Un défi pour les systèmes de recherche basée sur le contenu réside dans la nécessité d’avoir une base annotée. Cette thèse propose un système d’annotation d’images interactif par le regard afin d’alléger la tâche d’annotation. Le but est de classer un petit ensemble d’images en fonction d’une catégorie cible (classification binaire) pour classer un grand ensemble d’images. Parmi les caractéristiques du regard pointées comme informatives sur l’intention des utilisateurs, nous avons élaboré un estimateur d’intention par le regard, calculable en temps réel, indépendant de l’utilisateur et de la catégorie cible. Cette annotation implicite est meilleure qu’une annotation aléatoire mais reste incertaine. Dans une deuxième partie, les images ainsi annotées sont utilisées pour classifier un plus grand ensemble d’images avec un algorithme prenant en compte l’incertitude des labels : P-SVM combinant classification et régression. Nous avons déterminé parmi différentes stratégies un critère de pertinence pour discriminer les labels les plus fiables, utilisés pour la classification, des labels les plus incertains, utilisés pour la régression. La précision du P-SVM est évaluée dans différents contextes et peut atteindre les performances d’un algorithme de classification standard entraîné avec les labels certains. Ces évaluations ont tout d’abord été menées sur un benchmark standard pour se comparer à l’état de l’art, et dans un second temps, sur une base d’images de nourriture. / One daunting challenge of Content Based Image Retrieval systems is the requirement of annotated databases. To limit the burden of annotation, this thesis proposes a system of image annotation based on gaze data. The purpose is to classify a small set of images according to a target category (binary classification) in order to classify a set of unseen images. First, we have designed a protocol based on visual preference paradigm in order to collect gaze data from different groups of participants during a category identification task. Among the gaze features known to be informative about the intentions of the participants, we have determined a Gaze-Based Intention Estimator (GBIE), computable in real-time; independent from both the participant and the target category. This implicit annotation is better than random annotation but is inherently uncertain. In a second part, the images annotated by the GBIE from the participants’ gaze data are used to classify a bigger set of images with an algorithm that handles label uncertainty: P-SM combining classification and regression SVM. We have determined among different strategies a criterion of relevance in order to discriminate the most reliable labels, involved in the classification part, from the most uncertain labels, involved in the regression part. The average accuracy of P-SVM is evaluated in different contexts and can compete with the performances of standard classification algorithm trained with true-class labels. These evaluations were first conducted on a standard benchmark for comparing with state-of-the-art results and later conducted on food image dataset.

Punitive gynaecology is a set of healthcare-related attitudes and practices that aim to take control of a woman's body, sexuality and reproductive system in order to produce a reformed body. This thesis scrutinizes thephenomenonofpunitivegynaecology in modernRussia.Narrativeinquirywas conducted to provide an understanding of the ways punitive gynaecology works on the female body, restructures it and inscribes meanings. Autobiographical narratives are analysed and located within a wider socio- political context to concretize the dimensions of punitive practices in gynaecology. The main foci of analysis are the medical gaze, the spatial organization of the gynaecological clinic, pastoral power and agency in the gynaecological examination, the sexuality of the examination, the contingencies of shame, pain and embarrassment. The research uses a Foucauldian framework to uncover power relations permeating the doctor-patient interaction in the gynaecological examination. This thesis thus offers a reflectiononthepreferredmodes ofembodiment anddocilitythat punitivegynaecology attempts toinstil in its' subject. Keywords: punitive gynaecology, discipline, power, gaze, agency, body, hegemonic femininity, clinic, doctor-patient interaction, docility

The purpose of this thesis is to explore how gender norms are represented and depicted in the commercial sphere of fashion, affecting primarily females. The thesis will highlight the voices of several young females of today and their perception of how it is to be influenced and exposed to gender norms in regards to fashion. This thesis theoretical chapters consists of theories in gender norms, norm-critical design, fashion magazines, editorial design, fashion photography, norm-critical photography and intersectional feminism. Furthermore, the method used for this paper are interviews, a total of 17 people were interviewed, whereas five of them are currently working in either the commercial fashion industry or as creatives on a global level. The interviews occurred online, through both emailing and Instagram. This thesis concludes that several aspects, primarily based on the male gaze negatively influence gender norms in the commercial sphere of fashion. However, it is also concluded that there are several change agents, working towards breaking these toxic influences. The thesis is also part of a design project, which final outcome is exhibited at the exhibition Windows Of Opportunity. An online exhibition hosted by the program Design + Change and Visual Communication + Change, at the Linnaeus University in Sweden. https://2020.designportfoliolnu.se/studentwork/rewrite/

This essay has studied how successful women are portrayed in the reality show Swedish power women. The purpose was to examine if stereotypes and gender norms are reproduced or challenged. Theoretical perspectives such as gender, gender norms, stereotypes and the male gaze were used to investigate the portrayal of successful women. To analyze the empirical material, consisting of three episodes from the first season, a semiotic analysis was used. Using the analytical tools of semiotics, such as denotation, connotation, stereotypes, and camera angles, the research purpose was analyzed and answered. The result showed that the successful women usually were depicted from a camera angle at eye level. The women had an active role in the series which contributes to the fact that the male gaze rarely occurs. The women’s characteristics were described as hardworking, driven, and enterprising but also as insecure and challenged by performance anxiety. Their lifestyle was described as a stressful everyday life where they balance work, love life, and family. The women were often portrayed in superficial environments which contributes to a focus on appearance fixation. Finally, the relations between women and men were portrayed as an equal relationship where no one has a higher status than the other. The main findings showed that stereotypes and gender norms are both reproduced and challenged. The essay suggests that in the long run, this kind of portrayal can contribute to a more neutral way of portraying women and blur the lines between masculine and feminine qualities.

Affordable and relatively accurate eye trackers are becoming more accessible for the mainstream user, consequently opening up new opportunities for utilizing eye gaze in interactive real-time applications. When extending gaze data from an eye tracker into real-time rendered 3D virtual environments, there are often techniques applied to correlate the gaze point to a 3D object. Techniques which can be referred to gaze-to-object mapping (GTOM) methods. One featured GTOM method, region-bound Interactors, provided by the eye tracking company Tobii AB, was extended in this thesis by utilizing a custom G-buffer in order to extract accurate shapes of individual objects in screen space. This adapted method was compared against two methods based on ray casting in a controlled 3D test environment consisting of three types of scenarios with varying conditions. Data was collected from a user study with 31 participants to assess if the Interactors method could be viable in 3D virtual environments. The extended method showed some promising result in relation to the other methods, but further work needs to be done to establish whether the method in question is practical for GTOM in 3D. / Relativt precisa eyetrackers med ett lågt pris blir allt mer tillgängliga för den vanlige användaren. Således öppnas nya möjligheter upp för att använda ögonspårning i interaktiva realtidsapplikationer. När man förlänger ögats blickpunkt in till virtuella realtidsrenderade 3D-miljöer, används ofta metoder för att kunna korrelera blicken till ett 3D-objekt. Dessa metoder kan benämnas som så kallade gaze-to-object mapping-metoder (GTOM). En GTOM-metod, regionsbundna Interactors, som tillhandahålls av eyetracking-företaget Tobii AB, kompletterades under detta examensarbete med en specifik G-buffer för att kunna extrahera exakta former av enskilda objekt på skärmen. Denna metod jämfördes med två metoder som var baserade på strålföljning i en kontrollerad testmiljö i 3D som bestod av tre typer av olika scenarier med varierande förhållanden. Information samlades in från en användarstudie med 31 deltagare för att kunna bedöma om Interactors-metoden är lämplig för GTOM i virtuella 3D-miljöer. Den utökade metoden uppvisade en del lovande resultat i förhållande till de andra två metoderna, men ytterligare forskning måste utföras för att kunna fastställa om huruvida den aktuella metoden är praktisk för GTOM i 3D.

No description available.

Context. Eye tracking technology has been applied to video games, mainly, as an offline analysis tool or as an input for game control. Nevertheless, eye tracking systems applied to video games is a topic considered to be on an infant state that requires further development. The following study explore a different approach in how eye tracking systems can be used for video game interaction. Objectives. By implementing a gaze based interaction technique, a gaze aware space shooting game will be developed in order to provide in-game assistance that could improve player's performance. Method. With the help of a Tobii REX eye traking system, a set of 26 volunteers played two video games in a controlled environment. Both of the games had the same mechanics and elements, but only one of them implemented the gaze based interaction technique. The player performance was calculated in terms of the time needed by the players to finish each of the games. A statistic significance analysis was done in order to determine if the testing data provided sufficient evidence to conclude a performance improvement. Results. The results showed a reduction on the time needed to finish the game on the gaze aware prototype, having an average time difference of 74.03 seconds and overcoming a confidence level of 99.9\% when submitting the testing data to a paired t-Test. Also, the majority of the players chose the gaze aware game as the most enjoyable, in terms of their personal preferences. Conclusions. The testing results provided sufficient evidence to conclude that the gaze aware game improved the performance of all of the selected participants. This study provides a starting point for further development of eye tracking systems as a task assisting method on video game interaction.

This essay argues that the depiction of women in Seamus Heaney’s poems “Bog Queen” and “Punishment” results from the male gaze in three ways: the narrative viewpoint, stereotypical characterization, and the objectification of the female body. The following essay analyses the poems through an ecofeminist perspective that enables examination of the female characters as personifications of nature – “Bog Queen” as Mother Earth and the victim of “Punishment” as Nerthus, the fertility goddess. The analysis explores three areas; historical context, ‘The Feminine Principle,’ and Nussbaum’s list of ‘Feminist Perspectives on Objectification’ to answer how the male gaze is present in the three aspects. The male gaze is argued to be attributed to an androcentric narrative that presents a man and country’s sense of revenge, stereotypes that are totems of the male fantasy, and dehumanizing sexual objectification that enables appreciation of the dead bodies of women.

The thesis of theoreticaly- empirical orientation is focused on voyeurism in contemporary society. Special attention is paid to the subject in a position of such voyeur and to the reflection of voyeurism by subject himself, on the case of series as artificial privacy, which is ready for voyeur's gaze. The thesis has interdisciplinary character and seeks to explore voyeurism as a society-wide phenomenon and point out its causes in contemporary society. Theoretical part put voyeurism into a broader context of various theories of contemporary (visual) society. In the empirical part, it tries to reveal the causes of voyeurism and especially subject's reflection of this causes and of voyeurism itself. In a final part it tries to sketch possible insights into the issue of voyeurism with regard to results from empirical part. The object of the thesis is to study voyeurism interdisciplinary as a characteristics for contemporary society and connect individual parts and aspects of this problem, which provide us with more complex view, and also attempt to reveal its causes and refelection of this causes by subject Keywords voyeur, voyeurismu, gaze, visuality, series, contemporary society, identification

Denna studie granskar hur perspektiv på femininitet manifesteras i kvinnliga fotografers bilder av andra kvinnor på Instagram. En av de fundamentala drivkrafterna som kvinnliga fotografer på medieplattformen Instagram uppvisar i sitt arbete, är att förmedla ett kvinnligt perspektiv på världen. Genom kvalitativ semiotik undersöker studien de möjliga betydelser kring femininitet som går att utläsa i bilder vars teman berör upplevelsen av att vara kvinna. Den lyfter frågan om det egentligen finns ett enhetligt kvinnligt perspektiv - och i så fall, hur tar det sig uttryck? Resultaten indikerar att vad som definierar de kvinnliga blickarna i dessa bilder kan tolkas på ett antal sätt - som internaliseringar av patriarkala strukturer, som försiktiga brytanden mot normer av representationer av kvinnor i media, eller som ironiserande satirer. Men även att det finns en kvinnlig erfarenhet, som handlar om att växa upp som kvinna, bemötas och leva som kvinna, som syns i dessa fotografers arbete. / This study looks at how perspectives on femininity are manifested in female photographers’ images of other women on Instagram. One of the fundamental incentives that female photographers on the media platform Instagram show in their work is to convey a female perspective on the world. Through qualitative semiotics, the study explores the possible meanings about femininity that can be deduced in images with themes concerning the experience of being a woman. It raises the question of whether there actually is a homogenous female perspective - and if so, how is it expressed? The results indicate that what defines the female gazes in these images can be interpreted in a number of ways - as internalisations of patriarchal structures, as careful breaches against norms of female representation in the media, and as ironic satires. But also that there is a female experience that is about growing up defined as a woman— being treated as and living as a woman — that is visible in the work of these photographers.