Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-165).

The research is concerned with the proposal and the development of a general method for computing rapidly oscillatory integrals with sine and cosine weight integrands of the form f(x) exp(iωq(x)). In this method the interval (finite or infinite) of integration is transformed to an equivalent contour in the complex plane and consequently the problem of evaluating the original oscillatory integral reduces to the evaluation of one or more contour integrals. Special contours, called the optimal contours, are devised and used so that the resulting real integrals are non-oscillatory and have rapidly decreasing integrands towards one end of the integration range. The resulting real integrals are then easily computed using any general-purpose quadrature rule.

As ideias fundamentais sobre entropia de emaranhamento e fluxos de renormalização são expostas, assim como uma introdução a CFTs e sua ligacão com a estrutura do espaco de parâmetros. A anomalia de traço é calculada em uma abordagem semi-clássica usando o método de heat kernel\" e regularização por função zeta . Mostramos que os coeficientes de Seeley-DeWitt são responsáveis pela quebra de simetria conforme em um espaço-tempo curvo de dimensão par, com isso alcançamos uma definição geométrica para as cargas centrais. A inexistência de anomalias no caso de dimensões ímpares também e mostrado. O C-theorem\", que prova a monotonicidade das cargas centrais sob o fluxo de renormalização, é demonstrado como feito por Zamolodchikov por meio de uma abordagem euclideana assumindo unitariedade, positividade por reflexão e condições de renormalizabilidade. A análise feita por Cardy também e demonstrada, nela considera-se os mesmos ingredientes. Por fim, a prova tecida por Casini & Huerta é demonstrada com detalhes, essa prova utiliza das propriedades de strong subadditivity da entropia de emaranhamento, unitariedade e invariância sob o grupo de Poincaré. Com isso, uma conexão com informação quântica é feita naturalmente. No último capítulo generalizamos o conceito de carga central para dimensões ímpares as definindo como o termo universal na entropia de emarahamento de uma esfera. As considerações geométricas feitas para provar o C-theorem\" são estendidas para um espaço-tempo de Minkowski com três dimensões. Como consequência temos a prova do F-theorem\" que é o analogo em três dimensões do C-theorem\". / The fundamental ideas of entanglement entropy and RG flows are laid out, as well as the basics of CFTs and its connection to the framework of RG flows. The trace anomaly is calculated in a semi-classical fashion by using the heat kernel method and zeta-function regularization. It is shown that the Seeley-DeWitt coefficients are responsible for the breaking of conformal symmetry in a curved even-dimensional background, which also achieves a geometrical definition of a central charge. The absence of anomalies in odd space-time dimensions is also contemplated. The C-theorem, which proves the monotonicity of the two dimensional central charge under RG flows, is demonstrated as first done by Zamolodchikov in an euclidean approach assuming unitarity, reflection positivity, and renormalizability conditions. Cardy\'s analysis is also demonstrated by considering the same conditions as Zamolodchikovs . And at last the proof via entanglement entropy by Casini & Huerta which relies on the strong subadditivity property of EE, unitarity and Poincaré invariance is explained in detail, providing a quantum information approach to the problem. In the last chapter a generalization of central charges to odd dimensional space-times is given through the universal term of the EE of a sphere. We provide the extension of the geometrical setup considered in the proof of the C-theorem to a three dimensional Minkowski space-time, which ultimately yields the F-theorem, constituting the three dimensional analog of the C-theorem.

The Grundlagen der Geometrie brought Euclid’s ancient axioms up to the standards of modern logic, anticipating a completely mechanical verification of their theorems. There are five groups of axioms, each focused on a logical feature of Euclidean geometry. The first two groups give us ordered geometry, a highly limited setting where there is no talk of measure or angle. From these, we mechanically verify the Polygonal Jordan Curve Theorem, a result of much generality given the setting, and subtle enough to warrant a full verification. Along the way, we describe and implement a general-purpose algebraic language for proof search, which we use to automate arguments from the first axiom group. We then follow Hilbert through the preliminary definitions and theorems that lead up to his statement of the Polygonal Jordan Curve Theorem. These, once formalised and verified, give us a final piece of automation. Suitably armed, we can then tackle the main theorem.

The purpose of this paper is to present two proofs of Helly's Theorem and to use it in the proofs of several theorems classified in a group called Helly-type theorems.

<p> Hawking's Singularity Theorem establishes the existence of a cosmological singularity in a spacetime for which no global assumptions about causality are made. This theory has been useful for predicting the occurrence of singularities in a spacetime without solving Einstein's field equation. This paper is an exposition of the tools and some of the theory required to prove and apply Hawking's theorem. Emphasis is placed on practical methods for applying this result to the flat, dust-filled Robertson-Walker spacetime, and the black hole interior of the Kruskal extension of the Schwarzschild spacetime.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Structures that demonstrate nonclassicality are of foundational interest in quantum mechanics, and can also be seen as resources for numerous applications in quantum information processing - particularly in the Hilbert space of N qubits. The theory of entanglement, quantum contextuality, and quantum nonlocality within the N-qubit Pauli group is further developed in this thesis. The Strong Kochen-Specker theorem and the structures that prove it are introduced and explored in detail. The pattern of connections between structures that show entanglement, contextuality, and nonlocality is explained. Computational search algorithms and related tools were developed and used to perform complete searches for minimal nonclassical structures within the N-qubit Pauli group up to values of N limited by our computational resources. Our results are surveyed and prescriptions are given for using the elementary nonclassical structures we have found to construct more complex types of such structures. Families of nonclassical structures are presented for all values of N, including the most compact family of projector-based parity proofs of the Kochen-Specker theorem yet discovered in all dimensions of the form 2N, where N>=2. The applications of our results and their connection with other work is also discussed.

Nesta dissertação de mestrado, vamos apresentar uma prova para os grandes desvios para variáveis aleatórias independentes e identicamente distribuídas com todos os momentos finitos e para a medida empírica de cadeias de Markov com espaço de estados finito e tempo discreto. Além disso, abordaremos os teoremas de Sanov e Gärtner-Ellis. / In this master thesis it is presented a proof of the large deviations for independent and identically distributed random variables with all finite moments and for the empirical measure of Markov chains with finite state space and with discrete time. Moreover, we address the theorems of Sanov and of Gartner-Ellis.

A linear differential operator L is called weakly hypoelliptic if any local solution u of Lu = 0 is smooth. We allow for systems, i.e. the coefficients may be matrices, not necessarily of square size. This is a huge class of important operators which covers all elliptic, overdetermined elliptic, subelliptic and parabolic equations. We extend several classical theorems from complex analysis to solutions of any weakly hypoelliptic equation: the Montel theorem providing convergent subsequences, the Vitali theorem ensuring convergence of a given sequence, and Riemann's first removable singularity theorem. In the case of constant coefficients we show that Liouville's theorem holds, any bounded solution must be constant and any L^p solution must vanish.

Nesta dissertação de mestrado, vamos apresentar uma prova para os grandes desvios para variáveis aleatórias independentes e identicamente distribuídas com todos os momentos finitos e para a medida empírica de cadeias de Markov com espaço de estados finito e tempo discreto. Além disso, abordaremos os teoremas de Sanov e Gärtner-Ellis. / In this master thesis it is presented a proof of the large deviations for independent and identically distributed random variables with all finite moments and for the empirical measure of Markov chains with finite state space and with discrete time. Moreover, we address the theorems of Sanov and of Gartner-Ellis.