement with local and state environmental licensing authorities in the determination of appropriate environmental licensing conditions. In each case, the achievement of substantial sustainable development benefits is impeded by the lack of a mature multi-stakeholder dialogue involving a local government and civil society. As a result, corporate actors dominate consideration of appropriate sustainable development benefits.

The climate protection under international law Key words: international climatic law, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol Abstract The purpose of the thesis is to analyze the system of climate protection in international law. In the thesis, there is described the history of the part of international law concerning climate changes, the contemporary international climatic law itself, and some of the most serious problems concerning the topic. The reason for my research is to introduce the basic system of international climatic law, as well as to show how modern international law is created. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter describes the international climatic law as a part of the international environmental law, shows the forms of treaties used in the international environmental law and presents the reasons why the form of framework convention was used in the case of international climatic law. The second chapter analyzes the history and evolution of international climatic law. From the first political declaration to the most recent international conventions, the most important milestones of the development of the international climatic law are shown. The third chapter presents the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change itself as the...