L’importance des descentes de la fin du XVIIe siècle et du XVIIIe siècle contre la côte bretonne a renforcé l’image d’âge d’or de la Bretagne des XVIe et XVIIe siècle alors épargnée par les guerres. Pourtant, la Bretagne est une frontière maritime du royaume de France depuis le mariage de la duchesse Anne avec Charles VIII. La côte de cette province est marquée par de nombreux débarquements et sa défense est au centre des préoccupations. Toutefois, si la Bretagne est frontalière, les contours de cette frontière sont difficiles à cerner. Cette étude propose d’examiner l’organisation de la défense de la Bretagne pour mieux comprendre les différentes perceptions de la frontière maritime, d’une part par l’Etat royal et ses représentants dans la province et d’autre part à l’échelle de la Bretagne par les institutions locales, Etats, Parlement et Chambre des comptes, et également par les habitants de la côte. Les périodes de crises que constituent les descentes ou les craintes de leur occurrence, ainsi que les oppositions entre le pouvoir royal et les pouvoirs provinciaux quant à la forme que doit prendre la défense de la province, sont un levier qui permet de mieux appréhender l’évolution de la construction de la frontière et donc de sa perception aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles. / The importance of raids in the late seventeenth century and the eighteenth centuries against the Brittany coast has strengthened the image of a golden age in Brittany in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries supposedly spared by war. Yet Brittany is a maritime frontier of the kingdom of France since the marriage of Duchess Anne with Charles VIII. Numerous landings strike the coast of this province and his defense is a central concern. However, the limits of this border are difficult to identify. This study proposes to examine the organization of the defense of Brittany to understand the different perceptions of this maritime boundary, on the one hand by the Royal Government and its representatives in the province and on the other in Brittany by local institutions, Estates, Parliament and Chamber of Accounts, and also by the inhabitants of the coast. Periods of crises that are raids or fears of their occurrence, as well as conflicts between the royal government and the provincial authority on the form to be taken by the defense of the province, provide insight into the changes in the construction of the border and thereforce its perception in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

This study examines representations of the ‘enemy’ found in the published and unpublished military narratives of the 6th, 7th and 8th Frontier Wars which took place in the Eastern Cape between 1834 and 1853. The Xhosa were most frequently represented as the ‘enemy’, however, there were also references to the Khoikhoi ‘rebels’ in the 8th Frontier War. It will be argued in this thesis that an elaborated discussion of military narratives could assist in an analysis of the complicated process of colonization and the establishment of British control at the Cape. The study pays attention to the accretion of representations of the Xhosa in the military narratives and it focuses on the formative military ideas which underpinned the delineation of the Xhosa and how writers adopted these ideas to describe the conditions of frontier warfare. The thesis does not focus only on the conflict it also asks how the regular army presented itself as a ‘knowledge-based’ institution. Further questions relate to what soldiers did besides fight and whether their ‘knowledge’ led to the power to enunciate on and control South Africa’s indigenous inhabitants. Some narratives, such as Harriet Ward’s and Edward Napier’s, were deeply tendentious especially in their opposition to contemporary ‘philanthropic’ ideas; these polemical interventions also will be traced. Furthermore, the study will argue that representations of the Xhosa were mobile and commentary on the frontier wars fed into the metropolitan publication circuit. The substance of the military narratives was heterogeneous and the publications included passages which conveyed evidence of pronounced forms of colonial violence and a distinctly racialized vocabulary. However, concomitantly, colonial, guerrilla warfare threw up reciprocities and borrowings in that both the Xhosa and the regular army exhibited flexibility in their tactics. This meant that the insights of soldiers in the narratives were often ambivalent: regular army protagonists asserted a sense of cultural superiority but intimations of vulnerability and alienation were also revealed in the texts. Keywords: Eastern Cape, frontier wars, representation, enemy, narrative, the Xhosa.

This thesis is a textual analysis and discourse analysis that examines the social and programmatic construction of the videogame Minecraft by interrogating how code, design, and fan modifications limit and facilitate play in and outside the game. This thesis will argue that the constitution of gender--and subjectivity, more broadly--is reflected in the language, space, and bodies that shape the boundaries of the virtual world. What makes a player "cyborgian" when they embody a virtual avatar may have less to do the abstraction of agency into a computerized self and more to do with the way in which humans create and maintain conduits to exist between worlds that are both digital and material.

The Internet is a product of the organizational structure of the Office of Science and Research Development, scientific corporate liberalism of Vannevar Bush's post-WWII policies, the process-oriented rhetoric in Science: The Endless Frontier, and Kennedy's commitment to the New Frontier. This thesis first examines the network infrastructure and then the Web in succession, following the common use of the metaphor, which moved from the rhetoric of science in the 1940s to a metaphor that financially and ideologically supported the Pentagon's Advanced Research Project Agency infrastructure in the 1960s and then finally created the value-laden features of the Internet, cyberspace, and its culture in the 1990s. This thesis connects the stages of development of the Internet to uses of the frontier in political rhetoric.

This thesis explores the (re-)positioning of the EU border agency Frontex within a wider shift towards humanitarianism and human rights in EUropean border governance. By examining Frontex’s public self-representation through time, it shows that the agency has gradually appropriated humanitarianism and human rights, while at the same time continuing to rely on a conceptualisation of migration as a security issue. The thesis traces this development, outlining how the agency has increasingly mobilised all three discursive formations in its public narratives about itself, border controls, and unauthorised migration to EUrope. Seeking to move beyond analysing Frontex through its public documents and statements only, the thesis complements this analysis with insights gained through interviews and informal conversations with Frontex staff and guest officers, as well as participant observations at Frontex events and in joint operations between May 2013 and September 2014. Exploring the perceptions of those working for and with Frontex, it complicates common portrayals of Frontex as a unitary, rational actor in EUropean border governance. Instead, it argues that Frontex is better understood as a highly fragmented organisation situated in an ambiguous environment and faced with inconsistent and contradictory demands. Situated at the intersection of critical security studies and critical migration and border studies, this thesis seeks to make three contributions to these literatures: first, it argues that critical security studies would benefit from a cross-fertilisation with insights gained in new institutionalism, which add organisational dynamics as an additional layer of analysis to developments in broader security fields. Second, it provides insights into the relationships between the discursive formations of security, humanitarianism, and human rights in contemporary border governance. The thesis argues that the three formations, at times seen as opposed to one another, share a number of important commonalities that create the conditions of possibility for the appropriation of humanitarianism and human rights by security actors such as Frontex, and for the emergence of new coalitions of actors in the EUropean border regime; as security, humanitarian, and human rights actors share the goal of rendering EUropean border controls less (visibly) violent. Third, the thesis provides rare empirical insights into the security actor Frontex, which has remained relatively opaque and elusive despite attracting much interest within academic and activist communities alike.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A pesquisa aborda a imigraÃÃo brasileira no Paraguai. Conforme algumas estimativas, cerca de 350 a 450 mil brasileiros migraram para o paÃs vizinho a partir do final da dÃcada de 1950, constituindo-se no maior fluxo migratÃrio de brasileiros para um Estado limÃtrofe. Esse processo singular ocorreu a partir da junÃÃo de aÃÃes planejadas pelos Estados nacionais e de deslocamentos populacionais espontÃneos. Os imigrantes brasileiros se concentraram nos departamentos (correspondentes aos estados brasileiros) do Alto ParanÃ, CanindeyÃ, Amambay, Itapua, Caaguazu e CaazapÃ. Eles formaram, ao longo das quatro Ãltimas dÃcadas, vÃrias cidades onde predominam a lÃngua portuguesa, os canais de televisÃo brasileiros, as mÃsicas e tradiÃÃes culturais do Brasil. O confronto entre os imigrantes, principalmente os produtores de soja, e os setores camponeses da sociedade paraguaia tÃm gerado conflitos de classe, Ãtnicos, nacionais e civilizacionais, mas tambÃm novas formas de integraÃÃo dos imigrantes à sociedade paraguaia. A imigraÃÃo brasileira, a influÃncia econÃmica do Brasil no Paraguai e a forÃa dos meios de comunicaÃÃo brasileiros no paÃs vizinho ampliam a zona de contatos interculturais e de disputas de poder entre brasileiros e paraguaios. Esses processos podem ser compreendidos a partir do conceito de fronteiras em movimento. Essa noÃÃo visa articular os conceitos de Estado-naÃÃo, fronteiras nacionais e imigraÃÃes internacionais e concebÃ-los em constante movimento. Analiso as frentes de expansÃo demogrÃfica, econÃmica, polÃtica e cultural dos brasileiros na fronteira leste do Paraguai, os confrontos do passado entre os dois paÃses atualizados nos conflitos do presente, a figuraÃÃo âtrabalhadoresâ brasileiros e âpreguiÃososâ paraguaios e a dinÃmica das classificaÃÃes e das negociaÃÃes das identidades nacionais (paraguaios, brasileiros e âbrasiguaiosâ) na regiÃo de fronteiras. Esses movimentos sÃo contraditÃrios, tensos e permeados por relaÃÃes assimÃtricas de poder entre o paÃs de origem dos imigrantes e a naÃÃo de destino. A imigraÃÃo brasileira no Paraguai gera fronteiras simbÃlicas, hibridismos culturais, variadas tensÃes, colocando em risco os limites fixos dos Estados nacionais. As imagens cristalizadas e delimitadas dos mapas das naÃÃes nÃo correspondem à dinÃmica da vida nos espaÃos fronteiriÃos.

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Through Her Own Eyes: Environmental Rhetoric in Women’s Autobiographical Frontier Writing identifies frontier women, those who traveled overland to the West and those who homesteaded, as historical ecofeminists. The purpose of this study is to analyze frontier women’s environmental rhetoric in their journals and letters, which encouraged readers to become closer to nature and get to know it while encountering new land in the West. Promoting a close relationship with nature, frontier women’s writing also implied conserving and protecting nature for future generations, which demonstrates how they can be retroactively labeled ecofeminists. Frontier women’s environmental rhetoric reveals their alignment with Carolyn Merchant’s theory for harmony between humankind and nature: partnership ethics. Although many historians have mentioned frontier women’s emphasis on nature in their narratives, few have explored frontier women’s nature writing at length. Glenda Riley has completed a book-length study of early American women environmentalists, but she mentions only women whose environmental work led to documented activism or membership in conservation organizations. Annette Kolodny’s work focused on frontier women’s fantasies about the west, rather than their environmental rhetoric as a way of persuading readers, whereas my work uses frontier women’s daily writing to demonstrate an evolving environmental ethic that helps to categorize them as historical ecofeminists. An archival project, this study relies upon the archived overland journals of Sarah Sutton and Nancy Sherwin, both housed at UC Berkeley’s Bancroft Library as well as the letters of female homesteader Elinore Pruitt Stewart, archived at the Sweetwater County Museum. A visit to the archives at the Sweetwater County Museum yielded the treasure of Elinore Pruitt Stewart’s numerous unpublished letters. Frontier women’s philosophical alignment with ecofeminism made it possible for ecological philosophies to begin taking root in the American West. As historical ecofeminists, frontier women’s writing laid the foundation for the modern-day ecological conscience that makes individuals work to conserve nature for future generations.

The town of Fort Walsh was established in 1875 next to the North-West Mounted Police post of the same name in the Cypress Hills of southwestern Saskatchewan. Although it may appear to have been an isolated town built during the burgeoning years of the Canadian west, it became a thriving centre of activity with many businesses and people of various backgrounds attracted to this locale. Both the town and the post were abandoned in 1883.<p> Fort Walsh became a National Historic Site in 1968 and in the decades following, many areas were archaeologically recorded and excavated within the town. This thesis analyzed the artifacts of ten of these operations to identify the possible contributors of the material culture. This was accomplished by identifying the types of social (households) and economic (businesses) units that were present in the town from the historical records. A representational artifact assemblage was constructed for each unit and compared to the locales that had been excavated in the town. Analysis of the data led me to conclude that the operations best represented four family households, two Métis family households, three male-only households and one possible male-only household or restaurant.<p> The archaeological and historical information from the town was also combined to reconstruct the layout and settlement pattern of the town. Overall, the town of Fort Walsh was found to lack organization and did not follow any type of pattern which was in contrast to the typical structured pioneer settlements of that time as was seen at the contemporaneous town of Fort Macleod. Many factors may have contributed to the settlement pattern seen at Fort Walsh including topography and access to resources. I argue within this thesis that perhaps it was the large Métis population at Fort Walsh that influenced the layout of the town since there were similarities between the settlement pattern of Fort Walsh and Métis hivernant villages in the Cypress Hills.

The town of Fort Walsh was established in 1875 next to the North-West Mounted Police post of the same name in the Cypress Hills of southwestern Saskatchewan. Although it may appear to have been an isolated town built during the burgeoning years of the Canadian west, it became a thriving centre of activity with many businesses and people of various backgrounds attracted to this locale. Both the town and the post were abandoned in 1883.<p> Fort Walsh became a National Historic Site in 1968 and in the decades following, many areas were archaeologically recorded and excavated within the town. This thesis analyzed the artifacts of ten of these operations to identify the possible contributors of the material culture. This was accomplished by identifying the types of social (households) and economic (businesses) units that were present in the town from the historical records. A representational artifact assemblage was constructed for each unit and compared to the locales that had been excavated in the town. Analysis of the data led me to conclude that the operations best represented four family households, two Métis family households, three male-only households and one possible male-only household or restaurant.<p> The archaeological and historical information from the town was also combined to reconstruct the layout and settlement pattern of the town. Overall, the town of Fort Walsh was found to lack organization and did not follow any type of pattern which was in contrast to the typical structured pioneer settlements of that time as was seen at the contemporaneous town of Fort Macleod. Many factors may have contributed to the settlement pattern seen at Fort Walsh including topography and access to resources. I argue within this thesis that perhaps it was the large Métis population at Fort Walsh that influenced the layout of the town since there were similarities between the settlement pattern of Fort Walsh and Métis hivernant villages in the Cypress Hills.