Mise en oeuvre de techniques de modélisation récentes pour la prévision statistique et économique.

Regler om skattelättnad för utländska arbetstagare med hög kompetens infördes i Sverige första gången 1985 och 2001 reformerades och utvidgades reglerna. Från att endast gälla forskare kan nu även experter och nyckelpersoner med specialistkunskap eller företagsledandeställning tillämpa reglerna. Syftet med reglerna var att locka arbetskraft inom forskning och produktutveckling till Sverige för att bidra till att ny kunskap och teknologi kommer svensk ekonomi till del. Forskarskattenämnden är även fortsättningsvis de som beslutar om skattelättnader men nu finns även möjlighet att överklaga nämndens beslut. Den kortfattade lagtexten ger ytterst lite ledning om vilka som ska kunna beviljas skattelättnader. I praxis har domstolen valt att döma utifrån syftet med reglerna och har varit restriktiv i att utöka reglernas tillämpningsområde. Detta har lett till en stor brist i förutsägbarheten och reglerna har därför sällan kunnat användas i rekryteringsskedet, eftersom de sökande  inte med säkerhet kan avgöra ifall skattelättnader kommer beviljas eller inte.  Reglerna har därför fått motstå mycket kritik och en ändring infördes 1 januari 2012. Tillägget i reglerna innebär att alla som uppfyller de formella kriterierna och har en månadslön på över två prisbasbelopp beviljas skattelättnader. Syftet med tillägget är att förenkla och öka förutsägbarheten, speciellt för personer inom nyckelpersonkretsen. Uppsatsens analys visar att tillägget kan anses vara ändamålsenligt i förhållande till syftet med tillägget, men endast för de som tjänar över 2 prisbasbelopp eftersom osäkerhet kvarstår för de resterande sökande. Sett i förhållande till syftet med de ursprungliga reglerna är svaret mycket mer tveksamt. De nya reglerna kommer att utvidga personkretsen på ett sådant sätt att tillägget inte kan ses som ändamålsenligt i förhållande till det ursprungliga syftet. / Rules regarding tax reliefs for high skilled foreign workers were first introduced in Sweden in 1985 and the rules were reformed and expanded in 2001. From only being applicable on scientists the rules now can be used by experts and people with a key- or a managerial position. The purpose of the rules was to attract foreign workers within research and development to Sweden to increase the knowledge and use of advanced technology. The Taxation of Research Workers Board still decides if reliefs will be granted or not but now the decision can be appealed. The brief statutory text gives very little guidance about who should be granted tax reliefs. In practice, the Court has chosen to judge by the purpose of the rules and has been restrictive in expanding the scope of the rules. This led to a major gap in the predictability and the rules could therefore rarely be used in the recruitment phase because the applicants could not with certainty know if tax reliefs would be granted or not. The rules have therefore been subject to a lot of criticism and an amendment was introduced in January 2012. The amendment of the rules means that all who meet the formal criteria and have a monthly salary that exceeds two price base amounts is granted tax reliefs. The purpose of the amendment is to simplify and increase the predictability, especially for the people in a key position. Essay’s analysis shows that the amendment can be considered as appropriate in relation to the purpose of the amendment, but only for those who have a monthly salary that exceeds two price base amounts, this because uncertainty remains for the remaining candidates. Seen in relation to the purpose of the original rules, the answer is much more doubtful. The new rules will extend the scope of people in such a way that the amendment cannot be seen as appropriate in relation to the original purpose.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--Lehigh University, 2000. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-105).

This work presents a novel and pragmatic approach to Curriculum Development by combining theoretical knowledge with expertise in the form of practical rules within a Knowledge-Based System. As a broad generalisation, the literature on Curriculum Development tends to focus on theoretical issues and fails to address the practical needs of course designers in engineering, particularly in countries with developing educational systems. The main achievements of the present research are: " demonstration that Knowledge-Based Systems can be successfully applied to Curriculum Development. Reports of Verification and Validation by experts and end-users are presented. " an innovative approach to Curriculum Development by providing course designers in engineering with sound advice concerning their specific needs (by combining built in expertise with their own data as input from the keyboard) in the subdomains of Introduction to Curriculum Development, Methods of Curriculum Content Identification, Course Structure, Learning Outcomes and Student Assessment. This approach has led to the representation of expertise through practical and numerical rules which has never been published. "a framework for building Knowledge-Based System which incorporates a novel strategy for knowledge acquisition using several experts. This was the result of devising the concepts of Boundaries, Limits, Inputs and Outputs which ensured that the size and integration of the knowledge base were kept under control and prevented the conflict of expertise. " an element for training in Curriculum Development by developing an Explanation Network which provides the end-user with concepts and principles relevant to the curriculum theory. This vehicle for training, which comes in addition to the advice given in the main consultation, is also a novel feature in the development of Knowledge-Based Systems. Indeed the research has shown that there is scope for acquiring expertise on Curriculum Development yet a wide variety of techniques of knowledge elicitation were needed to acquire specific rules from the Curriculum Development experts. The research also has demonstrated that these rules can be implemented in a portable, standalone system. The work concludes with a reflective discussion about the major findings of this research which underpins the recommendations about the use and dissemination of this Knowledge-Based ystem.

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Sexual offence against children is a complex issue and a major problem in South Africa. Trained and skilled social workers as expert witnesses are needed to help the courts deal with this problem in our courts. A specialised knowledge in the field of forensic expert witnessing in sexual offence cases is a must. Since a University degree in Social Work does not adequately prepare social workers to be effective expert witnesses the Social Work Profession receives much criticism in this regard. Probation Officers, Forensic Social Workers from SAPS and Forensic Social workers in private practice were included in the study in an attempt to investigate the problem and suggest possible solutions. The problem is a lack of skilled, trained and knowledgeable professionals in certain areas of the spectrum, e.g. sexual abuse in a child’s case. / Thesis (MSW (Forensic Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Sexual offence against children is a complex issue and a major problem in South Africa. Trained and skilled social workers as expert witnesses are needed to help the courts deal with this problem in our courts. A specialised knowledge in the field of forensic expert witnessing in sexual offence cases is a must. Since a University degree in Social Work does not adequately prepare social workers to be effective expert witnesses the Social Work Profession receives much criticism in this regard. Probation Officers, Forensic Social Workers from SAPS and Forensic Social workers in private practice were included in the study in an attempt to investigate the problem and suggest possible solutions. The problem is a lack of skilled, trained and knowledgeable professionals in certain areas of the spectrum, e.g. sexual abuse in a child’s case. / Thesis (MSW (Forensic Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

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Long years of experience in the field and sometimes in the lab are required to develop consultants. Texas A&M University recently has established a new method to develop a drilling expert system that can be used as a training tool for young engineers or as a consultation system in various drilling engineering concepts such as drilling fluids, cementing, completion, well control, and underbalanced drilling practices. This method is done by proposing a set of guidelines for the optimal drilling operations in different focus areas, by integrating current best practices through a decision-making system based on Artificial Bayesian Intelligence. Optimum practices collected from literature review and experts' opinions, are integrated into a Bayesian Network BN to simulate likely scenarios of its use that will honor efficient practices when dictated by varying certain parameters. The advantage of the Artificial Bayesian Intelligence method is that it can be updated easily when dealing with different opinions. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to show a flexible systematic method to design drilling expert systems. We used these best practices to build decision trees that allow the user to take an elementary data set and end up with a decision that honors the best practices.