In this paper the effects of inertia are explored for the case of a thermal excitation applied on the surface of an infinitely long, solid circular cylinder. The linear uncoupled field equations for a homogeneous, isotropic, thermoelastic medium are used to derive the desired field equations of stress and displacement. The solution procedure included, first, the determination of the thermal boundary value problem from the energy equation which is identically satisfied for the uncoupled condition. Secondly, substitution of the strain-displacement relationships and the previously obtained thermal relation into the equilibrium equation containing inertial effects. The equilibrium equation is the only nonidentically satisfied equation. Thirdly, a solution of this equation is then found in the S-domain by Laplace transformation. Finally, the desired displacement equation is transformed into the time-domain as a function of temperature, time and radius of the cylinder by using inverse Laplace transforms and the calculus of residues.

An experimental analysis was conducted on a bimaterial plate of steel and brass, subjected to a uniform temperature change. The steel and brass portions of the plate were joined along a common edge with a nearly zero thickness medium. Whole-field, in-plane displacement measurements U and V were made by means of high-sensitivity moiré interferometry. The corresponding distributions of stresses, σ_x, σ_y, and τ_xy were determined for the free surface. Near the interface, and along its length, the largest stresses were σ_y, acting perpendicular to the interface. The σ_y peaks occurred very close to the interface, but not on it. These peak values were tensile in the steel and compressive in the brass. The transition between these opposite peak stresses featured an extremely strong gradient in a 50 µm interface zone. The distribution was akin to that of a stress singularity, but the stresses reached finite peak values in the physical experiment. Even larger stresses were found near the corner, where the interface of the two materials intersects the free edge. Both macroscopic and microscopic moiré interferometry were required to determine the stress distribution. / Ph. D.

The relationship between the mean square vibrational amplitude of the atoms of a crystalline solid and the thermal expansion of that solid is derived from basic principles, assuming a simple potential energy function between atoms. The functional accuracy of this relationship is proven for several cubic lattice elements and compounds by experimental data reported in the literature. The constants of the relationship are calculated for the materials investigated. / Master of Science

Solid-state reaction and sol-gel processing methods were used to prepare samples of (Ca_{1 - X,}Mg_X)Zr₄(PO₄)₆(CZP-CMZP) where x = 0.0-0.4. CMZP is a member of the NaZr₂(PO₄)₃ (NZP) class of ceramics and is being investigated for heat engine applications. Linear thermal expansion was determined with a dual push rod dilatometer and axial thermal expansion by high temperature X-ray diffraction and least squares refinement. Thermal diffusivity was determined with the laser flash method and specific heat by differential scanning calorimetry. Thermal conductivity was found by the product of the thermal diffusivity, specific heat, and bulk density of each sample. Results indicate that CMZP samples exhibit very low α̅_L values which become more positive as Mg²⁺ content is increased. Thermal expansion anisotropy (from room temperature to 1000°C) is significantly reduced by the addition of Mg²⁺. Samples where x = 0.4 exhibit the lowest anisotropy with α_a being essentially zero (hexagonal system). The thermal conductivity of CMZP samples is very low (0.56 W/m K at 200°C). Thermal conductivity values were observed to decrease with increasing Mg²⁺ content. The materials structure and cation site selection are discussed in relation to the observed properties. / Master of Science

Environmental temperature changes produce cyclic thermal stresses in structures. Because temperature and hence thermal stresses are random and mechanical properties such as strength, relaxation modulus, and fracture toughness are time and temperature dependent as well as statistically variable quantities in rocket motor grains, crack growth will also be random. To include all these effects, the Forman crack growth rate relation will be used. The probability of failure, defined as the chance that a crack growing under the influence of such stresses exceeds the critical crack length, is calculated. A hazard function will be defined as the probability of failure during a single cycle after the cylinder has survived N previous cycles. The hazard function will then be integrated to yield the progressively increasing probability of fracture. The stress distribution through the cylindrical wall is not uniform; as a result, a step by step finite element analysis will be carried out to determine stress intensity and critical crack size as the crack travels through the varying stress field. The probability of failure is conditioned on the chance that a crack exists. / Ph. D.

M.S.

[pt] No ano 1999 as quedas de blocos rochosos já representaram cerca de 8% dos diferentes tipos de escorregamentos registrados no Rio de Janeiro. A atividade antrópica gera um aumento das áreas de risco devido às construções próximas da base de escarpas rochosas e uma aceleração destes fenômenos. Desde 1993 o número de quedas de lascas e blocos rochosos a partir de faces de pedreiras desativadas tem aumentado. As condições geológicas e estruturais da região favorecem este fenômeno ao discretizarem blocos nos taludes rochosos. Muitas destas quedas tem sido reportadas em condições climáticas particulares, em períodos relativamente secos correspondentes aos meses de junho, julho e agosto. O presente trabalho discute que, dentro dos possíveis mecanismos para a ocorrência destes fenômenos, está a variação térmica diária, a qual pode criar tensões que favorecem a propagação de fraturas existentes dentro dos maciços rochosos. Por tal motivo, simulou-se em laboratório as condições de um maciço rochoso fraturado e obtiveram-se dados das variações diárias de temperatura, mediante a disposição de blocos rochosos graníticos simulando a forma da fratura e com o auxilio de sensores térmicos em diferentes posições, como na superfície, no interior e na fresta. A partir disto elaborou-se um modelo de bloco com auxílio do software ABAQUS para se determinar a variação dos valores de concentração de tensões sob a influência térmica. / [en] In 1999, the falls of rock blocks had represented about 8% of the different types of slides registered in Rio de Janeiro. The anthropic activity generates an increase of the risk areas due the building of vulnerable houses near to foot rock scarps, and an acceleration of these phenomena. Since 1993 the number of falls of rock blocks from slopes of disactivated quarries has increased. The geologic and structural conditions of the region favor this phenomenon forming blocks in rock slopes. Many of these falls have been reported in particular climatic conditions, in relatively dry periods correspondents to the months of June, July and August. This work argues that, the daily thermal variation could be one of the possible mechanisms for the occurrence of these phenomena, which can create stresses to propagate cracks already existing on the rock mass. For such reason, conditions of a broken rock mass was simulated in laboratory to obtain daily temperature variations, it was made by the disposal of granítics rock blocks simulating a fracture form, where was placed thermal sensors. From this, a model of rock block in the ABAQUS sofware was elaborated to determine the variation of stress concentration factor values under the thermal influence

Neste trabalho enfoca-se o efeito da variação térmica na degradação da aderência de revestimentos de argamassa. Dentre os diversos fatores que condicionam a aderência dos revestimentos de argamassa, destaca-se aqui o cenário crítico definido pela presença de macrodefeitos na interface revestimento-base e também pela intensidade com que ocorre a variação de temperatura, encontrando-se uma situação extrema quando da ocorrência do choque térmico. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa é avaliar, de maneira experimental, o efeito de sucessivos ciclos de choque térmico na resistência de aderência de revestimentos de argamassa, em duas situações limites de taxa de macro-defeitos no contato entre o revestimento e a base e para duas distintas argamassas. Para dar suporte ao trabalho experimental foi elaborado um modelo computacional paramétrico, utilizando modelagem com elementos finitos. Com ele foi possível obter a distribuição de temperaturas, bem como as deformações e tensões geradas no revestimento, variando-se a intensidade do contato revestimento-base e alterandose as características da argamassa de revestimento. A partir de então, definiram-se as variáveis de maior influência e a geometria dos corpos prova, bem como as condições de contorno a serem utilizadas no programa experimental. O programa experimental foi desenvolvido em duas etapas: uma etapa piloto e outra definitiva. Para sua realização foram desenvolvidos e construídos os equipamentos para execução e controle dos ensaios cíclicos de choque térmico. Finalmente, foram realizados ensaios de resistência de aderência do revestimento e avaliados os efeitos de cada uma das variáveis estudadas, empregando-se suporte estatístico. Pelos resultados pode-se comprovar que os macro-defeitos na interface revestimento-base provocam diminuição na resistência de aderência a qual é agravada quando da ocorrência de cíclicos choques térmicos, ocorrendo a situação mais crítica para os revestimentos com maior módulo de elasticidade. / The present study focus on thermal variation effects on mortar rendering bonding degradation. Among the variety of factors that condition the bonding of mortar renderings, a critic scenario can be defined by the existence of interface macro-flaws between mortar rendering and substrate, and by the thermal variation intensity in the extreme situation of thermal shock. This research aims to experimentally evaluate the effects of continuous thermal shock cycles on the bonding strength of mortar renderings in two macro-flaw rate extreme situations in the contact surface between mortar rendering and substrate for two types of mortar. A parametric model based on finite element analysis has been developed to support the experimental work, which allowed ascertaining temperature profile as well as stress and strain distribution in the mortar rendering by changing the macro-flaws rate and mortar rendering properties. As a result, one could define the variables with higher influence and test panel geometry, as well as the boundary conditions to be used in the experimental program. The experimental program has been performed first in pilot scale and then in a definite stage, which required designing and building of equipment for the execution and control of cyclic thermal shock laboratory tests. Furthermore, bond strength tests have been performed on the mortar rendering samples, and effects of variables have been analyzed by using statistical help. Results have shown that the existence of interfacial macro-flaws decreases bond strength values between mortar rendering and substrate, and this scenario worsens under thermal shock. Mortar renderings with higher Youngs modulus (E) are more affected.

Les systèmes de stockage d'énergie thermique sont des éléments centraux de divers types de centrales de production d'énergie fonctionnant à l'aide de sources d'énergie renouvelables. Ces systèmes de stockage thermique de type solide/fluide peuvent être considérés comme une solution rentable dans les centrales solaires à concentration. Un tel dispositif est constitué d'un réservoir rempli d'un lit granulaire à travers lequel circule un fluide caloporteur. Cependant, dans de tels dispositifs, le réservoir pourrait être soumis à une accumulation de contraintes thermiques au cours des cycles de chargement et de déchargement en raison de la dilatation thermique différentielle entre le milieu granulaire et la paroi du réservoir. Cette thèse a été consacrée à l'étude du comportement thermomécanique du lit granulaire à l'intérieur d'un réservoir de stockage thermique de type régénérateur solide/fluide. Pour atteindre cet objectif, deux approches ont été suivies : les approches numériques et expérimentales. Un modèle numérique basé sur la méthode des éléments discrets a été développé pour décrire le comportement du réservoir sous cyclage thermique. L'évolution des contraintes appliquées aux parois de la cuve au cours des cycles thermiques, est étudiée en tenant compte à la fois des charges thermiques et mécaniques, ainsi que de la cinématique du milieu granulaire à l'échelle des particules (c'est-à-dire des éléments discrets) et de la déformation thermo-mécanqiue du réservoir. Des simulations ont été effectuées pour différentes configurations thermiques (chauffage/refroidissement homogène du réservoir sur sa hauteur ou gradient vertical de température) et différents cas de condition limite (paroi rigide, paroi du réservoir avec un coefficient de dilatation thermique supérieur au lit de roche ou inversement). Le comportement du réservoir dépend des conditions thermiques et conditions aux limites imposées. De plus, un prototype de thermocline a été conçu et construit au sein du laboratoire au CEA, visant à étudier l'accumulation de contraintes sur les cycles thermiques. Le dispositif expérimental, appelé ESPERA, est équipé de dispositifs de mesure de force installés à différentes hauteurs sur la paroi du réservoir. Les dispositifs de mesure de force ont été développés et calibrés au CEA. Leur sensibilité a également été testée en développant un autre banc expérimental, P'tit- Pousse. Des essais expérimentaux ont été réalisés permettant de prouver l'accumulation des contraintes au cours des cycles. Finalement, une comparaison entre les résultats numériques et les premiers résultats expérimentaux obtenus en fin de thèse est proposée. / Thermal Energy Storage (TES) systems are central elements of various types of power plants operated using renewable energy sources. Packed bed TES can be considered as a cost effective solution in concentrated solar power plants (CSP). Such a device is made of a tank filled with a granular bed through which a heat-transfer fluid circulates. However, in such devices, the tank might be subjected to an accumulation of thermal stresses during cycles of loading and unloading due to the differential thermal expansion between the filler and the tank wall. This research was devoted to investigate the thermo-mechanical behavior of the granular bed inside a packed bed TES tank. To achieve this objective, two approaches were undertaken in this work, i.e. numerical and experimental. A numerical model was defined to describe the tank's behavior under thermal cycling based on the discrete element method (DEM). The evolution of tank wall stresses over thermal cycles, taking into account both thermal and mechanical loads, as well as the kinematics of the granular material at the particles scale (i.e. discrete elements), are studied here. The deformability of the tank itself under thermo-mechanical loads is also included in the numerical model. Simulations were performed for different thermal configurations (i.e. the tank is heated homogeneously along its height or with a moving vertical gradient of temperature) and different boundary condition cases (i.e. rigid wall, tank wall with a higher thermal expansion coeficient than the bed or inversely). The behavior of the tank is dependent on the imposed thermal and boundary conditions. In addition to this, a thermocline prototype was designed and constructed at the CEA laboratory, aiming at studying the stress accumulation over the thermal cycles. The experimental setup, called ESPERA, is equipped with force measurement devices, installed at different height positions on the wall. The force measurement devices were developed and calibrated at the CEA. Their sensitivity was also tested using a different developed setup, P'tit-Pousse. Experimental tests were carried out proving the stress accumulation over the cycles. Eventually, a comparison between the numerical results and the lately-obtained preliminary experimental measurements is proposed.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / by David Thomas Barr. / M.S.