Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Rhode Island, 2005. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 35-38).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 145 p.; also includes graphics (some col.) Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-145).

Thermochromic materials undergo temperature-dependent colour changes. Although there are several origins of thermochromism, two distinct types of thermochromism are common in thermochromic mixtures. Melt-lightened thermochromism occurs when the colour density of a mixture decreases with increasing temperature, and is usually associated with colour loss upon mixture melting. Melt-darkened thermochromism occurs when the colour density of a mixture increases with increasing temperature, and is usually associated conversion from a decoloured solid state to a coloured melt. Three-component thermochromic systems generally consist of a leuco dye (minor component), a phenolic colour developer (intermediate component), and a high melting-point organic solvent (dominant component). In these systems, the colouring behaviour is controlled by competing binary interactions, with the dye:developer interaction responsible for colour formation and the developer:solvent interaction responsible for colour erasure. In the present study, three-component mixtures composed of CVL (dye), long-chain alkyl gallates (phenolic developer), and long-chain alkyl alcohols (long-chain solvent) were examined. The thermochromic behaviour (i.e., melt-lightened vs. melt-darkened thermochromism) of these mixtures was examined as a function of the matching of the alkyl chain length of the gallate developer and alcohol solvent. When the alkyl chain lengths were well matched, the developer:solvent interaction dominated in the solid state and melt-darkened thermochromism was observed. When the alkyl chain lengths were poorly matched, the dye:developer interaction dominated in the solid state, and melt-lightened thermochromism was observed. The colour density of the molten state was determined by the developer:dye molar ratio, with high molar ratios yielding coloured melts and low molar ratios yielding decoloured melts. Additional studies employing chemically dissimilar developers and solvents (e.g., bisphenol A with 1-hexadecanol) yielded mixtures that displayed optimal melt-lightened thermochromism. The high solid-state colour density due to weak developer:solvent interactions provides further evidence that competing binary interactions are responsible for the colouring behaviour observed for three-component thermochromic systems. Ternary thermochromic phase diagrams were used to define compositional regions of optimal thermochromic behaviour (i.e., high colour contrast), providing a useful experimental tool for the rapid identification of ideal sample compositions. Additionally, an examination of the properties of thermally erasable ink-jet printer inks was carried out during the present study. / An assessment of the thermochromic behaviour of three-component chemical systems comprising a colour-changing leuco dye, an electron-accepting phenolic developer, and a long-chain alkyl alcohol solid solvent.

V textilním průmyslu je v dnešní době veliká konkurence. Každá novinka může znamenat velký zisk. Tato diplomová práce se bude zabývat aplikací termochromních přísad (látka reagující na teplotu změnou své barvy) do polymerní matrice, konkrétně polypropylenu, a jeho další zpracování u výrobce technického polotovaru - výroba vláken. Po výrobě vzorků bude provedeno jejich testování. Porovnají se vlastnosti polypropylenu s a bez termochromních přísad a zhodnotí se, nakolik tyto přísady ovlivňují vlastnosti polypropylenu. Ze získaných výsledků se stanoví možnost využití termochromních přísad v textilním průmyslu.

Strongly correlated oxides are studied widely for the host of unique applications, such as hightemperature superconductivity, colossal magneto resistance, exotic magnetic, charge and orbital ordering, and insulator-to-metal transitions. Transitional metal oxides which form the majority of the correlated oxide systems and oxides of Vanadium, especially VO2 and V2O5 are the two most favourite systems among researchers for several applications. In this thesis, the growth and characterization of VO2 and V2O5 are discussed along with a special focus on the optical property, especially thermochromic properties. Traditionally SMT behaviour and Infrared reflectively was the focus area for VO2 research, and its only until recently that VO2 is being treated as a much more complex system and investigated as highly responsive naturally disordered metamaterial near the phase transition temperature where the material exhibits semiconducting and metallic phase co-existence. Since each phase of VO2 has a distinct optical and electrical properties, controlling the extent of phase transitions by accurate temperature modulation, enables exploitation of the material for new properties like emissivity modulation in the NIR region and for creating IR visible reversible and rewritable patterns. V2O5 is traditionally seen as a high TCR material and regarded as material of choice for application ranging from catalysis, gas sensors to lithium batteries. In this study, however we focus on the optical properties of the material, especially the visible range thermochromic nature of V2O5 coatings synthesised by oxidative annealing of MOCVD grown VOx coatings. The impact of doping and selective oxygen vacancy generation on the thermochromic property are discussed

VO2-based films are thermochromic and exhibit high or low infrared transmittance when the temperature is below or above a critical temperature. The thermochromic switching is passive and reversible, and therefore VO2 based films are promising for energy-efficient window appli­cations. However the practicaluse of VO2 for energy-efficient windows has long been hampered by low luminous transmittance and low solar energy transmittance modulation. The main goal of this dissertation work is to address these issues. The first half of the work proposes the concept of nanothermochromics for simultaneous improvement of luminous transmittance and modulation of solar energy throughput. nanoth­ermochromics considers VO2 nanoparticle composite layers, whose optical properties were modeled by effective medium theories. Calculations on VO2 spheroids have shown that VO2 nanoparticles, especially nanospheres, can offer dramatically improved luminous transmittance and solar transmittance modulation that are not possible for films. Calculations done on coreshell nanoparticles showed comparable improvements and offer an opportunity to reduce the material costs. It was also found that the composite of In2O3:Sn (ITO) and VO2 can yield moderately high luminous transmittance, solar transmittance modulation and low-emittance properties. In the second half of the dissertation work, Mg-doped VO2 films were sputter deposited. Their band gaps and Mg-content were investigated by means of optical absorption measurement and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, respectively. The band gaps of VO2 were found to increase by ∼3.9±0.5 eV per unit of atom ratio Mg/(Mg+V) for 0<Mg/(Mg+V)<0.21. Computations based on effective medium theory were done to estimate the performance of Mg­-doped VO2 films and nanoparticle composite layers. The results suggest that moderately doped VO2 films with 0<Mg/(Mg+V)<0.06 perform better than un-doped films and that the perfor­mance can be further enhanced with one layer of antireflection coating. The best results were achieved by un-doped VO2 nanospheres, closely followed by the VO2 nanospheres with low Mg-content. Furthermore, the an experimental study on sputter deposited VO2 nanorods has identified the geometry of the oxygen gas inlet, the type of substrate, the substrate temperature and the layer thickness as important factors that influence the growth morphology. Taken as a whole, nanothermochromics offered by VO2 nanoparticles was shown to be the best solution for VO2 based thermochromic energy-efficient window coatings.

Ce travail porte sur la synthèse et la caractérisation de nouveaux pigments thermochromes irréversibles avec le cobalt divalent pour chromophore principal en vue de les intégrer à une peinture thermosensible commerciale.Le travail a été réalisé en suivant trois phases. La première phase a consisté en l’identification de matrices thermosensibles présentant des évolutions structurales irréversibles en température dues à des transitions de phase du premier ordre ou des dégradations chimiques. Puis la synthèse de ces matrices a été effectuée par des voies compatibles avec les méthodes d’élaboration industrielle et permettant un dopage au cobalt. Enfin la troisième et dernière étape est l’étude in-situ et ex-situ des propriétés thermosensibles des pigments synthétisés à l’aide de techniques comme la diffraction des rayons X et des neutrons en température, l’analyse thermogravimétrique et la réflexion diffuse en température.À l’issue de ce travail de recherche, les solutions les plus efficaces ont été synthétisées à l’échelle industrielle puis intégrées à une peinture commerciale en phase aqueuse. / This work deals with the development of new thermochromic pigment which will be the active part of an irreversible thermochromic paint.The studies moved towards three steps. Firstly, an identification of crystalline matrix offering structural rearrangement in temperature because of first order phase transition or chemical degradation were performed. Then the identified matrix were synthesised thanks to synthesis routes compatible with industrial procedures. The third and last step consisted in the in-situ and ex-situ characterization of thermochromic properties of the synthesized compounds with technics like temperature coupled X-ray and neutrons diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and temperature coupled diffuse reflectance analysis.The most efficient compounds were then industrially synthesized and integrated to a commercial aqueous paint.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-06-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:58:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 montanari_b_me_araiq.pdf: 1110824 bytes, checksum: 31d43cb39ebc2be5429e997729625c38 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Filmes finos de óxido de tungstênio apresentam várias propriedades ópticas interessantes. As propriedades eletrocrômicas, fotocrômicas e termocrômicas são conhecidas como uma mudança de cor pela ação de um campo elétrico, radiação eletromagnética e calor, respectivamente e têm sido amplamente estudadas. Muitos sistemas foram investigados e suas propriedades são largamente influenciadas por muitos parâmetros experimentais. Este comportamento é devido à facilidade dos átomos de tungstênio adotar vários estados de oxidação. Amostras vítreas foram preparadas nos sistemas ternário (NaPO3)n - BaF2 - WO3 e binário (NaPO3)n - WO3. Esses vidros apresentam grande estabilidade térmica frente à cristalização. Amostras contendo altas concentrações de WO3 (acima de 40% em mol) foram usadas como precursores na preparação dos filmes finos. Os filmes foram depositados pela técnica de evaporação por canhão de elétrons. Substratos de vidro borosilicato foram utilizados devido a melhor aderência. Os filmes foram caracterizados pela difração de raios X, perfilometria, espectroscopia de dispersão de raios X (EDX), espectroscopia de absorção eletrônica na região do UV-visível, espectroscopia de absorção vibracional na região do infravermelho, espectroscopia de espalhamento Raman, espectroscopia de absorção de raios X (XANES), m-lines e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Filmes finos estáveis contendo altas concentrações de WO3 foram obtidos e parâmetros experimentais foram estabelecidos. Propriedades termocrômicas foram estudadas em função do tempo e da temperatura. A umidade atmosférica foi o parâmetro fundamental no estudo do termocromismo. Propriedades ópticas e estruturais foram estudadas em função da concentração de WO3. Tratamentos térmicos controlados foram realizados nos filmes e somente a fase WO3 pode ser cristalizada a partir de filmes contendo altas concentrações de tungstênio. / Tungsten oxide thin films present several interesting optical properties. Electrochromic, photochromic and thermochromic properties are known as a colour change by the action of an electric field, electromagnetic radiation and heat respectively and have been widely studied. Many systems were investigated and their properties are largely influenced by many experimental parameters. This behavior is due to the facility of tungsten atoms to adopt various oxidation states. Vitreous samples were prepared in the (NaPO3)n - BaF2 - WO3 ternary and (NaPO3)n - WO3 binary systems. These glasses present high thermal stability against crystallization. Samples containing high concentrations of WO3 (above 40% molar) have been used as target to prepare thin films. Such films were deposited by electron beam evaporation method. Borosilicate glasses substrates were used due to better adherence. The films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, perfilometry, X-ray dispersion spectroscopy (XDS), UV-visible transmittance, infrared reflectance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), m-lines and Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). Stable thin films containing high concentration of WO3 were obtained and experimental parameters were established. Thermochromic properties were studied in function of time and temperature. Humidity of the atmosphere was a fundamental parameter in the study of the thermochromism. Optical and structural properties were studied in function of concentration WO3. Controlled thermal treatments were accomplished in the films and only the phase WO3 was crystallized starting from films containing high tungsten concentrations.

Orientador: Younès Messaddeq / Banca: Maria Aparecida Zaghete Bertochi / Banca: Máximo Siu Li / Resumo: Filmes finos de óxido de tungstênio apresentam várias propriedades ópticas interessantes. As propriedades eletrocrômicas, fotocrômicas e termocrômicas são conhecidas como uma mudança de cor pela ação de um campo elétrico, radiação eletromagnética e calor, respectivamente e têm sido amplamente estudadas. Muitos sistemas foram investigados e suas propriedades são largamente influenciadas por muitos parâmetros experimentais. Este comportamento é devido à facilidade dos átomos de tungstênio adotar vários estados de oxidação. Amostras vítreas foram preparadas nos sistemas ternário (NaPO3)n - BaF2 - WO3 e binário (NaPO3)n - WO3. Esses vidros apresentam grande estabilidade térmica frente à cristalização. Amostras contendo altas concentrações de WO3 (acima de 40% em mol) foram usadas como precursores na preparação dos filmes finos. Os filmes foram depositados pela técnica de evaporação por canhão de elétrons. Substratos de vidro borosilicato foram utilizados devido a melhor aderência. Os filmes foram caracterizados pela difração de raios X, perfilometria, espectroscopia de dispersão de raios X (EDX), espectroscopia de absorção eletrônica na região do UV-visível, espectroscopia de absorção vibracional na região do infravermelho, espectroscopia de espalhamento Raman, espectroscopia de absorção de raios X (XANES), m-lines e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Filmes finos estáveis contendo altas concentrações de WO3 foram obtidos e parâmetros experimentais foram estabelecidos. Propriedades termocrômicas foram estudadas em função do tempo e da temperatura. A umidade atmosférica foi o parâmetro fundamental no estudo do termocromismo. Propriedades ópticas e estruturais foram estudadas em função da concentração de WO3. Tratamentos térmicos controlados foram realizados nos filmes e somente a fase WO3 pode ser cristalizada a partir de filmes contendo altas concentrações de tungstênio. / Abstract: Tungsten oxide thin films present several interesting optical properties. Electrochromic, photochromic and thermochromic properties are known as a colour change by the action of an electric field, electromagnetic radiation and heat respectively and have been widely studied. Many systems were investigated and their properties are largely influenced by many experimental parameters. This behavior is due to the facility of tungsten atoms to adopt various oxidation states. Vitreous samples were prepared in the (NaPO3)n - BaF2 - WO3 ternary and (NaPO3)n - WO3 binary systems. These glasses present high thermal stability against crystallization. Samples containing high concentrations of WO3 (above 40% molar) have been used as target to prepare thin films. Such films were deposited by electron beam evaporation method. Borosilicate glasses substrates were used due to better adherence. The films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, perfilometry, X-ray dispersion spectroscopy (XDS), UV-visible transmittance, infrared reflectance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), m-lines and Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). Stable thin films containing high concentration of WO3 were obtained and experimental parameters were established. Thermochromic properties were studied in function of time and temperature. Humidity of the atmosphere was a fundamental parameter in the study of the thermochromism. Optical and structural properties were studied in function of concentration WO3. Controlled thermal treatments were accomplished in the films and only the phase WO3 was crystallized starting from films containing high tungsten concentrations. / Mestre

Currently, functional materials are attracting considerable attention in the effort to solve some tough challenges the world is faced with. Thermochromic (TC) materials have the potential to make buildings more energy efficient because of their ability to change color (i.e black to white) at specific temperatures. Using this property, TC materials can reflect solar radiation in the summer, to keep a building cool during daytime hours, and absorb solar radiation in the winter to keep the building warm when their color is dark. Very often, to increase their durability, thermochromic materials are encapsulated. In this work, a new process has been developed to encapsulate low temperature TC materials with silicon dioxide. The encapsulated TC material has been characterized by several methods to determine its performance, such as SEM and TEM to determine the SiO2 shell structural properties, TGA and DSC to test its thermal properties. The as developed SiO2 encapsulated thermochromic materials demonstrated the color transition at around 31oC.