Thesis (M.Sc.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2003. / Bibliography: leaves 124-131. Also available online.

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar as reações de isomerização e cisão dos isômeros C2F2Cl2, e determinar entalpias de formação e potenciais de ionização para derivados halogenados do eteno, através de cálculos ab initio, e ainda, para algumas reações determinar a constante de velocidade microcanônica k(E*), segundo o formalismo da teoria RRKM. Foram obtidas a barreira energética e a estrutura do estado de transição para a reação de isomerização do (Z)-CFCl=CFCl ao isômero (E)-CFCl=CFCl, que ocorre através de um estado de transição com uma barreira de energia calculada de 54,223 kcal/mol com o método CASSCF. Foi analisada a possibilidade de a isomerização ocorrer via intermediários etilidenos halosubstituídos, porém as barreiras de energia para estas reações e resultados obtidos para a constante de velocidade k(E*) indicam que a reação direta predomina sobre as vias de formação de etilideno halosubstituído em baixas energias, até cerca de 154 kcal/mol pelo menos. A não observação, experimentalmente, de formação do isômero CF2=CCl2 a partir desses intermediários também corrobora com os resultados obtidos através dos cálculos. Para as reações de cisão de ligação C=C dos compostos CF2=CCl2, (Z) e (E)-CFCl=CFCl e CF2=CCl, as curvas de energia em função do comprimento desta ligação mostram que a cisão do CF2=CCl ocorre a uma energia menor do que para as demais substâncias. Porém, a cisão da ligação C-Cl na substância CF2=CCl2 é a que possui a menor barreira energética. Utilizando a teoria variacional do estado de transição, determinamos a estrutura do estado de transição para esta reação e a constante de velocidade microcanônica, k(E*), sendo esta maior que as determinadas para a formação dos etilidenos halosubstituídos. Potenciais de ionização adiabáticos (PIA) e verticais (PIV) de haloetenos foram obtidos utilizando as teorias G2 e G3. Os resultados obtidos com a teoria G3 são mais próximos dos valores experimentais, ou tão exatos quanto, comparados aos valores calculados encontrados na literatura. As mudanças na energia de correlação eletrônica e energia de relaxação dos orbitais são importantes para a obtenção de resultados de PIV quantitativamente melhores em comparação com os resultados obtidos a partir da energia do HOMO. Também foram feitos cálculos de entalpias de formação para etilenos halogenados utilizando as teorias G2 e G3 utilizando reações isodésmicas. A comparação entre os valores calculados por nós e outros valores calculados encontrados na literatura mostram que apesar das reações isodésmicas serem um método capaz de gerar bons resultados, devido ao cancelamento dos erros nos valores calculados, o resultado final é dependente dos valores experimentais escolhidos. / We report ab initio calculations on the isomerization and fission reactions of C2F2Cl2 isomers and also the enthalpies of formation and the ionization potentials of halogenated ethylenes. We have also evaluated the microcanonical rate constant k(E*) using the RRKM formalism to gain more insight into mechanistics details of some reactions. The energy barrier and the structure of the transition state for the isomerization reaction of (Z)-CFCl=CFCl to (E)-CFCl=CFCl, occurs by a transition state with a calculated barrier of 54,223 kcal/mol using the CASSCF method. The isomerization reactions through ethilidene halosubstituted intermediates was also tested, however the energy barriers to these reactions showed be greater and the results obtained for the rate constant k(E*) stated that the direct reaction predominates over the formation of the halosubstituted ethilidene at low energies, until 154 kcal/mol at least. The experimentaly unobserved formation of CF2=CCl2 from intermiaries confirms the calculated results. For the fission reaction of the C=C bond on CF2=CCl2, (Z) and (E)-CFCl=CFCl and CF2=CCl , the plots of energy as a function of the bond length show that the fission of CF2=CCl occurs with the lowest energy of all these reactions. However, the fission of C-Cl on the CF2=CCl2 shows to have the lowest energy barrier. By the variational transition state theory, we have determined the structure of the transition state for that reaction and the rate constant k(E*), beeing this higher than that determined to the halosubstituted ethylenes. Adiabatic ionization potentials (AIPs) and vertical ionization potentials (VIPs) for haloethylenes were obtained applying G2 and G3 theories. The results obtained with G3 theory are the nearest within the experimental values or, at least, with the same exactness, compared with other earlier calculated methods. The changes in eletronic correlation energy and orbital relax energy are important to achieve quantitatively better results comparativily with results obtained from HOMO energy. Moreover, we have done calculations of enthalpies of formation of haloethylenes using G2 and G3 theories using isodesmic reactions. The comparison among the values calculated by us and other values found in the literature shows that, however the use of isodesmic reactions may be a method able to achieve good results, because the calculated errors in the energy values are being cancelled , the final result is very dependent on the choosen experimental values.

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abstract: I studied the properties of novel Co2FeAl0.5Si0.5 (CFAS), ZnGeAs2, and FeS2 (pyrite) thin films for microelectronic applications ranging from spintronic to photovoltaic. CFAS is a half metal with theoretical spin polarization of 100%. I investigated its potential as a spin injector, for spintronic applications, by studying the critical steps involved in the injection of spin polarized electron populations from tunnel junctions containing CFAS electrodes. Epitaxial CFAS thin films with L21 structure and saturation magnetizations of over 1200 emu/cm3 were produced by optimization of the sputtering growth conditions. Point contact Andreev reflection measurements show that the spin polarization at the CFAS electrode surface exceeds 70%. Analyses of the electrical properties of tunnel junctions with a superconducting Pb counter-electrode indicate that transport through native Al oxide barriers is mostly from direct tunneling, while that through the native CFAS oxide barriers is not. ZnGeAs2 is a semiconductor comprised of only inexpensive and earth-abundant elements. The electronic structure and defect properties are similar in many ways to GaAs. Thus, in theory, efficient solar cells could be made with ZnGeAs2 if similar quality material to that of GaAs could be produced. To understand the thermochemistry and determine the rate limiting steps of ZnGeAs2 thin-film synthesis, the (a) thermal decomposition rate and (b) elemental composition and deposition rate of films were measured. It is concluded that the ZnGeAs2 thin film synthesis is a metastable process with an activation energy of 1.08±0.05 eV for the kinetically-limited decomposition rate and an evaporation coefficient of ~10-3. The thermochemical analysis presented here can be used to predict optimal conditions of ZnGeAs2 physical vapor deposition and thermal processing. Pyrite (FeS2) is another semiconductor that has tremendous potential for use in photovoltaic applications if high quality materials could be made. Here, I present the layer-by-layer growth of single-phase pyrite thin-films on heated substrates using sequential evaporation of Fe under high-vacuum followed by sulfidation at S pressures between 1 mTorr and 1 Torr. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals high-quality, defect-free pyrite grains were produces by this method. It is demonstrated that epitaxial pyrite layer was produced on natural pyrite substrates with this method. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Materials Science and Engineering 2013

Orientador: Jose de Alencar Simoni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T11:59:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miraldo_JoaoRogerio_M.pdf: 2237417 bytes, checksum: 750b34eb1be2f7fdba2d926ab2a4bc57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Experimentação em química: alternativas para a termoquímica no ensino médio. Este trabalho fornece situações experimentais para o ensino de termoquímica no nível médio como forma alternativa para se trabalhar esse conteúdo, além de um texto com a base teórica que sustenta o assunto. A metodologia partiu da análise de uma série de livros didáticos e materiais apostilados de escolas tradicionais de destaque no mercado livreiro. Os experimentos desenvolvidos foram testados com rigor científico e adaptados para o ensino médio. Um termistor foi utilizado como sensor de Temperatura e é a ferramenta fundamental no desenvolvimento dos experimentos. Na concepção desse material alguns aspectos foram relevantes: os conteúdos presentes nos programas oficiais de ensino de química em nível estadual e federal e nos materiais didáticos; materiais de fácil acesso e de baixo custo que viabilizem seu uso em escolas públicas; experimentos que fundamentem conceitos importantes em termoquímica. Os resultados experimentais mostraram-se dentro dos esperados pela literatura, com boa reprodutibilidade e são apresentados para permitir uma análise crítica dos possíveis valores a serem obtidos pelos alunos, bem como os erros, incertezas e aproximações necessárias. Os experimentos não necessitam de instrumentação sofisticada como balanças analíticas e foram desenvolvidos para materiais de fácil acesso. Não geram resíduos químicos perigosos e não envolvem periculosidade / Abstract: Experimentation in chemistry: alternatives for teaching thermochemistry in the high school. This work supplies experimental situations for teaching thermochemistry in high school as a alternative way to present this subject in addition to theoretical base related to the subject. The work beguins with the analysis of a significant number of traditional and commercially expressives text books suitable for the high school concerning to the main subject. The developed experiments were tested in chemical laboratory bench with scientific rigor and were adapted for the actual conditions of Brazilian schools. A termistor used as a temperature sensor is the fundamental tool in the development of the experiments. The official programs of teaching of chemistry, the accebility and low cost of the materials were the main aspects taken into account in order to develop the experiments. The accurace and precision of the experimental results are present in order to allow a critical analysis concerning to the appropriated approaches, probably mistakes, uncertainties and conclusions related to the subject. The main strategy used in this work was to develop experiments that don't use expensive instruments, or generate hazardous chemicals or involving periculosity / Mestrado / Físico-Química / Mestre em Química

L’apparition de fibres de SiC de haute pureté au cours des années 1990 a permis de considérer leur utilisation dans les réacteurs nucléaires en tant que renfort des composites à matrice SiC, dits composites SiC/SiC. Envisagés en tant que matériau de cœur des réacteurs du futur (SFR, GFR) et en remplacement des gaines en zirconium des réacteurs REP, la compatibilité thermochimique du SiC et des composites SiC/SiC avec l’environnement de tels réacteurs a été examinée. Des traitements thermiques en systèmes ouvert et fermé entre le SiC et l’UO2 ont montré une réactivité marquée au-delà de 1200°C avec la formation principalement de CO et de siliciures d’uranium dans la phase condensée, voire l’apparition d’une phase liquide entre 1500 et 1650°C. L’exposition au sodium liquide à 550°C jusqu’à 2000h a été étudiée en fonction de la concentration en oxygène. Une amélioration des propriétés mécaniques des composites SiC/SiC fabriqués pour cette étude (déformations et contraintes à rupture plus importantes) a été mise en évidence après immersion quelle que soit la concentration en oxygène du sodium liquide. Enfin, les compositions et les cinétiques de croissance des zones de réaction du SiC avec le niobium et le tantale (métaux utilisés pour assurer l’étanchéité d’une gaine en composite SiC/SiC) ont été mesurées entre 1050 et 1500°C. / The development of high purity SiC fibers during the nineties has led to their consideration as nuclear reactors components through the use of SiC/SiC composites. SiC and SiC/SiC composites are considered as core materials of future nuclear reactors (SFR, GFR) and as a potential replacement for the zirconium cladding of PWR. Therefore, the thermochemical compatibility of these materials with typical environments of those nuclear reactors has been studied. The composition and the growth kinetics of the reaction zone of SiC towards niobium and tantalum (considered as materials to ensure the leak-tightness of a SiC/SiC cladding for GFR) have been studied between 1050 and 1500°C. High temperature heat treatments in open and closed systems between SiC and UO2 have shown a significant reactivity over 1200°C characterized by the formation of CO and uranium silicides. Moreover, a liquid phase has been detected between 1500 and 1650°C. The exposure of SiC/SiC to liquid sodium (550°C, up to 2000h) has been studied as a function of the oxygen concentration dissolved in liquid sodium. An improvement of the mechanical properties of the composites elaborated for this study (increase of the tensile strength and strain at failure) has been highlighted after immersion in the liquid sodium independently of its oxygen concentration. It is believed that this phenomenon is due to the presence of residual sodium in the material.

A study of the role of different oxidants with silicon as the fuel in simple binary pyrotechnic compositions is reported. Several oxidants were examined, but only three (Sb₂0₃, Fe₂0₃ and Sn0₂) satisfied the restrictions that the combustion temperatures should be below the melting point of platinum/rhodium thermocouples (1760°C), that burning rates should not exceed the response of the thermocouples, and that burning should occur without significant mass-transport. A fourth oxidant, KN0₃, was selected on account of its low melting point and general importance as a pyrotechnic oxidant. The oxidation of silicon in the presence of either Sb₂0₃ or KN0₃ could be identified from thermal analysis curves. No thermal events were noted when Si/Sn0₂ and SiFe₂0₃ compositions were heated under similar conditions. The oxidation of Si powder in oxygen was also studied. All four binary systems sustained burning over a reasonably wide range of compositions. The range of burning rates measured (2 to 35 mm s⁻¹) depended on the oxidant used. Fe₂0₃ and Sb₂0₃ gave slow burning mixtures compared to Sn0₂ and to KN0₃ compositions with a high Si content. Burning rates generally increased with increasing specific surface area of silicon, but decreased in the presence of inert diluents and moisture. The burning rates of the Si/Fe₂0₃ and Si/Sn0₂ systems increased with increasing compaction of the samples. Kinetic parameters derived from the temperature proftles recorded during combustion were generally low (6 to 37 kJ mol⁻¹). This is in keeping with proposals that burning is diffusion controlled. The values of kinetic parameters derived from thermal analysis curves were considerably greater ( > 250 kJ mol⁻¹). Two other fuels, FeSi₇ and CaSi₂, gave similar thermal analysis curves when used instead of silicon. There were considerable differences in the burning rates for binary mixtures of these fuels compared to silicon. Ternary systems with two fuels or two oxidants showed that only limited interaction occurs during thermal analysis. The use of a second fuel or oxidant did, however, modify the burning behaviour considerably. Other techniques used in this study to probe the details of the reaction processes included bomb calorimetry, measurement of thermal conductivities, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron micoscropy.

Barium peroxide was selected as oxidant in a fundamental physico-chemical study of binary pyrotechnic systems on account of its apparently simple decomposition stoichiometry. With this selection, the choice of fuel was governed by the requirements of a self-sustaining reaction at combustion temperatures below the melting point of the platinum/rhodium thermocouples (∼1760°C) used for recording temperature-time profiles during burning, and at burning rates not exceeding the response of the sensors used to monitor combustion. Both manganese and molybdenum metal powders satisfied the above requirements. Strontium peroxide was also available as an oxidant and so the combustion of binary metal/oxidant systems using both fuels and both BaO₂ and SrO₂ oxidants was investigated. The Mn/BaO₂, MoBaO₂ and Mn/SrO₂ systems burnt over a wide range of compositions, but the range of ignitable compositions for the Mo/SrO₂ system was very limited. The linear burning rates, for all these systems, ranged from 2 to 12 mm s⁻¹ and burning rates were increased by the use of smaller particle-sizes of fuel and greater loading pressures. Inert additives generally decreased the burning rate. Temperature-time profiles were recorded for all the compositions which sustained combustion. Kinetic parameters were estimated from the shapes of these profiles using procedures developed by Hill et al and Boddington and Laye. Activation energies derived from the profiles were low (3 to 40 kJ mol⁻¹) and support suggestions that reactions at high temperatures are controlled by diffusion processes. Thermal analysis was used to identify the processes occurring in the four systems. The main exothermic events were observed to correspond approximately with the onset of oxidant decomposition. A pre-ignition reaction was tentatively identified in the Mn/BaO₂ system. Oxidation of the metal fuels was generally incomplete, probably because of the formation of protective layers of product. Activation energies, derived from thermal analysis results, were in the range of from 70 to 720 kJ mol⁻¹. Ternary systems containing either mixed fuels or mixed oxidants were also examined. No interactions hetween the fuels or between the oxidants were observed. Other techniques used included bomb calorimetry, measurement of thermal conductivity, X-ray powder diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

No description available.

Orientador: Claudio Airoldi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T20:39:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_FernandoJoseVolpiEusebiode_M.pdf: 2032222 bytes, checksum: 5a4e21e8f2399cc1438c215f34681ff9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Novas matrizes de sílica gel organofuncionalizadas foram preparadas através da incorporação da molécula de tiouréia nos agentes sililantes comerciais de cadeias lineares contendo de um a três átomos de nitrogênio em suas estruturas, na presença de sulfato de amônio, como catalisador. Utilizou-se um novo método de preparação do novo agente modificado não envolvendo a presença de solvente na etapa inicial, o que difere daqueles que usam algum tipo de solvente orgânico, não só na etapa inicial, como também em reações sucessivas de imobilização. As matrizes foram denominadas conforme o número de nitrogênios contidos em suas superfícies, sendo S-NT, S-2NT e S-3NT, de acordo com os crescentes átomos de nitrogênio contidos no agente de origem. Através do processo sol-gel foram sintetizados os filossilicatos correspondentes às superfícies de sílica modificada. Nessa etapa, os agentes incorporados com tiouréia foram dissolvidos em etanol e adicionados a uma solução de nitrato de níquel em meio básico, obedecendo a relação molar Si/Ni como sendo 4/3. Assim, foram obtidos filossilicatos similares ao talco, que apresenta o magnésio nos sítios octaédricos, envoltos por duas camadas de silicato, onde o silício está acomodado nos sítios tetraédricos. Para a síntese da estrutura similar ao talco natural é fundamental que a razão molar mencionada seja obedecida. As técnicas de caracterização utilizadas permitiram a compreensão das estruturas, bem como algumas de suas propriedades. Para os filossilicatos, foi fundamental a análise por difração de raios-X, para observar os planos de reflexões correspondentes aos da amostra de estruturas do tipo talco e comparar os sinais e as distâncias interlamelares de todos os materiais. A capacidade de adsorção de íons cobre foi estudada para as três matrizes de sílica. Os materiais apresentaram capacidade máxima de adsorção crescente na seguinte ordem. S2NT < SNT < S-3NT, ou seja, a matriz contendo dois átomos de nitrogênio em sua estrutura apresentou menor capacidade, que por sua vez é menor do que a matriz contendo três átomos de nitrogênio nas cadeias. Esse resultado está de acordo com os percentuais de nitrogênio para cada amostra, calculados pela análise elementar. A energética da interação íons cobre/centros básicos de Lewis foi determinada por titulação calorimétrica. Os dados permitiram obter a isoterma de Langmuir e através de sua regressão linear, calcular os parâmetros termodinâmicos que se apresentaram favoráveis à complexação do cobre. / Abstract: New silica gel organofunctionalized surfaces were synthesized by incorporating the thiourea molecule in the commercial silylanting agents with linear chains containing from one to three nitrogen atoms on their structures, in presence of ammonium sulphate as catalyst. This method for new modified silylating agent preparation does not require any solvent for the first step reaction. The most usefull described processes are based on the use of solvent not only on the first step, but also on the immobilization reactions. The materiaIs were named following to the number of nitrogen atoms attached to the aliphatic organic chains containing on surfaces, as S-NT, S-2NT and S-3NT, from one to three nitrogen atoms derived from silylating agents, respectively. From sol-gel process the analogous phyllosilicates from modified silica surfaces were synthesized. In this step, the functionalized agent was dissolved in ethanol and added to a nickel nitrate solution, in basic condition, following the molar ratio Si/Ni as 4/3. Therefore, the obtained talc-like phyllosilicate, presented the magnesium atom in octahedral sites, which are located between two tetrahedral silicate layers. To synthesize a talc-like structure, the mentioned molar ratio must be obeyed. The characterization techniques allowed the understanding of the structures, as well as some of properties. For phyllosilicates, the X-ray diffraction patterns were of fundamental importance for observing the typical reflection plans associated with the samples that have a talc-like structure and to compare the signals and the interlamellar space for all materials. The copper adsorption capacity was studied for alI three silica matrices. The materials presented an increasing order of adsorption capacity as: S-2NT < SNT < S-3NT, e.g., the matrix containing two nitrogen atoms on its structure had lower capacity than the others, including that one of three nitrogen atoms. These data are in agreement with nitrogen percentage values for each sample, evaluated by elemental analysis. The energetic of the interactions between copper ions/nitrogen Lewis basic centers were followed by calorimetry. Through calorimetric titrations was possible to adjust the results to the Langmuir isotherm and by linear regression and the thermodynamic parameters were calculated and presented favorable for copper complexation. / Mestrado / Quimica Inorganica / Mestre em Química