Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, U.S. Army, 1967. / "April 1967." Typescript. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in microfiche.

Project (M.B.A.) - Simon Fraser University, 2004. / Theses (Faculty of Business Administration) / Simon Fraser University. MBA-MOT Program. Senior supervisor: Dr. Colleen Collins-Dodd.

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 167-171). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis--Catholic University of America. / Vita. Bibliography: p. 205-216.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Sociology, June 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of St Andrews, April 2008.

No description available.

Drug abuse has always been a world problem. Recently people abuse both controlled and prescribed drugs. Opioids, cocaine, cannabis and amphetamines are the most widely abused drugs. The picture of the drug abuse problem in Scotland can be understood by an extensive study of drug prevalence and characteristics of drug use in the region. In drug-related deaths, post-mortem analysis, which includes autopsy and collecting samples for histological and toxicological analysis, is necessary to be carried out to investigate whether any drug has contributed to the cause of death. The samples which are commonly collected for toxicological analysis are blood and urine. However, when those fluids are not available, body tissues may be taken as alternative samples, such as liver and skeletal muscle. In this case, it is necessary to understand how drugs move and diffuse to these tissues after death. This phenomenon, which is known as post-mortem redistribution, may cause difficulties in the interpretation of post-mortem drug concentrations. Several studies have tried to investigate post- mortem redistribution including how drugs diffuse in the body after death. However, post-mortem redistribution is still not completely understood. This study proceeded by interrogating post-mortem data within the period of 2011-2016 held by Forensic Medicine and Science (FMS), University of Glasgow to review trends of drug-related death in the West of Scotland in which amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS), cocaine and opioids were detected. Opioids were most commonly detected (81.9%) in drug-related deaths in the West of Scotland, followed by cocaine (21.6%) and ATS (9.4%). The interrogation of post- mortem data within the period of 2007-2016 was also carried out to understand certain pathological conditions which are caused by drug abuse. From the results, it is clear that in the West of Scotland people tend to abuse multiple drugs. This trend may apply in the other part of the country and around the world. It is also clear that, even though methadone was prescribed to assist users to stop from drug addiction, especially heroin, many methadone users still abuse other drugs, as methadone was found in most of the cases in addition to other drugs. For this reason, it is important to investigate the results of drug addiction therapy and educate potential users. Subsequently, methods were adapted for analysing liver and muscle samples from the FMS in-house methods for analysing ATS and basic drugs in autopsy blood and validated according to the standard practices for method validation in forensic toxicology (SWGTOX, May 2013). All ATS drugs (amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA, PMA, PMMA, MDMA and MDEA) and basic drugs (amitriptyline, citalopram, methadone, mirtazapine, sertraline and tramadol) gave acceptable bias, precision, linearity, recovery and stability for analysing liver and muscle samples. An experimental model for drug diffusion in tissues was studied to simulate and understand drug diffusion in humans. The diffusion rate that was used in this model is in accordance with the volume of distribution of each drug. This model is easy and simple to be carried out in any small laboratory. Blood, liver and muscle samples were analysed from 10 cases collected during the period from August 2016 to April 2017 after the next of kin signed the informed consent forms. Four basic drugs (amitriptyline, methadone, mirtazapine and sertraline) were found in 9 cases and analysed to investigate the ratios between blood, muscle, right liver and left liver. The ratios of drug concentrations of muscle:blood, left liver:right liver were found to be lower than 2. As a result, drug concentrations in muscle can be reliable for toxicological interpretation when blood is not available. The ratio of drug concentration in liver and blood has been suggested as a marker of post-mortem redistribution(1) and this study has shown that the ratio of drug concentration in liver and muscle can also be diagnostic in cases where blood is not available.

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor / Determina la validez del indicador diatomeas como prueba diagnóstica para diferenciar la muerte por asfixia de sumersión vital de la muerte por sumersión pasiva post morten; en cadáveres necropsiados en la Morgue Central de Lima durante el período 2008 al 2013. El tipo de estudio es observacional, descriptivo, analítico-comparativo. La muestra de estudio abarca 60 de 70 informes periciales de necropsia médico legal y muestra 60 de 70 informes periciales de biología forense donde se realiza toma de muestra para diatomeas; los 10 restantes son considerados no válidos por presentar datos incompletos. A la revisión de 50 resultados de exámenes de diatomeas en cadáveres necropsiados por asfixia de sumersión vital, se encuentran 35 exámenes de diatomeas con resultados positivos que hacen un 70% del total y 15 exámenes de diatomeas con resultados negativos que hacen un 30% del total. Las diatomeas se localizan con mayor frecuencia en pulmones e hígado con 15 (42.86%) de 35 necropsias por asfixia de sumersión vital con examen de diatomeas positivo. A la revisión de 10 resultados de exámenes de diatomeas en cadáveres necropsiados por sumersión pasiva post morten, se encuentran 7 exámenes de diatomeas con resultados positivos que hacen un 70% del total y 3 exámenes de diatomeas con resultados negativos que hacen un 30% del total. Las diatomeas se localizan con mayor frecuencia en pulmones con 7 (100%) de 7 necropsias por sumersión pasiva post morten con examen de diatomeas positivo. Para determinar la validez del indicador diatomeas se evalúa la sensibilidad que da un resultado de 70%, una especificidad de 30%, valor predictivo positivo de 85% y valor predictivo negativo de 15%. Concluye que el indicador diatomeas es válido como prueba diagnóstica para diferenciar la muerte por asfixia de sumersión vital de la muerte por sumersión pasiva post morten. / Trabajo académico

The research investigated the legal status of the Sulha in the criminal law of the State of Israel. This research is a qualitative-interpretative-exploratory single case study. Its main goal was to create scientific and professional knowledge with practical ramifications for the judicial world, as well as to develop a new theory and model of the Israeli criminal process that would allow for the incorporation of Sulha within the Israeli criminal process. The qualitative data collection methods and sources used were structured interviews, a Delphi survey, documents, the researcher's professional experience and a personal diary. The 16 interviewees were professional, credible, trustworthy and expert people in their field. Seven (7) experts in the field made up the Delphi panel. The research met all of its goals and objectives of the study questions: What is the legal status of Sulha in Israeli criminal law? How can the Sulha be incorporated in Israeli criminal law, and what contribution would Sulha make in this respect? What action is required for Sulha to be incorporated in Israeli criminal law? The findings showed that criminal statutory laws, Israeli courts, and parole committees do not recognize the Sulha as an alternative conflict settlement venue in criminal cases. The findings showed that Israeli courts and parole committees have two principal approaches to the question of the legal status of the institution of Sulha in Israeli criminal law. One approach refuses to grant the institution of Sulha any binding legal status in Israeli criminal law, while according to the other approach Sulha can serve as a consideration in a person’s favor, but not as a decisive consideration, and certainly not one that binds the courts or parole committees. The findings showed that it would be possible to enhance the Israeli criminal law by incorporating the Sulha within the criminal law. Incorporation of the Sulha in the Israeli criminal law would enhance and improve the Israeli criminal law by achieving speedy justice, by reducing the caseload of the courts, by increasing public confidence in the criminal process and the judicial activity, by reducing the frequency of erroneous judgments, by achieving restorative justice, by promoting reconciliation and by facilitating the achievement of peace between the parties affected by the criminal act. Further, the Sulha could contribute greatly to reconciliation and to the installment of peace in Israeli society and achieves restorative justice. A bill (law draft) has been prepared for the incorporation of the Sulha in the criminal law in Israel. The researcher is convinced that the Knesset (lsraeli Parlament) will approve it as soon as possible.