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The purpose of this essay is to propose a comprehensive legal theory of implementation allowing for a deeper understanding of the failures of contemporary Public Administration. Such a theory requires its proper methodology, which is, In fact, the missing link between administrative law and the so-called new sciences. The thesis takes the view that the systemic approach satisfies the above requirements, for it makes possible the broader concepti6n of law, viewed within Its social context. It also makes salient the decision-making element inherent in the implementation process. In this way, it enables the researcher to identify and interrelate important but latent factors of implementation failure, neglected or even overlooked by purely legal or purely empirical implementation studies. This deeper understanding of implementation, drawn from the relevant theoretic systemic models, is a necessary prerequisite for a sound policy making, avoiding the pitfalls of implementation failure. On the other hand, the usefulness of the proposed comprehensive legal study of implementation is shown in the Second Part of the thesis. For this purpose, a characteristic case of administrative failure has been selected and analyzed on the basis of the relevant theoretical model proposed in Part One. The case refers to the failure of urban policy in Greece as expressed in the phenomenon of unauthorized development. It is a case worth studying, since the failure is due to a multiplicity of factors other then the relevant legislation (statute of 17.7.1923), which is of a remarkable quality. The models and findings of the study can be applied to any case of implementation failure, thereby facilitating not only diagnosis but prevention of failures as well.

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The foetus and its legal status in Sunni Islamic law constitute the topic of this thesis. This topic was chosen due to two main reasons. First, it is a topic of great social relevance, particularly with regards to the issues of abortion, ensoulment and foetal rights. Second, it is a topic that has received scant scholarly attention. Indeed, we find that many scholars deal with issues related to the foetus such as inheritance, bequests and blood-money inter alia in their discussions of such issues. We do not find a work concentrating solely on the foetus, thereby gathering many rulings concerning it in a single oeuvre. Hence, given the current state of scholarship as well as the social relevance of the rulings concerning the foetus, this topic was chosen as the main theme of this thesis. / This thesis explores the different tools utilized by jurists to arrive at these rulings. It tackles the issues of conception, ensoulment, abortion and gestation before proceeding to the rulings concerning the foetus' parentage, inheritance and blood-money. In doing so, it resorts to fiqh books from the four Sunni schools of law. It argues that the foetus was recognized as a "person" under the law and that great effort was extended towards securing many rights in its favour.

This thesis started with one question: “how could we make the legal system more fair for more people?” One possible answer is given to that question in the four chapters that follow: we can achieve a more fair and efficient legal system by providing our citizens with a basic level of legal literacy. That basic education includes a general knowledge of the structure and foundation of law, its content and purpose and finally the role of the people within political systems supporting different kinds of legal theories. I have argued that such education will increase people’s interest about legal matters while encouraging them to take a more active role with regards to legal matters. Often emphasized in this thesis is the role of interpretation within law. I’ve argued that the central role of interpretation in law could serve as an advantage for the citizens given that they sport the belief that they could bring out positive changes within their society and provided that they become motivated to take action based on that belief. The first step in achieving such changes is increasing legal literacy, an intricate part of which would be to show ordinary citizens the many subtlties that exist at different levels of law. People’s awareness of such subtleties accompanied with further institutional changes which would allow them to seek legal advice at an affordable rate and in different ways – as suggested in chapter four of this thesis - should help prevent many legal troubles from arising in the first place, thereby leading to a more fair and efficient legal state: one in which less injustice is seen and more resources are spent on issues that cannot be helped.

The quality of Nigerian Legal Education is fast deteriorating and in addition, the current structure of monitoring the training of lawyers is grossly ineffective. This thesis discusses steps that can be taken in reforming the current structure of Nigerian legal education to revert this trend. This thesis proposes a sytem of internal institutional assessment by law faculties in Nigeria. Financial, social-cultural constraints and politicl economy interference are obstacles to reforming Nigerian legal education, but institutional assessment can mitigagte these obstacles. Using Mariana Prado's concept of institutional bypass as a solution to overcoming these obstacles and also as a means of advancing reforms in the training of lawyers in Nigeria, this thesis proposes the adoption of institutional assessment as a strategy to create an avenue for stimulating reforms and promoting quality in Nigerian legal education.

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