L’objectif de cette thèse était de réaliser de nouveaux matériaux à émissivité variable dans l’infrarouge pour une application de régulation thermique des satellites artificiels. Dans ce contexte, l’étude s’est concentrée sur l’élaboration et la caractérisation de dispositifs électroémissifs à base d’un polymère conducteur électronique, le poly(3,4-éthylènedioxythiophène) (PEDOT) obtenu par électropolymérisation. Ces dispositifs électroémissifs ont ensuite été évalués dans des conditions partiellement représentatives de l’environnement spatial.La première partie de ce manuscrit a été consacrée à l’incorporation du PEDOT par électropolymérisation au sein d’une matrice hôte, formée à partir d’un réseau interpénétré de polymère (RIP) à base de caoutchouc nitrile (NBR) et de poly(oxyde d’éthylène) (POE). L’électropolymérisation par une méthode de chronopotentiométrie pulsée a permis d’obtenir des couches actives de PEDOT reproductibles, démontrant ainsi que le procédé électrochimique est bien contrôlé. En parallèle, des dispositifs électroémissifs de référence dont la couche active de PEDOT a été synthétisée par une polymérisation chimique oxydante, ont été élaborés. Le comportement électrochimique, les propriétés optiques dans l’infrarouge et la morphologie des couches actives obtenues par électropolymérisation ont été comparés à celles obtenues par une polymérisation chimique oxydante. Une répartition différente du PEDOT en fonction de la méthode d’incorporation a notamment été démontrée.Dans la deuxième partie de ce manuscrit, le comportement actionneur des dispositifs électroémissifs, qui est majoritairement induit par une insertion ou une expulsion d’ions au cours du procédé redox, a été étudié. Un screening de liquides ioniques, possédant des structures chimiques différentes, a été réalisé. Le mécanisme d’ion impliqué lors de la réaction redox a été identifié par une méthode simple consistant à observer la variation de volume de la couche active de PEDOT. Cette méthode a permis de souligner le rôle prédominant des cations au sein du procédé redox. L’utilisation de deux liquides ioniques a notamment permis une réduction significative de la déformation du dispositif électroémissif de référence tout en conservant de bonnes propriétés optiques dans l’infrarouge. Des mélanges de liquides ionique et de sel de lithium ont également été étudiés. En fonction de la concentration en sel de lithium au sein d’un liquide ionique, il est possible de contrôler le mécanisme ionique qui gouverne la réaction redox. Une concentration en sel en particulier entraine à la succession des deux mécanismes ioniques, ce qui donne lieu à un faible effet actionneur tout en préservant l’électro-activité et les propriétés optiques dans l’infrarouge du système.Dans la dernière partie de ce manuscrit, un prototype a été réalisé et évalué pour une application de contrôle thermique. Des radiateurs à base de dispositifs électroémissifs ont été fabriqués puis testés dans des conditions proches de l’environnement spatial. Ces radiateurs ont ensuite été comparés à la technologie actuellement utilisée sur les satellites artificiels, les réflecteurs optiques solaires. Des changements de température significatifs (12 °C) ont été mis en évidence, démontrant la pertinence de ce type de système pour une application de régulation thermique. Une faible consommation électrique de ces systèmes a été mise en avant au cours de ces travaux. Associé à la faible masse embarquée les dispositifs électroémissifs élaborés ont ainsi un intérêt double pour l’application visée par rapport à la technologie actuelle. / The aim of this PhD work is to design new coatings with variable emissivity in the infrared for an application of thermal regulation of artificial satellites. In this context, the study focuses on the development of electroemissive devices based on an electronically conducting polymer, the poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). These electroemissive devices are then evaluated under space like environment.The first part of this manuscript was devoted to the incorporation of PEDOT by electropolymerization within a host matrix based on an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) including nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO). Electropolymerization by a pulsed chronopotentiometry method resulted in reproducible active PEDOT layers, demonstrating that the electrochemical process is well-controlled. In parallel, electroemissive deviceswhose active layer of PEDOT was synthesized by an oxidative chemical polymerization, were elaborated as refernce devices. The electrochemical behavior, the infrared optical properties and the morphology of the active layers obtained by electropolymerization were compared with those obtained by an oxidative chemical polymerization. In particular, different distribution of PEDOT according to the incorporation method was demonstrated.In the second part of this manuscript, the actuator behavior of electroemissive devices, that is predominantly induced by insertion or expulsion of ions during the redox process, was studied. A screening of ionic liquids with different chemical structures was carried out. The ion mechanism involved during the redox process was identified by a simple method consisting in observing the volume variation of the PEDOT active layer. This method highlighted the predominant role of cations in the redox process. The use of two ionic liquids allowed a considerable reduction of the actuator behavior of a reference electroemissive device while maintaining high optical properties in the infrared. Mixtures of ionic liquids and lithium salt were also studied. Depending on the lithium salt concentration, the possibility of controlling the ionic mechanism that governs the redox reaction was underlined. A salt concentration in particular leads to the succession of the two ionic mechanisms and results in a low actuator behavior while preserving the electro-activity and the optical properties of the system.In the last part of this manuscript, a prototype was evaluated for a thermal control application. Radiators based on electroemissive devices were fabricated and tested under conditions close to the space environment. These radiators were then compared to the technology currently used on artificial satellites, optical solar reflectors. Significant temperature changes (12 °C) were demonstrated, proving the relevance of this type of system for the thermal regulation of satellites. In addition, a low electrical consumption of these systems was highlighted during this work. Associated to a reduced on-board weight, the electroemissive devices designed at the LPPI, have thus a double interest for the intended application with respect to the current technology.

abstract: This research focuses mainly on employing tunable materials to achieve dynamic radiative properties for spacecraft and building thermal management. A secondary objective is to investigate tunable materials for optical propulsion applications. The primary material investigated is vanadium dioxide (VO2), which is a thermochromic material with an insulator-to-metal phase transition. VO2 typically undergoes a dramatic shift in optical properties at T = 341 K, which can be reduced through a variety of techniques to a temperature more suitable for thermal control applications. A VO2-based Fabry-Perot variable emitter is designed, fabricated, characterized, and experimentally demonstrated. The designed emitter has high emissivity when the radiating surface temperature is above 345 K and low emissivity when the temperature is less than 341 K. A uniaxial transfer matrix method and Bruggeman effective medium theory are both introduced to model the anisotropic properties of the VO2 to facilitate the design of multilayer VO2-based devices. A new furnace oxidation process is developed for fabricating high quality VO2 and the resulting thin films undergo comprehensive material and optical characterizations. The corresponding measurement platform is developed to measure the temperature-dependent transmittance and reflectance of the fabricated Fabry-Perot samples. The variable heat rejection of the fabricated samples is demonstrated via bell jar and cryothermal vacuum calorimetry measurements. Thermal modeling of a spacecraft equipped with variable emittance radiators is also conducted to elucidate the requirements and the impact for thermochromic variable emittance technology. The potential of VO2 to be used as an optical force modulating device is also investigated for spacecraft micropropulsion. The preliminary design considers a Fabry-Perot cavity with an anti-reflection coating which switches between an absorptive “off” state (for insulating VO2) and a reflective “on” state (for metallic VO2), thereby modulating the incident solar radiation pressure. The visible and near-infrared optical properties of the fabricated vanadium dioxide are examined to determine if there is a sufficient optical property shift in those regimes for a tunable device. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Aerospace Engineering 2020

The thermal design of small satellite missions is critical for ensuring the performance and longevity of onboard instruments. This thesis focuses on the thermal design of Foresail-2, a 6U CubeSat mission to Geostationary Transfer Orbit (GTO), specifically addressing the thermal challenges associated with the magnetometer located at the end of a long boom featured on the satellite. The objective of this research is to estimate the orbital loads, study its effects and develop an effective thermal control strategy to maintain the frame, boom and magnetometer temperature within an optimal operational range throughout the mission duration. A steady state thermal analysis is conducted to evaluate the effects of the GTO environment on the satellite structure under different operational scenarios and design conditions. To achieve the desired thermal control, several potential regulation strategies are investigated, including passive thermal coatings, insulation materials, and active cooling methods. Furthermore, thermal simulations are performed to predict the temperature profiles and gradients within the boom and magnetometer assembly, enabling the identification of potential hotspots or areas prone to thermal stress using ANSYS software package. These findings contribute to the implementation of thermal design modifications and the optimization of the configuration of the boom and magnetometer to enhance thermal performance. The results of this thesis contribute to the development of a robust thermal design for Foresail-2 mission satellite. Moreover, the methodologies and insights gained from this research can be extended to other CubeSat missions with similar thermal requirements and constraints.

No description available.

The thermal control of a die is crucial for the development of high efficiency injection moulds. For successful thermal management, this research provides an effective control strategy to find sensor locations, identify thermal dynamic models, and design controllers. By applying a clustering method and sensitivity analysis, sensor locations are identified. The neural network and finite element analysis techniques enable the modeling to deal with various cycle-times for the moulding process and uncertain dynamics of a die. A combination of off-line training through finite element analysis and training using on-line learning algorithms and experimental data is used for the system identification. Based on the system identification which is experimentally validated using a real system, controllers are designed using fuzzy-logic and self-adaptive PID methods with backpropagation (BP) and radial basis function (RBF) neural networks to tune control parameters. Direct adaptive inverse control and additive feedforward control by adding direct adaptive inverse control to self-adaptive PID controllers are also provided. Through a comparative study, each controller’s performance is verified in terms of response time and tracking accuracy under different moulding processes with multiple cycle-times. Additionally, the improved cooling effectiveness of the conformal cooling channel designed in this study is presented by comparing with a conventional straight channel.

The thermal control of a die is crucial for the development of high efficiency injection moulds. For successful thermal management, this research provides an effective control strategy to find sensor locations, identify thermal dynamic models, and design controllers. By applying a clustering method and sensitivity analysis, sensor locations are identified. The neural network and finite element analysis techniques enable the modeling to deal with various cycle-times for the moulding process and uncertain dynamics of a die. A combination of off-line training through finite element analysis and training using on-line learning algorithms and experimental data is used for the system identification. Based on the system identification which is experimentally validated using a real system, controllers are designed using fuzzy-logic and self-adaptive PID methods with backpropagation (BP) and radial basis function (RBF) neural networks to tune control parameters. Direct adaptive inverse control and additive feedforward control by adding direct adaptive inverse control to self-adaptive PID controllers are also provided. Through a comparative study, each controller’s performance is verified in terms of response time and tracking accuracy under different moulding processes with multiple cycle-times. Additionally, the improved cooling effectiveness of the conformal cooling channel designed in this study is presented by comparing with a conventional straight channel.

In order to make gas chromatography (GC) more widely accessible, considerable effort has been made in developing miniaturized GC systems. Thermal gradient gas chromatograpy (TGGC), one of the heating methods used in GC, has recieved attention over the years due to it's ability to enhance analyte focusing. The present work seeks to develop high performance miniaturized GC systems by combining miniaturized GC technology with thermal gradient control methods, creating miniaturized thermal gradient gas chromatography (µTGGC) systems. To aid in this development a thermal control system was developed and shown to successfully control various µTGGC systems. DAQ functionality was also included which allowed for the recording of temperature and power data for use in modeling applications. Thermal models of the various µTGGC systems were developed and validated against the recorded experiemental data. Thermal models were also used to aid in decisions required for the development of new µTGGC system designs. The results from the thermal models were then used to calibrate and validate a stochastic GC transport model. This transport model was then used to evaluate the effect of thermal gradient shape on GC separation performance.

This thesis is on the subject of how propellant heating considerations affect the design of a CubeSat cold gas propulsion system. Computer simulation tools are used to analyse heat flow through the system, as well as the fluid flow and phase change of butane. The heating performance is presented for different operational states and different designs. Finally, an optimal system design is suggested. The propulsion system in question is the deep space heading Hera Juventas 6DOF CGPS. The Juventas spacecraft will as part of ESA’s Hera mission be the first to perform radar measurements of an asteroid. It will determine the result of the NASA DART mission and will give insights to the internal structure of the Dimorphos minor- planet moon. / Detta examensarbete behandlar utformningen av ett CubeSat kallgasframdrivningssystem med avseende på drivmedelsuppvärmning. Datorsimuleringsverktyg används för att analysera värmeflöde genom systemet samt flödet och fasförändringen av butan. Värmningsprestanda presenteras för olika driftstillstånd och olika konstruktioner. Slutligen föreslås en optimal systemdesign. Framdrivningssystemet i fråga är Hera Juventas 6DOF CGPS. Rymdfarkosten Juventas kommer som en del av ESA:s Herauppdrag att vara den första som utför radarmätningar av en asteroid. Den kommer att avgöra resultatet av NASA:s DARTuppdrag och kommer att ge insikter om den interna strukturen i asteroidmånen Dimorphos.

Ce travail s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet FUI RIDER (Research for IT Driven Energy efficiency) qui vise à développer un système de gestion de l'énergie faiblement dépendant du bâtiment à contrôler et propose une nouvelle approche pour réduire les coûts énergétiques. Cette approche exploite la notion de confort thermique afin de calculer de nouvelles consignes à fournir au système de contrôle du conditionnement du bâtiment. L'approche s'appuie sur l'idée que le confort thermique est une notion multidimensionnelle subjective. La littérature propose des modèles statistiques pour appréhender le confort thermique. Malheureusement, ces modèles sont fortement non linéaires et non interprétables ce qui rend difficile leur utilisation pour la conduite ou l'optimisation. Nous proposons un nouveau modèle de confort basé sur la théorie de l'utilité multi attributs et les intégrales de Choquet. L'intérêt d'un tel modèle est qu'il est interprétable en termes de préférences pour la conduite, linéaire par simplexe ce qui facilite la résolution des problèmes d'optimisation, et plus concis qu'un système de contrôle à base de règles. Dans la seconde partie de ce travail, le THermal Process Enhancement (THPE) s'intéresse à l'obtention efficiente des consignes calculées avec le modèle du confort thermique. Le THPE se base sur un raisonnement approché établi à partir d'un modèle qualitatif enrichi EQM (Extended Qualitative Model). L'EQM est le résultat de l'étude mathématique et qualitative des équations différentielles régissant les processus thermiques. Il est enrichi en continu par un système de gestion de l'expérience basé sur un apprentissage avec pénalités qui fournit les informations quantitatives nécessaires pour inférer des recommandations de conduite quantifiées à partir des tendances modélisées dans l'EQM. L'EQM et les raisonnements associés requièrent peu de paramètres et sont opérationnels même si la base d'apprentissage est initialement vide au lancement de RIDER. Le système de gestion de l'expérience permet simplement de quantifier les recommandations et de converger plus vite vers une commande optimale. Le raisonnement à base de modèles qui supporte notre approche est faiblement dépendant du processus thermique, pertinent dès le lancement de RIDER et se prête facilement au changement d'échelle de l'analyse thermique d'un bâtiment. Les performances de notre THPE, sa stabilité et son adaptation par rapport aux variations de l'environnement sont illustrées sur différents problèmes de contrôle et d'optimisation. Les commandes optimales sont généralement obtenues en quelques itérations et permettent d'avoir un contrôle adaptatif et individuel des pièces d'un bâtiment. / The present work is part of the FUI RIDER project (Research for IT Driven Energy efficiency). It aims to develop an energy management system that has to be weakly dependent on building's specificities in order to be easily deployed in different kinds of buildings. This work proposes a new approach based on the thermal comfort concept in order to reduce energy costs. This approach takes advantage of the thermal comfort concept in order to compute new optimized setpoints for the building energy control system. It relies on the idea that thermal comfort is a subjective multidimensional concept that can be used to reduce energy consumption. The literature provides statistical thermal comfort models but their complexity and non-linearity make them not useful for the control and optimization purposes. Our new thermal comfort model is based on the multi attributes utility theory and Choquet integrals. The advantages of our model are: its interpretability in term of preference relationships, its linearity in simplex regions which simplifies optimization problems' solving, and its compact form which is more tractable than a rule based control formalism. In the second part of this work, the THermal Process Enhancement (THPE) proposes a control system approach to efficiently reach the optimized setpoints provided by the comfort model. The THPE proposes an efficient and simple thermal control approach based on imprecise knowledge of buildings' special features. Its weak data-dependency ensures the scalability and simplicity of our approach. For this, an extended thermal qualitative model (EQM) is proposed. It is based on a qualitative description of influences that actions' parameters may have on buildings' thermal performances. This description results from the mathematical and qualitative analysis of dynamical thermal behaviors. Our thermal qualitative model is then enriched by online collecting and assessing previous thermal control performances. The online learning provides the necessary quantitative information to infer quantified control recommendations from the qualitative tendencies displayed by the EQM. Thus, an approximate reasoning based on the EQM and an online learning coupled with a penalty function provides smart thermal control functionalities. The EQM based approximate reasoning guarantees our control system weak dependency with regard to the building special features as well as its multi-scale applicability and its relevancy even for RIDER's first start when the learning database lacks of information. The performances of our THPE are assessed on various types of control and optimization issues. An optimal control is generally achieved in a few iterations which allows providing an adaptive and individual control of building's rooms.

A constante influência humana em atividades de manejo animal, além de aumentar os custos de produção, torna-se uma adicional fonte geradora de estresse sobre os animais. Nesse sentido, é necessária a busca pelo desenvolvimento de métodos alternativos de acompanhamento, à distância e em tempo real, das condições físicas dos animais, em conjunto com o controle das instalações. Para a identificação da condição de conforto ou estresse calórico dos animais, alguns indicativos podem vir a auxiliar, tais como a temperatura retal (TR), sendo esse um bom indicador da temperatura do núcleo corporal, bem como, a frequência respiratória (FR). Porém, com a crescente preocupação em relação ao bem-estar animal, vários questionamentos são feitos acerca de métodos invasivos, motivando a busca por alternativas à mensuração da TR. Surge então, como variável alternativa, a temperatura da superfície corporal, buscando-se correlacioná-la com a TR e FR. Sendo assim, com essa pesquisa objetivou-se identificar a região mais adequada da superfície corporal dos suínos, em fase de creche, que apresente a melhor correlação com a TR e FR. Para tal, foi conduzido um experimento, dividido em duas etapas: etapa 1) pré-experimento, sendo conduzido com dois animais em câmara climática, variando-se as condições de temperatura e testando-se métodos de fixação de sensores e coleta de dados inicialmente propostos; e etapa 2) experimento principal. Este último foi conduzido em uma câmara climática, com cinco leitões da raça Landrace x Large White, com 30 dias de idade, provenientes de uma mesma ninhada e do mesmo sexo (fêmea). Variaram-se as condições de temperatura no interior da câmara climática de 14°C a 35,5°C, de modo a atingir situações de estresse tanto por frio quanto por calor, sendo calculada a entalpia para os propósitos do presente estudo. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com um único fator, a entalpia ambiente, com sete níveis (31,26; 39,56; 51,12; 59,24; 74,82; 82,96; 94,26 kJ.kg de ar seco-1). Foram realizadas medidas repetidas em intervalos de 30 minutos, em seis diferentes regiões corporais: cabeça (A), paleta (B), lombo (C), pernil (D), orelha (E) e timpânica (F). Para as regiões de A a E foram utilizados dois métodos de medida diferentes: datalogger de temperatura Thermochron iButton® - DS1921G e outro via termômetro de infravermelho Fluke® 566. Para a região F, utilizou-se um termômetro de infravermelho de testa e ouvido G-Tech - T1000. Todos com cinco repetições das medidas para cada variável, em cada situação ambiente. Com os resultados obtidos foi possível propor equações de regressão múltipla para a TR e FR, sendo esta última apontada pela análise de componentes principais como a melhor candidata a correlações com as temperaturas da superfície corporal e por ser um bom indicador da situação de estresse térmico. Por meio desses resultados foi possível observar que a região timpânica mostrou-se como a melhor opção para acompanhamento tanto da TR quanto da FR via termômetro de infravermelho (TiF), enquanto que ao utilizar sensores de temperatura da superfície corporal, a melhor opção foi a orelha (TbE) para predição de TR, e a região do lombo (TbC) para predição de FR. / Human constant influence in handling activities, besides raising production costs, becomes another stress source for the animals. In this sense, it becomes necessary the development of alternative methods, that can remotely monitor, in real time, animal\'s physical conditions, together with remote facilities control. In terms of identifying comfort or stressful thermal situations for animals, some indicators can be handy, such as rectal temperature (RT), which is a good indicator of the core body temperature, as well as, the respiratory rate (RR). Although, with the raising concerns about animal welfare, several questions are raised against invasive methods, encouraging the search for alternatives to RT measuring. The determination of body surface temperature values, trying to correlate them to RT and RR, emerges as an alternative. Thus, it\'s aimed, with this research, to identify the most adequate swine body surface region, in nursery phase, which presents better correlation with RT and RR. For that, an experiment was conducted, divided in two stages: stage 1) pre-experiment, being conducted with two animals in a climate chamber, varying temperature conditions and testing sensor fixation and data collection methods previously proposed; and stage 2) main experiment. The last one was conducted in a climate chamber, with five Landrace x Large White piglets, 30 days aged, from the same litter and of the same sex (female). Temperature conditions inside the chamber were varied from 14°C to 35.5°C, attaining stressful situations both for cold and heat, being calculated the enthalpy for this study purposes. The statistical design used was the completely randomized, with one factor only, the ambient enthalpy, in seven levels (31.26; 39.56; 51.12; 59.24; 74.82; 82.96; 94.26 kJ.kg of dry air-1). Repeated measures were taken in 30 minutes intervals, in six different body regions: head (A), shoulder (B), loin (C), ham (D), ear (E) and tympanic (F). For regions from A to E, two different methods were used: temperature datalogger Thermochron iButton® - DS1921G and infrared thermometer Fluke® 566. For region F, a forehead and ear infrared thermometer G-Tech - T1000 was used. All of them had five replicates of measures for each variable, in each environment situation. With the obtained data, it was possible to propound multiple regression equations for RT and RR, the last one being shown by principal components analysis as a better candidate to correlate to body surface temperatures and because it\'s a good indicator of the animal\'s thermal stress situation. By means of these results it was possible to observe that the tympanic region arises as the better option for monitoring RT and RR through infrared thermometer (TiF), while when using body surface temperature sensors, the best option was the ear (TbE) for predicting RT, and the loin region (TbC) for predicting RR.