Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1992. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-113). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis(M.S.)--Auburn University, 2005. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references.

La performance du système de compression des turbomachines est limitée en grande partie par les décollements tridimensionnels; ils sont plus importants au niveau des parois internes où le fluide a tendance à décélérer dans les zones de faible impulsion. Ce travail de recherche met en œuvre l'aspiration de la couche limite afin de maîtriser les décollements dans les compresseurs. Ceci est obtenu par la mise en place de dispositifs d'aspiration sur le moyeu etle profil de l’aube afin de prélever judicieusement le fluide à faible énergie dans les couches limites et ainsi augmenter le taux de compression par étage. Cette thèse est issue de travaux de recherche réalisés conjointement avec l'Ecole Centrale de Lyon (ECL), l’Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) et l'ONERA. Ces travaux ont été financés par la Commission Européenne dans le cadre du programme NEWAC et l’entreprise SNECMA.Le cas test est une grille annulaire de redresseur conçu pour fonctionner avec des conditions d'entrée transsoniques. Des calculs stationnaires tridimensionnels RANS sont réalisés afin de définir la plage de fonctionnement de la grille en mettant l'accent sur l'étude des topologies d’écoulement aube-a-aube afin de comprendre la formation et la progression du décollement de coin au moyeu avec des incidences d'entrée croissantes. L’aspiration est réalisée sur le moyeu par une fente afin de mieux maîtriser les décollements tridimensionnels et ainsi accroître le taux de compression et la plage de fonctionnement. L'aspiration est sensible au débit massique aspiré; de faibles débits aspirés conduisent à des topologies d’écoulements complexes avec des performances dégradées, tandis que des débits aspirés plus élevés permettent de supprimer le décollement de coin et d'améliorer la performance à l’exception du point de plus forte incidence. L'analyse des topologies montre une recirculation de l'écoulement entre la cavité d'aspiration et la veine. Ce phénomène d’écoulement tridimensionnel très complexe influe sur la performance des aubages. Ainsi l'étude des topologies permet d’orienter le choix dans l’implémentation de systèmes conduisant à une meilleure maîtrise des écoulements.Cette stratégie d’aspiration est étudiée expérimentalement à l'EPFL où l'aspiration a été mise en œuvre au moyeu. Une nouvelle série d'études numériques réalisées avec les conditions d'entrée mesurées sur le banc d’essais associées à des hypothèses de calcul conduisent à une assez bonne concordance entre les mesures d’essais et la simulation numérique. En particulier, le décollement de coin est bien prédit par les calculs numériques.Des études théoriques ont été menées afin d’appliquer l'aspiration sur le profil de la pale et ainsi améliorer la capacité de diffusion des pales. Des études de sensibilité ont été réalisées sur divers paramètres tels que le positionnement des fentes d’aspiration et le débit aspiré qui ont conduit au choix d’une configuration finale retenue pour les essais. Des études réalisées avec de multiples et plus petites fentes d’aspiration sur le profil de la pale montrent le bien fondé de l'application d’un contrôle d’écoulement localisé sur les points critiques associés à des décollements. Ceci montre l’enjeu d'atteindre des niveaux de performance supérieurs avec des débits aspirés plus faibles. / The performance of the compression system of a gas turbine engine is limited for a large part by the three-dimensional separations occurring in the high pressure compressors. The effects of flow separation are more important in the endwall regions where the fluid tends to decelerate and accumulate in regions of low momentum. The theme of this research work is to implement boundary layer aspiration to control flow separations in high pressure compressors. This is achieved by implementing aspiration devices on the endwall and blade profile to judiciously remove low energy fluid in the boundary layers that enables higher pressure rise per stage. This thesis is a joint scientific work associating Ecole Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) and ONERA. The European Commission under the frame of the programme NEWAC and the enterprise SNECMA has financed this research work. The test case is a stator blade row designed to operate with transonic inlet conditions. Three-dimensionalsteady state RANS computational studies are done to define the operating range of the cascade with emphasis on the study of blade-to-blade flow topologies to understand the formation and progression of the corner separation on the hub wall with increasing inlet incidences. Boundary layer aspiration is implemented on the hub wall to control the threedimensional flow separations to improve the pressure rise and the operating range. The aspiration strategy is sensitive to the aspirated massflow; lower aspirated flow rate results incomplex flow separation topologies with deteriorated performance, while higher aspirated flow rate is found to suppress the corner separation and improve the diffusion capability except at the highest incidence point. The analysis of flow topologies shows the recirculation of flow between the aspiration cavity and the blade passage; a highly complex three-dimensionalflow phenomena that influences the blade performance. The study of flow topologies is instrumental in developing rationales for the implementation of flow control.This aspiration strategy is studied experimentally at EPFL where aspiration has been implemented on the hub wall. A new set of numerical studies done with inlet conditions measured from the test bench associated with rational hypothesis concludes this task with reasonable agreement between the experiments and numerical simulation. In particular, the hub corner separation is predicted well by CFD.Computational studies are done to implement aspiration on the blade profile to improve the diffusion capability of the blades; various sensitivity parameters such as aspiration slot locations, aspirated flow rate are studied and a configuration is finalised for the experiments to be followed. Some studies are performed with smaller and multiple slots on the blade profile. The results show the merit of applying localised flow control on the critical points associated with flow separation demonstrating the scope to achieve higher levels of performance with lower aspirated flow rates.

The transfer of sparingly soluble gases across the air-water interface has significant effects on the distribution of the constituents in aquatic ecosystems. Gas-liquid transfer rate determines the flux of the sparingly soluble gases driven by the concentration difference. Considerable stream-driven gas-liquid transfer rate formulae have been developed. They have reasonable predictions in one-dimensional uniform flows. However, their applications in more complex cases such as three-dimensional flows are problematic. Furthermore, the wind effects are not incorporated into these formulae. New models need to be developed for gas-liquid transfer rate in three-dimensional flows that incorporate the effects of both wind and streamflow. In this study, first, a model of gas-liquid transfer rate in non-isotropic turbulent flows is developed. Second, a general stream-driven gas-liquid transfer rate model is developed for the normal ranges of water depth and flow velocity in natural rivers. Third, a wind-stream-driven gas-liquid transfer rate model is developed. Fourth, a model of surface renewal rate caused by turbulence from transition location of shear flows is developed. Fifth, a gas-liquid transfer rate model for wind and dynamic three-dimensional flow systems is developed. A computer program is coded and applied to various cases from simple one-dimensional uniform flow systems to complex wind and dynamic three-dimensional flow systems. A specific model can be selected from the series models for a specific application based on the application requirements and the acceptable computation complexity.

This thesis presents the results of a three-dimensional flow calculation with a model of turbulent viscosity for a tandem-bladed inducer in air. The purpose is to understand the 3D flow development through the two blade rows and to compare the results of the calculation 'with experimental data. A literature review tells the story of the inducer from the flat-plate design to the tandem-bladed configuration and explains its role in cavitation management. The results of a previous 3D-calculation on the first blade row alone are summarized and the MEFP code is briefly described. The generation of a grid for the second blade row is presented in detail. Then, it is shown how this new grid is linked to the previous grid for the first blade row to get an overall calculation grid for the whole inducer. Two 2D blade-to-blade calculations are shown. They give an insight into the flow behavior through the inducer and allow a test of the grid. The results of the 3D-calculation are discussed and presented extensively with the velocity vectors, the static pressure contours and the rotary stagnation pressure contours on blade-to-blade, meridional and iso-8 vie"rs. The three passages of the second blade row appear to behave differently with respect to their position relative to the wake of the first blade row. The experimental data are used for comparison at three measurement planes in terms of pressure and velocity. They show a fairly good agreement. The three-dimensional calculation predicts also very well the work done and the efficiency of the overall inducer. / Master of Science

No description available.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering / Zhongquan Zheng / In this study, a vortex particle method is used to simulate incompressible vortical flows, specifically aircraft wake vortices. This is particularly suitable for a wake vortex system that is slowly varying in the axial direction and has a high Reynolds number and low Mach number. The flow field, in the form of vorticity, is employed as the source in the far-field acoustic calculation using a vortex sound formula that enables computation of acoustic signals radiated from an approximated incompressible flow field. In a two-dimensional vortex system, the stretching effect in the axial direction is neglected. The purpose of this study is to focus on vortex core behaviors. A numerical simulation is performed in a more realistic wake consisting of a counter-rotating vortex pair with inviscid ground effects and shear flows. A Kirchhoff spinning-core vortex model is thus used as a starting point. In a vortex system with multiple vortices, such as a complicated aircraft vortex wake vortices, the sound emission frequency of the unsteady vortex core is subjected to change because of interactions between multiple vortices. The behaviors of the influence, indicated by the ratio between the core size and the distance of the vortices, are investigated as well as the underlining vortex core dynamic mechanisms. Cases of co-rotating vortices and a multiple-vortex system composed of two counter-rotating vortex pairs are studied for applications to aircraft wake vortex sound. In three-dimensional vortices, sinusoidal instabilities, which occur in the axial direction at various length scales, result in significant flow structure changes in these vortices, and thus influence their radiated acoustic signals. Cases of vortex rings and a pair of counter-rotating vortices are studied when they are undergoing both long-wave and short-wave instabilities. Both inviscid and viscous interactions are considered and the effects of turbulence are simulated using sub-grid-scale models. A higher peak frequency than the Kirchhoff frequency appears due to the straining field caused by mutual perturbation, under both long-wave and short-wave instabilities. Vortices with the initial core vorticity of the Gaussian distribution and the elliptic distribution are also studied.

Experiments are done using a smooth solid rigid homogeneous acrylic sphere rolling on an inclined plane which is submerged in water. The motivation for these experiments comes from a need to understand a class of solid-fluid interaction problems that include sediment transport, movement of gravel on ocean floor and river bed due to water currents. Experiments are performed in a glass water tank 15 cm wide by 14 cm deep by 61 cm long which can be tilted to desired angle. The sphere is released from rest on the inclined false bottom of the tank in quiescent water. Our experimental study has twofold aim: (1)to study the boundary layer separation, the three-dimensional eddying motion in the wake and the near-wake structure and(2) to establish hydrodynamic force coefficients by analyzing kinematical data of the sphere motion from start to till it attains terminal velocity. Experiments are carried out at moderate Reynolds number Rearound1500. Previous studies on the first problem exist in the literature for Reup to 350. Previous studies on the second problem do not clearly define the added-mass coefficient and the influence of the water tank side-walls on the drag coefficient. In the first study, the characterization of the wake is done using flow visualization methods (fluoresce in dye visualization and particle streak visualization) and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Laser light sheet obtained from an argon ion continuous laser beam is taken in different orientations to illuminate the fluoresce in dye or 14 m silver-coated hollow glass spheres. These experiments show that the wake behind the rolling sphere up to 1.6 diameters (or 1.6D) downstream is confined within height 1.2Dand width1.2D. At about 1.8Ddownstream, the wake sways alternately on either side of the equatorial plane, moving in lateral-vertical direction and moving out of the confining region; this gives zigzag appearance to the wake. Also in these experiments, we observe that the flow separations from the surface of the rolling sphere show three separation zones. The eddies shed from the primary separation surface on the upper hemisphere are symmetrical about the equatorial plane with Strouhal number St=1.0. The primary separation is affected by the symmetrical secondary separations on the rear surface in the piggyback region — it is the region near the upper rear surface of the sphere behind the transverse equatorial plane and below the primary separation surface. The lower eddies below the primary separation zone are shed alternately on either side of the equatorial plane with shedding frequency St=0.5. Our experiments show that there is a viscous blockage of width 0.4Dat the crevice near the point of contact. On either side of the viscous blockage at the crevice, we see weak symmetric eddies. Based on our experimental observations, we proceed to build a simple physical model of the separated flow on the surface of the rolling sphere. In the second study, the motion of the sphere is photographed and paired data of the displacement and time is obtained for the sphere motion from the start of motion till terminal velocity is reached at about 4.5 sphere diameters from the point of release of the sphere. Equation of motion of the sphere is solved numerically treating added-mass coefficient Ca and drag coefficient Cd as parameters. Experimental data is fitted on these solutions and the best fit gives the values of the force coefficients. Theoretical value of Ca equal to 0.621 is confirmed experimentally. Value of Cd is found to be 1.23 at Re=990 and it is 1.06 at Re= 1900. Side-wall effects become important for ratio of diameter of sphere to width of tank greaterthan0.20.

Gas-liquid two-phase flows occur in many industrial applications and apparatuses. The design and optimization of such apparatuses and processes requires the numerical simulation of two-phase flows. However, two-phase flow simulations are still a challenging task, especially for industrial scales. Here, the simulation of large flow domains and high Reynolds number flows require a reduction of the resolved time-scales and length-scales by a high level of modeling to decrease the computational effort. Therefore, physics-based models are needed to depict the complex transport processes between the phases. Thus, two-phase flows are the object of ongoing research. Up to now, the majority of closure models for turbulence, interfacial forces or bubble breakup and coalescence were validated against experimental data derived from experiments in simple flow channel geometries like straight pipes. Their application for the simulation of two-phase flows with three-dimensional flow structures like e.g. recirculating areas, flow separation or strong velocity gradients requires constant experimental validation and further development. Hence, improved experimental methods are required for investigations of gas-liquid two-phase flows to provide reliable data for further development and validation of numerical flow simulation models. Therefore, experiments were performed in a constricted pipe under bubbly two-phase flow conditions. Three-dimensional flow structures were created by two types of flow constrictions for a variety of gas and liquid superficial velocities up to jg = 0.1400 m⋅s-1 and jl = 1.6110 m⋅s-1. The flow fields upstream and downstream of the flow constrictions were studied using ultrafast X-ray tomography and hot-film anemometry to obtain cross-sectional phase distribution, bubble characteristics and liquid velocity. The analysis of the ultrafast X-ray tomography image data was significantly improved by development of a histogram-based gas holdup calculation. Furthermore, the spatial dependence of the axial image plane distance was studied to improve the determination of axial bubble velocities and, thus, bubble sizes. The experimental method was advanced by simultaneous application of ultrafast X-ray tomography and hot-film anemometry. Eventually, the experimental data was compared to state-of-the-art Euler/Euler two-fluid simulations. The simulations were performed in the framework of a parallel doctoral thesis in the Experimental Thermal Fluid Dynamics department at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden – Rossendorf by Ms. Sibel Tas-Koehler following the baseline approach. The results were compared in terms of the phase distribution, bubble sizes and gas velocity for two operating conditions using the homogeneous multiple size group model. / Zweiphasenströmungen aus Gasen und Flüssigkeiten treten in vielen industriellen Anwendungen und Apparaten auf. Um einen sicheren, zuverlässigen und optimalen Betrieb einzelner Komponenten und gesamter Anlagen zu gewährleisten, sind die Strömungen Gegenstand zahlreicher Untersuchungen. Numerische Simulationen sind ein unverzichtbares Instrument, um Prozesse unter diesen Aspekten zu bewerten. Die Simulation von Zweiphasenströmungen, insbesondere im industriellen Maßstab, ist jedoch nach wie vor eine anspruchsvolle Aufgabe. Um den Rechenaufwand zu verringern und die Simulation von großen Strömungsgebieten und Strömungen mit hohen Reynoldszahlen zu ermöglichen, ist ein hohes Maß an Modellierung notwendig. Gleichzeitig wurden die meisten Schließungsmodelle zur Beschreibung von Turbulenz, Grenzflächenkräften oder Blasenzerfall und -koaleszenz für einfache Geometrien wie beispielsweise gerade Rohre entwickelt. Die Anwendung dieser Modelle für die Simulation von Zweiphasenströmungen mit dreidimensionalen Strömungsstrukturen, wie z.B. Rezirkulationsgebieten, Strömungsablösungen oder starken Geschwindigkeitsgradienten, erfordert eine ständige experimentelle Validierung und Weiterentwicklung. Dies wiederum erfordert eine immer höhere Auflösung der eingesetzten Messsysteme und steigende Qualität der experimentellen Daten. Um verlässliche Daten für die Weiterentwicklung und Validierung von Modellen für die numerische Strömungssimulation zu erhalten sind daher verbesserte experimentelle Methoden zur Untersuchung von Gas-Flüssig-Strömungen erforderlich. Aus diesem Grund wurden Experimente an einer Blasenströmung in einem Rohr mit einer Strömungsverengung durchgeführt. Zwei Arten von Verengungen wurden genutzt, um dreidimensionale Strömungsstrukturen für eine Vielzahl von Betriebsbedingungen zu erzeugen. Diese sind durch Gas- und Flüssigkeitsleerrohrgeschwindigkeiten bis zu jg = 0.1400 m⋅s-1 und jl = 1.6110 m⋅s-1 definiert. Um die Phasenverteilung im Querschnitt der Strömung, Blaseneigenschaften und die Flüssigphasengeschwindigkeit stromauf- und -abwärts der Verengung zu ermittelt, wurde die Strömung mit Hilfe der ultraschnellen Röntgentomographie und Heißfilm-Anemometrie untersucht. Die Datenanalyse für die Bilddaten der ultraschnellen Röntgentomographie wurde durch die Entwicklung einer Histogramm-basierten Gasgehaltsberechnung erheblich verbessert. Um die Bestimmung der axialen Blasengeschwindigkeiten und damit der Blasengrößen zu verbessern, wurde außerdem die räumliche Abhängigkeit des axialen Bildebenenabstands untersucht. Die experimentellen Methoden wurden durch die gleichzeitige Anwendung von ultraschneller Röntgentomographie und Heißfilm-Anemometrie weiterentwickelt. Die experimentellen Daten wurden mit dem Stand der Technik von Euler/Euler-Zweiphasen-Simulationen verglichen. Die Simulationen wurden im Rahmen eines parallelen Promotionsvorhabens in der Abteilung Experimentelle Thermofluiddynamik am Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden – Rossendorf von Frau Sibel Tas-Köhler durchgeführt und folgten der Baseline-Modell Strategie. Die Ergebnisse wurden unter Verwendung des homogenen Modells mehrerer Größenklassen bezüglich der Phasenverteilung, der Blasengrößen und der Gasgeschwindigkeit für zwei Betriebsbedingungen verglichen.

<p>This thesis reports on a numerical and experimental investigation of the unsteady loading of high solidity vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs). Two-dimensional, unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes simulations of a small scale, high solidity, H-type Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine revealed the dominant effect of dynamic stall on the power production and vibration excitation of the turbine. Operation of the turbine at low blade speed ratios resulted in complex flow-blade interaction mechanisms. These include; dynamic stall resulting in large scale vortex production, vortex impingement on the source blade, and significant flow momentum extraction.</p> <p>To validate the numerical model, a series of full-scale experimental wind tunnel tests were performed to determine the aerodynamic loading on the turbine airfoils, vibration response behaviour, and wake velocity. In order to accomplish this, a complex force measurement and wireless telemetry system was developed. During the course of this investigation, high vibration response of the turbine was observed. This resulted in conditions that made it difficult or impossible to measure the underlying aerodynamic loading. A vibration mitigation methodology was developed to remove the effect of vibration from the measured aerodynamic forces. In doing so, an accurate and complete measurement of the aerodynamic loading on the turbine blades was obtained.</p> <p>Comparison of the two-dimensional numerical model results to the experimental measurements revealed a considerable over-prediction of the turbine aerodynamic force and power coefficients, and wake velocity. From this research, it was determined that the three-dimensional flow effects due to the finite aspect ratio of the turbine and blades, as well as parasitic losses, could be accounted for through the application of inlet velocity and turbine height correction factors. In doing so, the two-dimensional numerical model results could be properly scaled to represent the three-dimensional flow behaviour of the turbine prototype. Ultimately, a validated VAWT design tool was developed.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)