The main theme is the differences in response among the churches to the Shinto Shrine Issue in Korea under Japanese colonialism. The central focus is an inquiry into the possible reasons why some religious groups, including the Catholic and Methodist Churches, should choose the way of compromise, while others, such as the Presbyterian Church, represented by individual missionaries and the Non-Shrine Worship Movement and the Mount Zion Sect, chose the way of radical challenge and withdrawal. It is proposed in this study to concentrate on three major churches - the Roman Catholic, the Methodist and the Presbyterian.This study offers, firstly, a detailed analysis of the content of the debate, the attitudes and actions of the three churches towards the shrine problem in their historical evolution since 1931; secondly, an attempt is made to explain the different positions of the three churches in terms of the sociology of religion and the sociology of missions. The sociological consequences of religious experience provide a general framework. The main assumption is that the difference in ideological elements is more important in religious institutions than has been usually thought. In explaining the differences of position in the three churches, the following eight factors are proposed: (1) Theological emphasis; (2) Church structure; (3) World view; (4) Mission policy; (5) Relationship to nationalism; (6) Relationship to non-Christian religions; (7) Early historical experience; and (8) Nationalities of missionaries.The thesis is divided into two parts: (1) Part I (Chapters One to Three) reviews the theoretical and methodological literature relevant to the study of the Shinto Shrine Issue. It also surveys the introduction of the two principal forms of Christianity (Roman Catholicism and Protestantism) in Korea, and examines modern Japan, State Shinto and Christianity.(2) Part II (Chapters Four and Five) comprises a detailed analysis of the positions of the three Christian churches towards the shrine problem, and a systematic comparison of the different responses of the three churches by employing the above-mentioned eight factors.Three key factors are proposed in respect of the denominational division in the matter of the Shinto shrine question: theological emphasis, mission policy and church structure. Attention is also drawn to the historical discontinuity in motivation between the Non-Shrine Worship Movement by the fundamentalists and the recent political struggle for justice by the liberals. The legacy of the ordeal of the Shinto shrine controversy in the 1930s remains as an obstacle to the reconciliation between ultra-conservative theology and liberal 'minjung' theology. It is therefore demonstrated in this thesis that the particular form of religious outlook is a relevant factor in its own right, which is not to be reduced to other variables. Thus for the purpose of this study, the tools of Weber seem to prove more effective than do those of Marx.

Working paper summarizing research into cataloging theory, history of science, mathematics, and information science. / The report summarizes a research program that has been investigating how catalogers, other Cultural Heritage information workers, World Wide Web/Semantic Web technologists, and the general public understand, explain, and manage resource description tasks by creating, counting, measuring, classifying, and otherwise arranging descriptions of Cultural Heritage resources within the Bibliographic Universe and beyond it.

W.D. Hamilton has been celebrated as the twentieth-century Darwin. His extension of evolutionary theory to explain social behaviours has been extensively documented. Current accounts, however, have often overlooked the extent to which his early research goals were tied to his desire to see that a better world was created through a scientific understanding of society. In fact, when his interests in humans, and especially his eugenic concerns, have been acknowledged, they have been distanced from his scientific achievements and treated separately. Using new sources to reexamine the development of Hamilton’s most famous idea, the theory of inclusive fitness, we may better understand how his perception of cultural upheaval shaped his reading of social behaviours as evolved characters following universal laws. Understanding this, we may see that however successful Hamilton was, he never realized his original dream, which was to devise a theory that would inform the human world, replacing religious and ideological beliefs. As he sought to solidify his career in the 1970s, he moved away from publicly disclosing his more controversial ideas. This meant that by the time the science of social behaviour inspired heated debates, he was almost always absolved from political critiques. Many assumed that his theory was derived from observations of insects, and his eugenic ideas were forgotten, ignored, or not understood. He was therefore well positioned to become the objective figurehead of a new discipline, sociobiology. This does not mean that his desire to understand society as the result of genetic laws subsided, and by placing inclusive fitness against its social and political background, we might reimagine its trajectory and its impact in new ways. We might also begin to see Hamilton not as an isolated scholar unengaged with society but as an individualist whose extra-scientific beliefs paralleled his scientific theories in meaningful ways.

Orientador: Silvia Regina Quijadas Aro Zuliani / Banca: Jorge Megid Neto / Banca: Fernando Bastos / Resumo: O Programa Nacional do Livro Didático para o Ensino Médio (PNLEM) enquadra-se dentro de uma política pública de avaliação, compra e distribuição de obras didáticas aos professores e alunos de escolas públicas, sendo uma medida recente que atendeu, progressivamente, as disciplinas de Língua Portuguesa, Matemática, Biologia, História, Química, Física e Geografia no Ensino Médio. Referente à Química, os livros didáticos enviados pelas editoras foram submetidos, em 2007, a várias etapas de análise por uma equipe de especialistas da área de Química de universidades públicas e privadas. Como resultado foi elaborado o Catálogo do Programa Nacional do Livro para o Ensino Médio (PNLEM/2008: Química), um documento que apresenta e discute, via resenha, as características das obras aprovadas, seguidas pela ficha avaliativa, no anexo. Entre os eixos orientadores dessa ficha de avaliação há critérios, eliminatórios e classificatórios, referentes à natureza da ciência. Mas, apesar de considerarem a História da Ciência na análise, verificamos que esse aspecto - natureza da Ciência - é relatado de forma vaga nas breves resenhas de alguns livros pelo Catálogo. Dessa forma, investigamos como essas obras de Química apresentam a História da Ciência, sendo escolhido o conceito de susbstância química para tal verificação, uma vez que a construção dessa temática releva uma riqueza histórico-epistemológica ao longo dos anos. A análise desses materiais didáticos foi fundamentada na análise de conteúdo, um viés que possibilitou a construção de categorias para a leitura crítica do material, com subseqüente identificação das características das obras. Os dados obtidos revelam que alguns autores levam em consideração, em maior ou menor grau, aspectos histórico-epistemológicos no tratamento de alguns conceitos, ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The National Program of the Textbook for High School (PNLEM) it's a public politic of evaluation, purchase and distribution of textbooks to the teachers and students of the public schools, being a gradual action for disciplines of the High School, as Portuguese Language, Mathematical, Biology, History, Chemistry, Physics and Geography. In the Chemistry area, its textbooks sent by publishing companies had been submitted, in 2007, to some stages of analysis by a specialists' set of the area of Chemistry of public and private universities. As result was elaborated the Catalogue of the National Program of the Textbook for the High School (PNLEM/2008: Chemistry), a document that presents and argues the characteristics of the textbooks approved followed for the valuation fiche, in the annex. It enters axles of this valuation fiche has criteria, eliminatory and classificatory, referring to the nature of Science. But, although analysis to consider the History of Science, we verify that this aspect - nature of Science - is treaty of vacant form in the brief review of some textbooks by Catalogue. Thus, we investigate as these Chemistry textbooks explore the History of Science, being chosen the chemical substance concept for this verification, a time that the construction of this thematic presents a rich historical-epistemological description. The analysis of these didactic materials was based on the content analysis, a technique that made possible the construction of categories for the critical reading of the material, with subsequent identification of the characteristics of the textbooks. The results show that some authors worked, in greater or minor degree, historical-epistemological aspects in the treatment of some concepts, but is has necessity to review some limited or absent questions, as the discussion on the scientific methodology and the... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Mestre

During the late 1970s and mid 1980s the subject of terrorism received much attention by the Western scientific community. Many complain that the field of terrorism is full of inconsistencies, contradictions, sterile or/and closed ended debates, and the like. This work reviews and critically discusses the overall literature on terrorism through a conscious departure from current assumptions, methods and approaches, and an uncompromising exposure of these practices. The author believes that the study of terrorism in the West is largely a reflection of the civicist character of Western mainstream scholarship. This work shows that the mainstream Western study of terrorism is best described by a civicist paradigm. It is argued that the character of the Western study of terrorism tends to be selective, ahistorical, unscientific and apologetic in character. Under these circumstances, the effort of Western mainstream political scientists who study terrorism resembles neither politics nor science. Rather, it reflects a litany of apologies for ruling class interests. The Western study of terrorism by being civicist, is therefore inappropriate. The main implication of this argument is that we shall not understand terrorism as a practice or as an ideology, if we continue to treat it as a question of civics and not as a question of politics. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 51-12, Section: A, page: 4267. / Major Professor: Frederick Gareau. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1990.

Nas últimas décadas cresceu o número de pesquisas que defendem os benefícios do uso da História da Ciência na educação científica, entretanto, surgiram também estudos apontando diversas dificuldades para tal fim, inclusive quanto à carência de propostas efetivas para a sala de aula. A partir deste impasse, desenvolvemos uma pesquisa que elabora e analisa o processo de construção de uma abordagem didática da história da radioatividade para o Ensino Médio para ser utilizada por professores de química e de física. Selecionamos aspectos da pesquisa sobre radioatividade, desde seu inicio -- entre as décadas de 1890 e de 1900 -- às suas aplicações, durante o século XX, como tema para a construção de uma proposta didático-metodológica para ensino de física e de química. Além de conceitos científicos, tais episódios permitem discussões metacientíficas, por exemplo, diferenciando a descoberta de um fenômeno natural da construção de explicações sobre ele e a compreensão da ciência enquanto fazer coletivo. Utilizamos como apoio metodológico uma proposta que se propõe a lidar com obstáculos apontados pela literatura, fundamentando a seleção e adaptação de conteúdos históricos na proposição de atividades didáticas, a partir de cada contexto educacional e dos objetivos epistemológicos estabelecidos pelo autor/pesquisador. Oferecemos como resultados desta pesquisa o planejamentos para as aulas, os textos para os alunos (material didático) e para o professor e a análise sobre a construção da proposta, que pode auxiliar outras pesquisas na área. / In recent decades has grown the number of research defending the benefits of using the History of Science in science education, however, there were also studies pointing out the difficulties for that purpose, including proposals for the classroom. From this impasse, we developed a survey that establishes and analyzes the process of building a didactic approach of radioactivity history for the high school for be used by teachers of chemical and physical. We selected aspects of research on radioactivity, since its beginning -- between the 1890s and 1900s -- to their applications, during the twentieth century, as the theme for the construction of a didactic-methodological proposal for physics and chemistry teaching. In addition to scientific concepts such episodes allow metascientific discussions, for example, differentiating the discovery of a natural phenomenon of building explanations about it and understanding of science while making collective. The methodology used, which proposes to deal with obstacles mentioned by the literature, supporting the selection and adaptation of historical contents in proposing educational activities, from every educational context and epistemological objectives set by the author / researcher. We offer as a result of this research the plans for classes, the texts for students (teaching materials) and for the teacher and the analysis on the construction of proposal, that can assist other research in the area.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo apresentar uma proposta didática que privilegie os elementos culturais da Física, a partir de uma abordagem histórico-epistemológica no Ensino Médio. A expectativa nutrida é que com essa abordagem possamos contribuir para alterar um quadro que, em geral, mostra uma física regada de formalismo matemático. Para a realização desse estudo, foi produzido um material didático utilizando como referência básica as Notas de Aula, elaboradas pelo professor João Zanetic, para a disciplina Gravitação, ministrada no curso de Licenciatura em Física do IFUSP. O programa desenvolvido, no material histórico-epistemológico, tratou da construção do paradigma aristotélico e do advento da proposta copernicana que com ele competiu até chegar à teoria gravitacional de Newton, herdeira do desafio copernicano. Na aplicação, realizada com estudantes de uma escola técnica estadual, investigamos se o material histórico - científico viabilizou para os estudantes uma compreensão de que o conhecimento é historicamente construído, procurando desmistificar a visão de uma ciência pronta, neutra e realizada apenas por grandes \"gênios\". Da análise de nossos dados, concluímos que uma parcela dos estudantes considerou significativa a contribuição da história da ciência para concretizar essa dimensão formativa e cultural da Física no Ensino Médio. / This research has as principal objective submit a teaching proposal that prevail the cultural elements of Physics from a historical epistemological approach in high school. We are expecting that with this approach we can contribute to modify a situation that, in general, shows an incomprehensible physical, filled with abstract equations and concepts. To carry on this study, was produced a historical scientific material using as basic reference the Class Notes of Professor João Zanetic, for the discipline it in the course of Degree in Physics teachers. The developed program dealt with the construction of the aristotelic paradigm and the advent of the Copernican proposal that competes with the Aristotelian until arriving at gravitational theory of Newton, heiress of the Copernican challenge. In application, that involved State Technic high school students, we analyzed if the scientific historical material made viable for students an understanding that Knowledge is historically constructed trying to demystify a vision of a finished science, neutral and only realized by great geniuses. The analysis of our results, showed part of the students considered significant the contribution of the history of science to promote this formative and cultural dimension of physics.

O estudo a seguir investiga as origens e o contexto histórico de um conceito historiográfico, a saber, a chamada tese do conflito entre a ciência e a religião. Segundo esta tese, a prática científica possuiria uma indisposição natural e recíproca para com as práticas religiosas, levando-as a um conflito inevitável e historicamente verificável. Os próceres dessa interpretação foram John William Draper (1811-1882), James Young Simpson (1811-1870) e Andrew Dickson White (1832-1918), sobre o qual este trabalho se debruça. White foi, dentre os três, o único que ocupou cadeiras universitárias de ensino de História, sendo considerado um dos primeiros historiadores profissionais dos Estados Unidos da América. Ao longo de décadas elaborou uma série de artigos que, compilados, lhe renderam sua Magnum opus em dois volumes, A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom. A pesquisa se concentra em três eixos fundamentais: a) o contexto biográfico religioso de Andrew White, sua maturação filosófica e sua atuação como professor universitário, bem como o contexto histórico mundial e local no qual a obra foi produzida, rebuscando especialmente sua relação com a Universidade de Cornell; b) uma verticalização analítica dos conceitos históricos e epistemológicos empregados por White, procurando esquadrinhar as especificidades dos termos religião, ciência e teologia, bem como a retórica discursiva do autor; e finalmente c) uma apreciação histórica do desenvolvimento da Crítica Bíblica na Europa e nos Estados Unidos da América e de sua influência na obra de A. D. White. O trabalho revela de que forma o contexto político e mental do século XIX propiciou o surgimento de metáforas bélicas em diversos âmbitos, oferece razões históricas e sociais que explicam a origem do suposto conflito entre a ciência e a religião, apresenta um mapeamento conceitual da obra de White e a relevância da ascensão da Crítica Bíblica como um caminho para assegurar a secularização da prática científica. / The following study investigates the origins and the historical context of a historiographical concept, namely, the so called conflict thesis between science and religion. According to this thesis, scientific practice is endowed with a natural and mutual indisposition regarding religious practices, bringing them to an inevitable and historically verifiable conflict. The champions of this interpretation were John William Draper (1811-1882), James Young Simpson (1811-1870) and Andrew Dickson White (1838-1918), this work dwelling upon the latter. White was, among the three, the only one to occupy university chairs of History teaching, and is considered one of the first professional historians of the United States of America. Throughout decades he elaborated a series of articles that, after compilation, rendered his Magnum opus in two volumes, A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom. This research focuses in three fundamental axis: a) the religious biographical context of Andrew White, his philosophical maturation and his procedure as university professor, as well as the world and local historical context under which the work was yield, rummaging specially its relation to Cornell University; b) an analytical and vertical exposition of the historical and epistemological concepts employed by White, so as to scan the specificities of the terms religion, science and theology, as well as the discursive rhetoric of the author; and finally c) a historical appreciation of the development of Biblical Criticism in Europe and United States of America and its influence upon the work of A. D. White. The work reveals in which way the political and mental context of the 19th century propitiated the emergence of martial metaphors in diverse spheres, offers historical and social reasons that explain the origin of the supposed conflict between science and religion, presents a conceptual mapping of Whites work and the relevance of Biblical Criticism as a way to secure the secularization of the scientific practice.

No campo do ensino de ciências, nas últimas décadas, reflexões teóricas e atividades práticas vêm sendo desenvolvidas a fim de incorporar a abordagem da História, Filosofia e Sociologia das Ciências em currículos, metodologias de ensino, materiais didáticos e programas de formação de professores. Essas discussões, mais presentes nas licenciaturas, pouco aparecem na graduação de pedagogo(a)s, responsáveis pela educação no Ensino Fundamental I e mediadores de diversos conhecimentos, nas variadas áreas. Esta investigação pretende contribuir com esta lacuna e tem como objetivo destacar o processo de construção de concepções mais complexas e dinâmicas de ciência e educação que se desenvolveu ao longo da disciplina de História da Ciência, oferecida em 2017 na Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo para alunos da pedagogia e para estudantes de outros cursos de licenciatura. Trata-se do entrelaçamento entre referenciais teóricos acerca da história da ciência, de ensino e de formação de professores e o estudo de caso empírico, por meio das percepções dos estudantes e da mediação da professora. Verificou-se o reconhecimento, por parte dos próprios educadores em formação, de contribuições dos debates e recursos didáticos desenvolvidos por eles para uma compreensão mais ampla e aprofundada da ciência. Pela concepção de ciência e sua historicidade, os alunos identificaram o caráter histórico do conhecimento, ou seja, reconheceram a importância do tempo, em suas diversas escalas, e do espaço como elementos fundamentais no contorno das construções científicas. Mais uma concepção elaborada nesse percurso aponta o atrelamento entre ciência e a sociedade, contemplando suas esferas social, política, econômica, cultural, ideológica, permeado por controvérsias, disputas e negociações, admitindo o caráter de credibilidade ao invés da ideia de verdade das asserções científicas. Além disso, conceber a ciência como cultura favoreceu o reconhecimento das práticas, técnicas e registros como atividades científicas, superando a imagem de ciência como uma atividade teórica e dogmática. Nesse processo, os professores em formação produziram associações com o ensino dos conteúdos científicos e escolares. Também elaboraram analogias com os fundamentos da educação, de maneira mais ampla. Essas relações entre história da ciência e atividade docente ocorreu tanto no cenário teórico, por meio de reflexões e discussões, como em atividades práticas: elaboração de dinâmicas e materiais didáticos. Isso favoreceu sua formação enquanto sujeitos críticos, emancipados e reverbera diretamente sobre suas práticas docentes. / In the field of Science teaching, theoretical reflections and practical activities have been developed in the past decades in order to incorporate the approach of History, Philosophy and Sociology of Sciences in curricula, teaching methodologies, didactic materials and teacher training programs. These talks, more present in the Licentiate degrees, hardly appear in the graduation of pedagogues, who are responsible for the education in Elementary School I and mediators of knowledge in many areas. This research intends to fill this gap and aims to highlight the process of constructing more complex and dynamic conceptions of science and education that has been developed throughout the discipline of History of Science offered in 2017 at the Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo for students of Pedagogy and other undergraduate courses. It is the interweaving between theoretical references about the history of science, teaching and teacher education, and the empirical case study through the students perceptions and the teachers mediation. There was the recognition, by the training educators themselves, of contributions from the debates and didactic resources developed by them for a broader and more in-depth understanding of science. By the notion of science and its historicity the students identified the historical character of knowledge, that is, they recognized the importance of time, in its various scales, and space as fundamental elements in the outline of scientific constructions. Another notion that came up during this course points to the ties linking science and society, contemplating its social, political, economic, cultural and ideological spheres, permeated by controversies, disputes and negotiations, accepting the character of credibility rather than the idea of truth of the scientific assertions. Moreover, conceiving science as culture favored the recognition of practices, techniques and records as scientific activities, clearing away the image of science as a theoretical and dogmatic activity. In this process, the training educators produced associations with the teaching of scientific and educational contents. They also drew analogies with the fundamentals of education more broadly. These relations between the history of science and teaching activity occurred both in the theoretical setting, through reflections and discussions, as well as in practical activities, with the elaboration of dynamics and didactic materials. This favored their formation as critical, emancipated subjects, and reverberates directly on their teaching practices.

This thesis explores the relationship between Thomas Hobbes and English deism. It seeks to show that Hobbes's work had a significant influence upon subsequent deists, namely, Charles Blount, John Toland, Matthew Tindal, and Anthony Collins. The thesis shows that these deists were influenced by certain distinctively Hobbesian anticlerical ideas, such as his biblical criticism, his materialism and determinism, his scepticism towards present revelation, and more. The deists, who were motivated by a similar form of anticlericalism, found in Hobbes a particularly resourceful ally. Furthermore, this thesis explores how some of Hobbes's political ideas influenced the deists: particularly his concerns regarding the dangerous role that priestly interests played in society and the instability that they generated. This thesis thus argues that Hobbes can be seen as a major influence upon English deism. Secondly, it offers an examination of Hobbes's concepts of God and reason. It shows that whilst Hobbes's accounts of God and reason were multilayered and at times perhaps underdeveloped, they contained significant elements that anticipated the later positions of the deists. Finally, this thesis argues that for Hobbes, the rational potential of humankind, implanted by God, could be cultivated and fulfilled once peace and security are guaranteed. Thus, this thesis attempts to recover some of the more utopian aspects of Hobbes's thought. It concludes that both Hobbes and the deists were part of a project of enlightenment, but one which was not aimed against religion as such. They attempted to liberate natural reason from the darkness of corrupt clerics and their false doctrines: this was an anticlerical enlightenment that was partly initiated by Hobbes and developed significantly by the deists.