The subject of this thesis is the embargo imposed by the United States on Cuba. The first part of the thesis examines embargo as an instrument of foreign policy as well as its place in US foreign policy. The second part deals with the evolution of the embargo toward Cuba in political context from events preceding its declaration until recent months. The last part analyses impact of the embargo on the economies of Cuba and the United States.

Cette thèse propose une étude des représentations de la négociation diplomatique et de leurs implications sur la décision de négocier. A travers une analyse comparée de la politique étrangère des dirigeants américains confrontés aux programmes nucléaires nord-coréen et iranien de 1993 à 2012, elle entend mettre en lumière le rôle des pratiques représentationnelles dans l’acceptation et le refus de négocier et sur les modalités de négociation.L’analyse des discours des membres des administrations Clinton, Bush et Obama à l’aide d’une méthodologie constructiviste permet l’identification de leur imaginaire sécuritaire, grille de lecture à travers laquelle les dirigeants américains ont appréhendé la complexité des problématiques nucléaires nord-coréenne et iranienne et agi en conséquence. L’opérationnalisation de leurs interprétations a toutefois donné lieu à des politiques distinctes en matière de négociation. La thèse discute les implications identitaires que les dirigeants américains ont attribuées à ces politiques, en matière de sécurité ontologique des États-Unis face à la Corée du Nord, en matière de préservation de l’identité de la « communauté internationale » face à l’Iran. Ce faisant, elle propose une compréhension des différences de traitement des problématiques nucléaires nord-coréenne et iranienne et de leur évolution. / This thesis is a study of diplomatic negotiation’s representations and the way these representations impact the decision to negotiate. Through a comparative analysis of the American foreign policy towards the nuclear programs of North Korea and Iran from 1993 to 2012, the role played by representational practices in the acceptance and the refusal to negotiate is enlightened, as well as their role in defining negotiation’s terms.A constructivist discourse’s analysis of the Clinton, Bush and Obama administrations’ speeches allows to identify their security imaginary as an interpretative frame. American leaders grasped the complexity of North-Korean and Iranian nuclear issues through this interpretative frame and took action accordingly. However, the operationalization of their interpretations produced various practices regarding negotiation. The thesis challenges the identity consequences attributed to these practices by the American leaders for the United States, in terms of ontological security in the North-Korean case and in terms of maintaining the “we-ness” of the “international community” in the Iranian case. In doing so, the thesis suggests an understanding of the differences in the way the American administrations responded to North-Korean and Iranian nuclear issues as well as an understanding of their evolutions.

Tatev Derzyan (41794665) The Effectiveness of Erasmus+ and UGRAD Soft Power on Armenia during Hard Times (Nagorno-Karabakh War 2020) Abstract The thesis focuses on soft power and public diplomacy through exchange study programs of the European Union and the United States. Precisely, the thesis studies the influence of the educational exchange programs (Erasmus+ and UGRAD) on the Armenian exchange students in the scope of soft power. After establishing the influence of the exchange programs on the formation of the perceptions about the host countries, the thesis further focuses on the sustainability of the perception taking into consideration the Nagorno-Karabakh Second war which is a 'critical juncture' as it was a dramatic event in the life of the Armenian youth and could have influenced their views of the EU and the US. It is important to note that the academic literature on the exchange students' perceptions does not provide any studies through the lenses of the political events in the participants' home country. Thirty-nine semi-structured interviews have been conducted among the Erasmus+ and UGRAD participants from Armenia alongside the content analysis of the documents that the EU and the US released during the Nagorno-Karabakh Second war in order to understand what was the politics of the host...

MA thesis project Klára Schneiderová PREDICATE ANALYSIS AND ANALYSIS OF METAPHORS USED IN MESSAGES ATTRIBUTED TO OSAMA BIN LADEN REGARDING THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICAAND THEIR EUROPEAN ALLIES FOLLOWING THE 2003 INVASION OF IRAQ INTRODUCTION - War on terror = war on Islam? (analysis of fundamentalist logic and stream of thought) For this Master thesis project, I chose to analyze the terrorist discourse of Osama bin Laden, the leader of the global Jihadist network, al-Qaeda, particularly his messages regarding the United States of America and its European allies following the 2003 invasion of Iraq, as they were gathered in various relevant sources of record up to the near present.1 I chose this topic due to my long-term interest in the Middle East, particularly the relationship and links between religious ideology and politics in the region. The methodology chosen for this work is closely related to media image analysis which I became familiar with during my previous studies and which I applied in my Bachelor's thesis. In the world today, I believe it has become increasingly important to reflect, observe and closely examine the roots and foundations of fundamentalist argumentation and logic, which in this case serve as the key motors of the global Jihadist movement. Following the 9-11-01 terrorist attacks...

Diploma thesis "US lobbyists in the EU: significance of home country regulation for lobbying behaviour in a less regulated environment" tackles the topic of lobbying in terms of comparing two differently regulated environments and the behaviour of lobbyists in these environments. In the introduction, the thesis analyses the current definitions and theoretical anchoring of the expert debate on lobbying, attempts to define this concept and to determine the basic research characteristics. The thesis attempts to describe why lobbying should be regulated and how is affected by lobbying transparency enhancement debate. Subsequently, the thesis describes and compares the regulation of lobbying in the United States and the European Union, while also taking into account international standards. The empirical part of the thesis is based on data provided by the American research center "Center for Responsive Politics". From this basic dataset, the companies and associations that lobby in the United States and the European Union, in particular, their basic documents and websites, are then researched based on established criteria. The aim of the thesis is to analyse whether companies and associations lobbying in a more regulated environment of the United States of America are transferring their 'taught'...

National security of the United States of America is dependent on secure use of the world's oceans. U. S. security interests are bound to international trade which is carried out primarily by ships (80 percent of world trade by volume of which 20 percent is bound to U. S. maritime trade). Vastness of maritime domain brings about many security issues which threaten interests of the United States. Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon on 9/11 caused rapid intensification of security measures. These measures have been implemented to deal with maritime related threats such as terrorism, piracy, drug smuggling, human trafficking, arms trade, computer criminality or natural disasters. This work proceeds from widened concept of security pioneered by authors representing the Copenhagen school.

Arevalo Salas, Amanda Valeria. THE TRIANGULAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LATIN AMERICA - UNITED STATES - CHINA: WHAT STRATEGIC CHOICES DOES LATIN AMERICA FACE?. Master Thesis (Mgr.). Charles University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Political Studies. Abstract In recent years, China has increased its influence in Latin America. This expansion can be considered as uncomfortable for the United States because China could displace its historical hegemonic position in the region. By analyzing the role of integration blocks and interest groups, the development of relations of Latin America with China and the United States, risks and uncertainties, this paper will provide possible scenarios for the development of relations between Latin America, China and the United States and it will describe strategies for Latin America to take advantage of the opportunities that may arise.

This Master thesis, U.S. and the Czechoslovak Crisis in 1938: Policy of Appeasement?, examines the policy of the United States in 1938 during the dispute between Czechoslovakia and Nazi Germany over the Sudeten German issue. This paper is a case study and it analyzes a diplomatic correspondence and public statements of key representatives of U.S. foreign policy in the period March to October 1938. The goal of the paper is to evaluate the U.S. policy towards the Czechoslovak crisis and to consider whether or not the U.S. policy could be labeled as a policy of appeasement. There are four chapters. The first chapter recapitulates U.S. foreign policy before 1938, briefly describes issues of appeasement and describes the Czechoslovak-U.S. relations before 1938. The second chapter deals with U.S. policy during the so-called May crisis. The third chapter focuses on U.S. policy during the Munich Conference. The fourth chapter analyzes attitudes and actions of U.S. representatives in the time of the Munich Conference.

In the years following World War II, Iran became one of the closest allies of United States of America in the Middle East. The era of friendship was replaced by hostilities and mutual mistrust after the 1979 Iranian revolution. In order to understand the current situation the analysis of American foreign policy towards Iran during the reign of Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi has been done. The author of the thesis The Making of a Special Relationship: Iran in the Foreign Policy of the United States, 1953 - 1979 questions what kind of policy the United States adopted towards Iran that inevitably led to such dramatic end? What kind of rule Washington pursued towards Tehran that Revolution arose with anti-American spirit? The research has been performed in a constructivist framework. American foreign policy with its specific values, norms, beliefs, culture and language towards other states creates, according to constructivist scholars, three different types of rule: hegemony, hierarchy and heteronomy. The analysis of U.S. foreign policy and declassified primary documents showed that U.S.-Iranian relations operated in heteronomic structures. United States created rules that determined Iran to be dependent on it. The country under Shah's rule became more developed and powerful, but not independent. Thanks to...

The diploma thesis Women in CIA: From Typists to Trailblazers? analyzes the role of women in the CIA. The development of female workforce within the CIA is tracked in connection to key reforms of the American intelligence community and demands of liberal feminism. The thesis mainly deals with the change of the role of women in the US society and studies areas of intelligence work where gender discrimination against women took place. Although in the past years the number of women on different positions in the CIA proportionally increased, the Agency top management faces a relative scarcity of women. This lower representation of women in the CIA's leadership can diminish effective accomplishment of the CIA's mission. Key Agency's report served for analysis of the transformation of the status of women in the CIA and also for indentifying concrete problems leading to scarcity of women in the CIA's leadership. The author also proposed some incentives for enhancing female representation in the Agency top management.