Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Doctor Pharmaceuticae - DPharm / The popularity and increasing complexity of sustained release dosage forms has resulted in increased costs to the patient. One approach to achieve cheaper, yet effective, sustained release medication is through the simplification of production processes. Matrix tablets have been used to sustain the release of numerous drugs and are cheap to prepare. Since they are single-unit dosage forms, however, they display less predictable transit through the gastrointestinal tract. Hence, they provide less reliable blood levels of the drug in comparison with multi particulate dosage forms. Of the various types of multiparticulates available, pellets are popular for oral administration. A fairly recent innovation, in pelletization technology, is extrusion and spheronization. With this technique it is possible to produce pellets with a high degree of drug loading directly and rapidly. The drug loaded beads are usually coated for a sustained release effect. If one could omit the coating step, it would avoid many problems (thus reducing the number of quality control procedures required) and save chemicals, labour and capital for the purchase of additional equipment. The primary aim of this project was to investigate the preparation of non-coated, spheronized sustained release pellets, while a secondary aim was to prepare beads that can be compressed into sustained release tablets. A tablet can accommodate a larger mass and the compaction forces involved may enhance the sustained release effect. Several techniques were used in an attempt to sustain the release of drugs of different solubilities. In one series of formulations, a novel method was used to incorporate a binder consisting of ethylcellulose in ethanol. Using this technique, the release of Theophylline was sustained for approximately 8 hours. In other formulations, several materials were added to beads with the aim of forming sustained release matrixes. Only magnesium stearate was able to prolong the release of Acetaminophen and Theophylline for a reasonable time. In an attempt to explain why materials that were successfully used in sustained release matrix tablets were of very limited value in beads, an equation was developed to calculate the approximate distance between the retardant particles. Calculations using this equation revealed that the retardant particles were too far apart, within each bead, to expect consolidation to occur. The discrete retardant particles do not retard drug release effectively. Eudragit?-containing beads, which sustained the release of the drug to a small extent, were successfully compressed into tablets, both on their own and in combination with non pareil seeds. In each case, the sustained release effect was improved by compaction. In the case of the products manufactured with non pareil seeds, the tablets disintegrated rapidly to release the beads, thus ensuring that the advantages of multiparticulates were maintained. Because it was realised that a large amount of the matrix material could not be incorporated within the beads if a high dose drug was formulated with Avicel? PH 101, the idea of forming the matrix outside the beads was developed. Several materials were tried in an attempt to form a sustained release external matrix. Eudragit? RSPO prolonged the dissolution of Theophylline for more than four hours. Magnesium stearate was able to sustain the release of Acetaminophen and Theophylline appreciably. In the latter case, the dissolution, in water, of a standard adult dose of the drug was prolonged for more than 12 hours. However, the dissolution in an acidic medium was much faster. The described technique represents an advance in extrusion and spheronization technology. While beads containing Cutina? HR did not show promise as sustained release units, they compacted to form sustained release tablets of good appearance and acceptable strength. These tablets were considered to have been efficiently prepared because the constituent beads were easily manufactured and showed good flowability, and because a glidant and a lubricant were not required. The production of sustained release Indomethacin beads with a more steady release profile than the innovator's product has also been described in other experiments. The research described in this thesis represents progress towards the widespread commercial production of effective non-coated sustained release beads and may encourage further work towards this goal.

Interactions of Asthma Drugs with Artificial Saliva and Mucus. Modeling pulmonary particulate transport requires related biofluid physicochemical properties. Aims included measuring the effects of common aerosol drugs on artificial saliva and diffusivities of asthma medications in mucus. Artificial saliva solutions doped with asthma medications were characterized by pH, interfacial tension, and rheology. To measure diffusion, drug concentration was monitored by time-dependent FTIR spectra, and diffusivity obtained using Fick¡¦s second law. Measured theophylline and albuterol diffusivities were ca. 10-6 cm2/s. Surface Modification of Polymer Films with Light-Emitting Chemicals. To develop a polymer film system that changed color in response to radiation, acid groups of poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) were used to attach two light-emitting polymers: 4„S-(octyloxy)-4-biphenylcarboxylic acid and 2,7-bis(bromomethyl)-9,9-dihexyl-9Hluorene. Each reaction step was confirmed using static contact angle goniometry, FTIR spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy measured the absorption spectra. Modified films were irradiated (ƒÜ=254 nm) and produced blue emissions.

The aim of this work is to study the in-vitro aerodynamic performance of a new inhaled theophylline formulation prepared by supercritical fluids technique. For the analysis of the output from the in-vitro tests (and further in-vivo tests) a new, fast, sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed and validated for the determination of theophylline and other related derivatives in aqueous and urine samples using new packing materials (monolithic columns). These columns achieve efficient separation under lower backpressure and shorter time comparing to other traditionally or newly introduced C18 columns. Solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluid (SEDS) process has been applied for the production of anhydrous theophylline as pure crystals in the range 2-5 ¿m to be used as new inhaled dry powder formulation for asthma. Fifteen theophylline samples have been prepared under different experimental conditions. The drug produced by this method has been subject to a number of solid-phase analytical procedures designed to establish the crystal structure [X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD)], the structure and conformation [(FTIR), Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman)], and the morphology and particle size [scanning electron microscope (SEM)]. While, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have been used to monitor any phase transition or polymorphic changes after processing. All these analytical techniques gave a satisfactory indication of the solid-state chemistry of the processed particles and assess the development of new inhalation product. The performance of inhaled SEDS theophylline with or without a carrier was evaluated using the developed HPLC method. Three samples having different particle sizes were selected out of the prepared powders by SEDS technique to be tested. The dose sampling unit and the Anderson Cascade Impactor were used to determine the in-vitro emitted dose and the deposition profiles of SEDS samples, respectively. The effect of different inhalation flows was studied using two different flows 28.3, and 60 L min-1 with 4 L inhalation volume. Different DPI devices were investigated in this study; Easyhaler® and Spinhaler®. The particle size has an important effect on the aerodynamic behaviour and deposition profile of inhaled drug, the smaller the particles the greater the total lung deposition. The presence of a carrier improves the respirable fraction for all the tested formulations. / Egyptian Ministry of Higher Education

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Os médicos têm solicitado grande número de formulações diferenciadas, sob a forma de cápsulas de liberação lenta ou prolongada, aos farmacêuticos magistrais, com o objetivo de atender as necessidades específicas dos pacientes. Considerando que, praticamente, não há estudos sobre a liberação de fármacos a partir de formas magistrais de liberação prolongada, neste estudo, cápsulas de liberação modificada com 100 mg de teofilina foram preparadas com diferentes polímeros como os derivados celulósicos (Methocel® K100MPRCR, K15MPRCR e E4MCR) em diferentes concentrações, 15-35%. As cápsulas foram manipuladas, empregando o método volumétrico de enchimento de cápsulas. A lactose, de natureza hidrofílica, foi utilizada como diluente, quando necessário. Para o controle de qualidade das cápsulas, determinações de peso médio e teor de fármaco foram realizados nas 17 formulações desenvolvidas. A avaliação da dissolução das cápsulas foi feita de acordo com a Farmacopéia Americana 26 ed., para cápsulas de liberação prolongada (Teste 8), empregando aparato 1 (cesta), rotação de 100 rpm e temperatura mantida a 37ºC ± 0,5 em 900 mL de meio fluido intestinal sem enzimas (pH 7,5). Os perfis de dissolução foram comparados ao de duas especialidades farmacêuticas, sob a forma de cápsulas liberação prolongada. A formulação obtida com 35% da capacidade em volume de Methocel® E4MCR para cápsulas de tamanho 01 e lactose como diluente, evidenciou perfil de liberação de acordo com as especificações estabelecidas, sendo possível obter resultados reprodutíveis com 10 lotes da mesma formulação, através da padronização dos procedimentos adotados durante a manipulação dos mesmos. Por outro lado, as formulações comerciais de cápsulas de liberação prolongada contendo 100 mg de teofilina sob a forma de microgrânulos, quando submetidas ao mesmo ensaio de dissolução, apresentaram rápida liberação do fármaco, indicando que nestas formulações a liberação do fármaco não é fator limitante para a absorção. Para a avaliação da cinética de liberação do fármaco foram aplicados os modelos matemáticos de ordem zero, primeira ordem e Higuchi. Concluiu-se que as matrizes obtidas com os polímeros foram capazes de modular a liberação de teofilina envolvendo os mecanismos de difusão e erosão, prevalecendo o modelo de ordem um. / Pharmacists are called upon by physicians to compound a wide range of different products, including extended-release and slow-release capsules, when patients require specific individualized therapy. Considering that, practically, there aren\'t studies about compounded extended-release dosage forms, in this study, extended-release capsules of theophylline (100 mg) were prepared with different polymers as cellulose (Methocel® K100MPRCR, K15MPRCR e E4MCR) at different concentrations (15-35%). A hand filling relative volume process was used to prepare the matrix capsules. Lactose was used as hydrophilic diluent. For the quality control of capsules, average weight and assay were performed in 17 formulations. Dissolution rate of these capsules were evaluated according to United States Pharmacopeia 26 ed., dissolution method for theophylline extended-release capsules (Test 8). Determinations were performed with apparatus 1 (basket), agitation at 100 rpm and 900 mL of intestinal medium without enzimes (pH 7,5) were kept at 37ºC ± 0,5ºC. Dissolution profiles were compared to two other commercial extended-release capsules. The batch of capsules compounded with 35% volume capacity to capsules size number 1 of Methocel® E4MCR and with lactose as excipient showed dissolution profile according to the especifications and it was possible to reproduce the same results with more ten batches, through the standardized compounding procedure. On the other hand, commercial extended-release capsules containing theophylline pellets (100 mg) showed quick drug release, indicating that the drug release is not a limitant factor to the absorption. Mathematical models like zero¬-order, first-order and Higuchi were applied in kinetic studies of theophylline release from the capsules. The evaluation indicated that the polymers were efficient to control the release of theophylline in capsules and the involved mechanisms were diffusion and erosion and first-order was the model that better fitted for theophylline matrix capsules.

Os médicos têm solicitado grande número de formulações diferenciadas, sob a forma de cápsulas de liberação lenta ou prolongada, aos farmacêuticos magistrais, com o objetivo de atender as necessidades específicas dos pacientes. Considerando que, praticamente, não há estudos sobre a liberação de fármacos a partir de formas magistrais de liberação prolongada, neste estudo, cápsulas de liberação modificada com 100 mg de teofilina foram preparadas com diferentes polímeros como os derivados celulósicos (Methocel® K100MPRCR, K15MPRCR e E4MCR) em diferentes concentrações, 15-35%. As cápsulas foram manipuladas, empregando o método volumétrico de enchimento de cápsulas. A lactose, de natureza hidrofílica, foi utilizada como diluente, quando necessário. Para o controle de qualidade das cápsulas, determinações de peso médio e teor de fármaco foram realizados nas 17 formulações desenvolvidas. A avaliação da dissolução das cápsulas foi feita de acordo com a Farmacopéia Americana 26 ed., para cápsulas de liberação prolongada (Teste 8), empregando aparato 1 (cesta), rotação de 100 rpm e temperatura mantida a 37ºC ± 0,5 em 900 mL de meio fluido intestinal sem enzimas (pH 7,5). Os perfis de dissolução foram comparados ao de duas especialidades farmacêuticas, sob a forma de cápsulas liberação prolongada. A formulação obtida com 35% da capacidade em volume de Methocel® E4MCR para cápsulas de tamanho 01 e lactose como diluente, evidenciou perfil de liberação de acordo com as especificações estabelecidas, sendo possível obter resultados reprodutíveis com 10 lotes da mesma formulação, através da padronização dos procedimentos adotados durante a manipulação dos mesmos. Por outro lado, as formulações comerciais de cápsulas de liberação prolongada contendo 100 mg de teofilina sob a forma de microgrânulos, quando submetidas ao mesmo ensaio de dissolução, apresentaram rápida liberação do fármaco, indicando que nestas formulações a liberação do fármaco não é fator limitante para a absorção. Para a avaliação da cinética de liberação do fármaco foram aplicados os modelos matemáticos de ordem zero, primeira ordem e Higuchi. Concluiu-se que as matrizes obtidas com os polímeros foram capazes de modular a liberação de teofilina envolvendo os mecanismos de difusão e erosão, prevalecendo o modelo de ordem um. / Pharmacists are called upon by physicians to compound a wide range of different products, including extended-release and slow-release capsules, when patients require specific individualized therapy. Considering that, practically, there aren\'t studies about compounded extended-release dosage forms, in this study, extended-release capsules of theophylline (100 mg) were prepared with different polymers as cellulose (Methocel® K100MPRCR, K15MPRCR e E4MCR) at different concentrations (15-35%). A hand filling relative volume process was used to prepare the matrix capsules. Lactose was used as hydrophilic diluent. For the quality control of capsules, average weight and assay were performed in 17 formulations. Dissolution rate of these capsules were evaluated according to United States Pharmacopeia 26 ed., dissolution method for theophylline extended-release capsules (Test 8). Determinations were performed with apparatus 1 (basket), agitation at 100 rpm and 900 mL of intestinal medium without enzimes (pH 7,5) were kept at 37ºC ± 0,5ºC. Dissolution profiles were compared to two other commercial extended-release capsules. The batch of capsules compounded with 35% volume capacity to capsules size number 1 of Methocel® E4MCR and with lactose as excipient showed dissolution profile according to the especifications and it was possible to reproduce the same results with more ten batches, through the standardized compounding procedure. On the other hand, commercial extended-release capsules containing theophylline pellets (100 mg) showed quick drug release, indicating that the drug release is not a limitant factor to the absorption. Mathematical models like zero¬-order, first-order and Higuchi were applied in kinetic studies of theophylline release from the capsules. The evaluation indicated that the polymers were efficient to control the release of theophylline in capsules and the involved mechanisms were diffusion and erosion and first-order was the model that better fitted for theophylline matrix capsules.

Bibliography: leaves 99-106.

Bibliography: leaves 315-366. / 368 leaves : / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Assesses the action of dimethylxanthines on the contractility of respriatory and quadriceps femoris muscle in normal subjects and in patients at risk of respiratory muscle fatigue, using accepted techniques. / Thesis (M.D.)--University of Adelaide, Faculty of Medicine, 1992