Thèse (M.Sc.Géogr.) -- Université Laval, 2005. / Thèse présentée sous forme d'un recueil d'articles scientifiques rédigés en anglais avec résumés en français et en anglais, soumis ou publiés dans différents titres de périodiques ; avant-propos, introduction et conclusion en français. Bibliogr.: f. [64]-69. Publié aussi en version électronique.

Retrogressive thaw slumps are one of the most dynamic geomorphic features in ice-rich permafrost environments. These features impact aquatic environments by releasing previously frozen organic and inorganic sediments into nearby waterbodies. The objective of this study is to quantify the effect of thaw slumps growth on the hydro-geochemical regime of streams in the Richardson Mountains–Peel Plateau region, northwestern Canada (Fig. 1), within a geospatial hydrological framework (sub-basin, watershed and sub-watershed units). The sub-basin level is determined as the most effective to represent the geochemical properties because of the higher number of sample points within each unit. Based on correlation values, the average surface area of slumps has the most impact on stream geochemistry (as opposed to the number of slumps). Larger single slumps (>5ha) contribute more to changes in geochemistry than clusters of smaller slumps. These slumps can alter the geochemistry of the water to such levels as to exceed limits for freshwater aquatic life.

Northern regions account for approximately 30% (1035 Pg) of the world’s soil organic carbon (SOC). Much of this carbon is currently stored in permafrost soils, which are vulnerable to increasing air and ground temperatures. Permafrost landscapes rich in ground ice, such as high-centred polygonal terrain, are likely to be highly vulnerable to thaw. Degradation of ice wedges in high-centred polygonal terrain causes increased moisture and ground temperatures. These environmental controls are likely to have a large impact on carbon cycling in this terrain type. My M.Sc. research combined both lab and field-based analyses to investigate current and potential carbon emissions from high-centred polygonal terrain in the Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands. To estimate the magnitude of future emissions from this terrain type I incubated six permafrost cores collected at two sites. Peat cores from four depths were each incubated under four conditions (cold anaerobic, warm anaerobic, cold aerobic, warm aerobic). The observation that carbon mineralization rates do not vary with depth demonstrates that the soil carbon liberated from permafrost in high-centred polygonal terrain will not be limited by SOC quality. This experiment also shows that emission rates will be moderated by temperature and moisture levels, and will be primarily in the form of CO2. To examine the impact of ice-wedge thaw on carbon emissions in high-centred polygonal terrain, we combined opaque chamber measurements of flux and estimates made from water samples using a gas diffusion model. Field sampling at two sites contrasted carbon emissions from polygon centres (n=18), wet troughs (n=18) and ponds (n=20). We also measured ground temperature and soil moisture using thermistors and a moisture sensor. Our field results demonstrate that ice-wedge degradation results in increased ground temperature, deeper active layers, and increased CO2 and CH4 emissions. Contrary to our expectations, CO2 emissions were not limited by waterlogged conditions, demonstrating the importance of anaerobic CO2 production. Our field measurements demonstrate that increasing temperatures are correlated with rising CO2 emissions in aerobic environments, and rising CO2 and CH4 emissions in anaerobic environments. Taken together, these two studies demonstrate that as ground temperatures increase in high-centred polygonal terrain, carbon emissions from ecosystem respiration are likely to increase. / Graduate / 0481 / 0425 / 0768

Ces travaux de thèse sont motivés par la volonté de comprendre les relations hydriques passées et présentes entre les eaux superficielles et les nappes souterraines du Triangle landais (France), en interrogeant la possible présence d'un pergélisol dans ce secteur au Dernier Maximum Glaciaire (DMG) et les conséquences associées sur la recharge des nappes. L'hypothèse de l'occurrence d'un pergélisol a été évoquée historiquement pour deux raisons : justifier d'une part le régime hydrique de la nappe crétacée, dont la recharge semble avoir été réduite au DMG puis abondante à la fin de cet épisode, et expliquer d'autre part le processus de formation des nombreuses mares (appelées localement des « lagunes ») qui parsèment ce territoire. Cette hypothèse est évaluée à l'aide d'une étude comparative menée sur un bassin versant en domaine de pergélisol discontinu au Nunavik (Québec, Canada), et s'articule autour de deux axes : vérifier d'abord si les « lagunes » présentent des caractéristiques typiques d'un thermokarst, puis quantifier les conséquences du paléo-pergélisol supposé sur la recharge des nappes. D'après les données hydrogéologiques et géomorphologiques disponibles, une majorité de « lagunes » semblent issues de phénomènes de karstification ou de déflation éolienne. Toutefois, l'hypothèse d'un pergélisol ne peut pas être rejetée et semble être la meilleure explication pour une minorité d'entre elles. Elles pourraient en particulier correspondre à des mares de thermokarst issues du dégel d'un pergélisol sporadique ou discontinu, mais non continu. Des modèles stratigraphiques conceptuels d'une « lagune » du secteur de Villagrains-Landiras et d'une mare de thermokarst ont été construits à partir de données géophysiques (géoradar, résistivité électrique et polarisation provoquée spectrale). Des coupes stratigraphiques et des profils bathymétriques de « lagunes » et de mares de thermokarst ont également été comparés. Dans les deux cas, la morphologie, le contexte sédimentaire et les propriétés gélives des sédiments s'avèrent similaires. Dans le Triangle landais, des traces de solifluxion et de fluage, caractéristiques du dégel d'un pergélisol, sont visibles sur des coupes stratigraphiques en bordure de « lagunes ». Cependant, contrairement aux résultats obtenus au Nunavik, aucune de ces traces caractéristiques n'a pu être détectée en utilisant les méthodes géophysiques. Finalement, des modélisations géothermiques (1D) et hydrogéologiques (2D) du secteur de Villagrains-Landiras ont mis en évidence qu'un pergélisol discontinu peut théoriquement se développer dans le Triangle landais sous des conditions climatiques semblables à celles du Nunavik, mais que ses conséquences sont négligeables sur la recharge des nappes. À l'avenir, une modélisation hydro-géothermique plus complexe serait nécessaire pour étayer cette conclusion. / This Ph.D thesis aims at enhencing our understanding of the connection between surface water and groundwater in south-west France, by questionning the possible aggradation of permafrost in the Triangle landais area during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and its consequences on groundwater recharge. Such a permafrost event has been proposed for two reasons. On the one hand, it could offer an explanation to the low recharge of the Cretaceous aquifer at the time of the LGM, and to its subsequent high recharge at the end of this period. On the other hand, it could explain the inset of the numerous ponds dotting this territory. This assumption is examined by means of a comparative study conducted on a watershed in the discontinuous permafrost zone in Nunavik (Québec, Canada). The research is structured in two steps: firstly by verifying whether the numerous ponds have typical thermokarst characteristics, and secondly, by quantifying the consequences of the presumed paleo-permafrost on groundwater recharge. From the available hydrogeological and geomorphological data, most of the ponds appear to originate from karstic or aeolian processes. However, the permafrost hypothesis cannot be rejected and seems to be the best explanation for a minority of ponds. More precisely, these ponds may correspond to thermokarst ponds resulting from the thaw settlement of the ground in a sporadic or discontinuous permafrost environment, but certainly not in a continuous one. Geophysical data (ground penetrating radar, DC electrical resistivity, and spectral induced polarization) have been used to build two conceptual stratigraphic models: one of a pond from the area of Villagrains-Landiras (SW France) and one of a thermokarst pond from Nunavik. For further comparison, stratigraphic sections and bathymetric maps were also produced on other ponds. As a result, the ponds from the Triangle landais and the thermokarst ponds seem closely related in terms of morphology, geological context and frost susceptibility of the ground. Solifluction and creeping features specific to thermokarst processes have been noticed in the vicinity of ponds in the Triangle landais. However, unlike in Nunavik, none of these characteristic features could be detected using geophysical methods. Lastly, using 1D geothermal and 2D hydrogeological modelings, it has been showed that climatic conditions similar to those in Nunavik could theoretically lead to discontinuous permafrost aggradation in the Villagrains-Landiras area. However, the consequences would be negligible regarding groundwater recharge. In the future, more complex hydro-geothermal modeling would be required to support this conclusion.

The Mackenzie Delta region of the Northwest Territories, Canada, has experienced rapid climate warming in the past century resulting in rapidly thawing permafrost in this region. This thesis examines spatial and temporal changes to sediment organic carbon and mercury flux in lakes from thermokarst regions by comparing sediment cores from lakes with and without retrogressive thaw slumps on their shorelines. We show that sediments from lakes with permafrost thaw slump development on their shorelines (slump lakes) had higher sedimentation rates as well as lower total Hg, methyl mercury (MeHg), and labile OC fractions when compared to lakes where thaw slumps were absent. Total Hg and MeHg concentrations in sediments were correlated with total organic carbon (TOC), S2 (labile algal-derived OC), and inferred chlorophyll a content, indicating an association between autochthonous organic carbon and Hg in these sediments. Correlations between mercury and S2 in these study lakes generally support the hypothesis that algal-derived materials correlate with Hg concentration in sediments. We observed higher S2 concentrations in reference lakes than in slump lakes, likely due to uninterrupted algal production, lower dilution by flux of inorganic matter, and possibly better anoxic preservation in reference lakes compared to slump lakes. It is evident that thaw slump development in this thermokarst region increases inorganic sedimentation in lakes, while decreasing concentrations of organic carbon and associated Hg and MeHg in sediments.

The Mackenzie Delta region of the Northwest Territories, Canada, has experienced rapid climate warming in the past century resulting in rapidly thawing permafrost in this region. This thesis examines spatial and temporal changes to sediment organic carbon and mercury flux in lakes from thermokarst regions by comparing sediment cores from lakes with and without retrogressive thaw slumps on their shorelines. We show that sediments from lakes with permafrost thaw slump development on their shorelines (slump lakes) had higher sedimentation rates as well as lower total Hg, methyl mercury (MeHg), and labile OC fractions when compared to lakes where thaw slumps were absent. Total Hg and MeHg concentrations in sediments were correlated with total organic carbon (TOC), S2 (labile algal-derived OC), and inferred chlorophyll a content, indicating an association between autochthonous organic carbon and Hg in these sediments. Correlations between mercury and S2 in these study lakes generally support the hypothesis that algal-derived materials correlate with Hg concentration in sediments. We observed higher S2 concentrations in reference lakes than in slump lakes, likely due to uninterrupted algal production, lower dilution by flux of inorganic matter, and possibly better anoxic preservation in reference lakes compared to slump lakes. It is evident that thaw slump development in this thermokarst region increases inorganic sedimentation in lakes, while decreasing concentrations of organic carbon and associated Hg and MeHg in sediments.

The Mackenzie Delta region of the Northwest Territories, Canada, has experienced rapid climate warming in the past century resulting in rapidly thawing permafrost in this region. This thesis examines spatial and temporal changes to sediment organic carbon and mercury flux in lakes from thermokarst regions by comparing sediment cores from lakes with and without retrogressive thaw slumps on their shorelines. We show that sediments from lakes with permafrost thaw slump development on their shorelines (slump lakes) had higher sedimentation rates as well as lower total Hg, methyl mercury (MeHg), and labile OC fractions when compared to lakes where thaw slumps were absent. Total Hg and MeHg concentrations in sediments were correlated with total organic carbon (TOC), S2 (labile algal-derived OC), and inferred chlorophyll a content, indicating an association between autochthonous organic carbon and Hg in these sediments. Correlations between mercury and S2 in these study lakes generally support the hypothesis that algal-derived materials correlate with Hg concentration in sediments. We observed higher S2 concentrations in reference lakes than in slump lakes, likely due to uninterrupted algal production, lower dilution by flux of inorganic matter, and possibly better anoxic preservation in reference lakes compared to slump lakes. It is evident that thaw slump development in this thermokarst region increases inorganic sedimentation in lakes, while decreasing concentrations of organic carbon and associated Hg and MeHg in sediments.

The Mackenzie Delta region of the Northwest Territories, Canada, has experienced rapid climate warming in the past century resulting in rapidly thawing permafrost in this region. This thesis examines spatial and temporal changes to sediment organic carbon and mercury flux in lakes from thermokarst regions by comparing sediment cores from lakes with and without retrogressive thaw slumps on their shorelines. We show that sediments from lakes with permafrost thaw slump development on their shorelines (slump lakes) had higher sedimentation rates as well as lower total Hg, methyl mercury (MeHg), and labile OC fractions when compared to lakes where thaw slumps were absent. Total Hg and MeHg concentrations in sediments were correlated with total organic carbon (TOC), S2 (labile algal-derived OC), and inferred chlorophyll a content, indicating an association between autochthonous organic carbon and Hg in these sediments. Correlations between mercury and S2 in these study lakes generally support the hypothesis that algal-derived materials correlate with Hg concentration in sediments. We observed higher S2 concentrations in reference lakes than in slump lakes, likely due to uninterrupted algal production, lower dilution by flux of inorganic matter, and possibly better anoxic preservation in reference lakes compared to slump lakes. It is evident that thaw slump development in this thermokarst region increases inorganic sedimentation in lakes, while decreasing concentrations of organic carbon and associated Hg and MeHg in sediments.

The localized loss of near-surface excess ice on Mars by sublimation (and perhaps melting) can produce thermokarstic collapse features such as expanded craters and scalloped depressions, which can be indicators of the preservation of shallow ice. We demonstrate this by identifying High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment images containing expanded craters south of Arcadia Planitia (25-40 degrees N) and observe a spatial correlation between regions with thermokarst and the lowest-latitude ice-exposing impact craters identified to date. In addition to widespread thermokarst north of 35 degrees N, we observe localized thermokarst features that we interpret as patchy ice as far south as 25 degrees N. Few ice-exposing craters have been identified in the southern hemisphere of Mars since they are easier to find in dusty, high-albedo regions, but the relationship among expanded craters, ice-exposing impacts, and the predicted ice table boundary in Arcadia Planitia allows us to extend this thermokarst survey into the southern midlatitudes (30-60 degrees S) to infer the presence of ice today. Our observations suggest that the southern hemisphere excess ice boundary lies at 45 degrees S regionally. At lower latitudes, some isolated terrains (e.g., crater fill and pole-facing slopes) also contain thermokarst, suggesting local ice preservation. We look for spatial relationships between our results and surface properties (e.g., slope and neutron spectrometer water ice concentration) and ice table models to understand the observed ice distribution. Our results show trends with thermal inertia and dust cover and are broadly consistent with ice deposition during a period with a higher relative humidity than today. Shallow, lower-latitude ice deposits are of interest for future exploration.

Understanding the age and distribution of shallow ice on Mars is valuable for interpreting past and present climate conditions, and has implications on habitability and future in situ resource utilization. Many ice-related features, such as lobate debris aprons and concentric crater fill, have been studied using a range of remote sensing techniques. Here, I explore the distribution of expanded craters, a form of sublimation thermokarst where shallow, excess ice has been destabilized and sublimated following an impact event. This leads to the collapse of the overlying dry regolith to produce the appearance of diameter widening. The modern presence of these features suggests that excess ice has remained preserved in the terrain immediately surrounding the craters since the time of their formation in order to maintain the surface. High-resolution imagery is ideal for observing thermokarst features, and much of the work described here will utilize data from the Context Camera (CTX) and High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). Expanded craters tend to be found in clusters that emanate radially from at least four primary craters in Arcadia Planitia, and are interpreted as secondary craters that formed nearly simultaneously with their primaries. Crater age dates of the primaries indicate that the expanded secondaries, as well as the ice layer into which they impacted, must be at least tens of millions of years old. Older double-layer ejecta craters in Arcadia Planitia commonly have expanded craters superposed on their ejecta – and they tend to be more expanded (with larger diameters) in the inner ejecta layer. This has implications on the formation mechanisms for craters with this unique ejecta morphology. Finally, I explore the distribution of expanded craters south of Arcadia Planitia and across the southern mid-latitudes, along with scalloped depressions (another form of sublimation thermokarst), in order to identify the modern excess ice boundary in this region and any longitudinal variations. This study identifies some potential low-latitude locations with patchy excess ice, possibly preserved during a past climate. Through these studies, I will infer regions that contain abundant ice today and consider the implications that this ice has on both the martian climate and future exploration.