Threshold logic gates have the capability of realizing complex Boolean functions with smaller number of logic gates [1]. These gates are very sensitive to their weight values which may change during manufacturing process. So Threshold logic gates should be carefully designed to allow for maximum deviation from desired design weight values without affecting its functionality . This maximum allowable deviation is known as Fault Tolerance of the gate. ILP is one of the methods to find the optimum weight values with fault tolerance. But ILP has inability to solve the threshold functions with large inputs. This thesis presents two methods to overcome this difficulty.First one is the Combination method which combines the procedures of both decomposition method and ILP method .Second one is the Variable collapsing method which uses the principle of Variable Collapsing to find weights values with fault tolerance for large input functions.

Orientador: Claudio Alexandre Gobatto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T02:33:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Forte_LucasDantasMaia_M.pdf: 1545024 bytes, checksum: fa9618e31fd5a31914dfc5ebb2b0e5b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Resumo: Desde sua concepção, os fenômenos dos limiares anaeróbios ganharam grande atenção das ciências do esporte e da saúde como uma importante ferramenta na avaliação e prescrição de treinamento aeróbio. Diversos protocolos foram desenvolvidos para se determinar os limiares 1 e 2. Contudo, tais protocolos são compostos por esforços de alta intensidade e/ou longa duração. Em 1986, um protocolo composto por duplos esforços não-exaustivos (DENE) que possivelmente determinaria uma das zonas de transição metabólica (limiar 1 ou 2) foi proposto, porém pouco estudado. Assim, os objetivos da presente pesquisa foram de: 1) Determinar as intensidades do DENE (iDENE) por meio de análises de lactato sanguíneo, consumo de oxigênio (VO2) e frequência cardíaca (FC) (DENELAC,VO2,FC); 2) Comparar os valores de velocidade preditos pelo DENELAC,VO2,FC com as encontradas pela máxima fase estável de lactato (MFEL), limiar ventilatório 1 e 2 (LV1 e LV2); 3) Correlacionar as intensidades preditas pelos protocolos estudados; 4) Verificar a reprodutibilidade do DENELAC,VO2,FC por meio de procedimento de teste e reteste. Para tanto, 19 voluntários do sexo masculino, saudáveis e moderadamente ativos realizaram quatro testes para a determinação dos limiares dentro de duas a três semanas. Após as medidas antropométricas, os voluntários assinaram o termo de compromisso livre e esclarecido e preencheram o international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) para sua classificação mínima como "moderadamente ativos". Em seguida, os voluntários realizaram o protocolo em rampa individualizado para a determinação do LV1, LV2 e consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max). Os limiares foram determinados por análise visual dos equivalentes ventilatórios 1 e 2 (VE/VO2 e VE/VCO2) e o VO2max foi obtido pelo maior valor de consumo de oxigênio durante o teste. A MFEL foi determinada por meio de testes de cargas retangulares com duração de 30min em diferentes dias, sendo considerada como a maior intensidade na qual se observou estabilização do lactato sanguíneo nos últimos 20min de teste. O teste de DENE foi composto por quatro aplicações de duplos esforços, cada um realizado sob diferentes intensidades. A intensidade do DENE (iDENE) foi determinada pelo intercepto-y de uma regressão linear entre a diferença das variáveis fisiológicas (lactato, VO2 e FC) do primeiro e do segundo esforço com as velocidades de cada duplo esforço. Os valores em média ± DP das intensidades de LV1, LV2, MFEL foram respectivamente: 10,22 ± 0,97, 12,59 ± 0,94 e 12,13 ± 1,21. Os valores das iDENE determinados pelo lactato, VO2 e FC foram de: 10,54 ± 1,45, 10,71 ± 1,30, 9,79 ± 1,96 respectivamente. O ANOVA apontou diferenças estatísticas entre o iDENELAC,VO2,FC e LV1 comparados à MFEL e LV2 (p < 0,05). Não foi identificado diferenças significativas entre a iDENELAC,VO2,FC e o LV1 (p > 0,05). O DENE predito pelas três variáveis fisiológicas (lactato VO2 e FC) foi estatisticamente correlacionado com o LV1 e a MFEL. A iDENELAC,VO2,FC apresentaram bons índices de correlação intraclasse (0,87, 0,49 e 0,66 respectivamente) e de coeficiente de variação (5,1, 9,0 e 11,7 respectivamente). Além disso, os valores das diferenças das velocidades do teste e reteste do DENE estiveram dentro do limite de concordância nos plots de Bland & Altman. Estes resultados sugerem que o protocolo de DENE realizado por meio das três variáveis fisiológicas abordadas (lactato, VO2 e FC), é um procedimento de boa reprodutibilidade e capaz de estimar o primeiro limiar ventilatório. / Abstract: Since its conception, the phenomena of anaerobic threshold gained wide attention from sports and health sciences as an important tool on assessment and prescription of aerobic training. Several protocols have been developed to determine the thresholds 1 and 2. However, such protocols are composed of high intensity and/or long term efforts. In 1986, a protocol consisting of non-exhaustive double efforts (DENE) that possibly determine one of the metabolic transition zones (threshold 1 or 2) was proposed, but little studied. Thus, the objectives of this research were to: 1) determine the DENE intensities (iDENE) through analysis of blood lactate, oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate (FC) (DENELAC, VO2, HR), 2) Compare the values speed predicted by DENELAC,VO2,FC with those found by the maximum lactate steady state (MFEL), ventilatory threshold 1 and 2 (LV1 and LV2), 3) correlate the intensities predicted by the protocols studied, 4) Verify the reproducibility of DENELAC,VO2,FC through test-retest procedure. To this end, 19 male subjects, healthy and moderately active realized four tests to determine the thresholds within two to three weeks. After anthropometric measurements, the volunteers signed an informed consent form and completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) to their minimum rating as "moderately active". Then, the volunteers performed an individualized ramp protocol for the determination of LV1, LV2 and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). The thresholds were determined by visual analysis of ventilatory equivalents 1 and 2 (VE/VO2 and VE/VCO2) and VO2max was obtained at the higher oxygen consumption during the test. The MFEL was determined by testing with constant loads lasting 30 minutes on different days. It was taken as the highest intensity where the stabilization of lactate in the last 20 minutes of the test was observed. The test DENE was composed by four double efforts applications each performed at different intensities. The iDENE was determined by the intercept-y of a linear regression between the difference of physiological variables (lactate, VO2 and FC) of the first and second efforts with the speeds of each double effort. The mean ± SD values of intensities of LV1, LV2 and MFEL were respectively: 10.22 ± 0.97, 12.59 ± 0.94 and 12.13 ± 1.21. The values of iDENE determined by lactate, VO2 and FC were: 10.54 ± 1.45, 10.71 ± 1.30, 9.79 ± 1.96 respectively. The ANOVA showed significant differences between the iDENELAC,VO2,FC and LV1 compared to LV2 and MFEL (p < 0.05). No significant difference was identified between the iDENELAC,VO2,FC and LV1 (p > 0.05). The DENE predicted by the three physiological variables (lactate VO2 and FC) were statistically correlated with the LV1 and MFEL. The iDENELAC,VO2,FC showed good intraclass correlation coefficients (0.87, 0.49 and 0.66 respectively) and coefficient of variation (5.1, 9.0 and 11.7 respectively). Moreover, the values of the differences of velocities of DENE test and retest were within the limits of agreement in the Bland & Altman plots. These results suggest that the protocol DENE performed by means of the three physiological addressed (lactate, VO2 and FC) is a reliable procedure of good reproducibility and capable of estimating the first ventilatory threshold. / Mestrado / Biodinâmica do Movimento Humano e Esporte / Mestre em Ciências da Nutrição e do Esporte e Metabolismo

Master of Science / Department of Computing and Information Sciences / William H. Hsu / Clustering in data mining is a process of discovering groups in a set of data such that the similarity within the group is maximized and the similarity among the groups is minimized. One way of approaching clustering is to treat it as a blocking problem of minimizing the maximum distance between any two units within the same group. This method is known as Threshold blocking. It works by applying blocking as a graph partition problem. Chameleon is a hierarchical clustering algorithm, that based on dynamic modelling measures the similarity between two clusters. In the clustering process, to merge two cluster, we check if the inter-connectivity and closeness between two clusters are high relative to the internal inter-connectivity of the clusters and closeness of items within the clusters. This way of merging of cluster using the dynamic model helps in discovery of natural and homogeneous clusters. The main goal of this project is to implement a local implementation of CHAMELEON and compare the output generated from Chameleon against Threshold blocking algorithm suggested by Higgins et al with its hybridized form and unhybridized form.

The sacred and the profane: a dichotomy that can only exist through the thresholds within. In a world that's drowning in the profane, we yearn for the ephemeral, in which our mind, body, and soul emerge out of the mundanity of day-to-day life, and into something beyond. We search for the art, seek pilgrimage, and long for the symbols. The physical, emotional, and sensational thresholds we pass between the two states are what resonate in our bodies. Those experiences are the stories we pass on. Yet, some of the most sacred spaces in the world have become mere subjects behind the lens of a camera. Technology has empowered our ability to reach marvels, yet it has provided layers now inherently filtered onto our experiences. How real are these thresholds we long to pass if they are experienced only through electronic devices? The sacred experiences I treasure the most were given life through movement: movement of time, light, and the elements, none of which I would trade for a photograph. The following pages trace my imagination of a place where we take a step back through the door we barely noticed. Instead of looking for the sacred, we journey through the profane. We celebrate the threshold. / Master of Architecture

archives@tulane.edu / The wavelength dependent abstraction energy profiles for CH_3 CH_2 CH_3/CH_3 CH_2 CH_2 CH_3+Br are studied using a gas expansion containing 〖Br〗_2 and either propane or butane abstraction targets. Laser-induced photolysis of cold 〖Br〗_2 in the visible region produces a narrow, tunable distribution of Br atoms whose collisional kinetic energies can be scanned up to and beyond the thermodynamic threshold of the reaction to yield HBr or DBr as photolytic reaction products. Femtosecond laser ionization allows the reactive products to be efficiently monitored over all product quantum states. Both the observed HBr and DBr reaction thresholds are consistent with thermodynamic and calculated values with no apparent barrier to reaction. Studies addressing the site-specific reaction behavior for selectively deuterated propane and butane molecules is presented and discussed. Future applications of the approach are discussed such as state-dependent detection methods, and ultra-cold nozzle expansions. / 1 / Shane J. G. McGlynn

Insect defoliation thresholds were reevaluated to determine their effectiveness during vegetative and reproductive stages of soybean. Field experiments were planted with maturity group IV soybeans and subjected 17, 33, 66, and 100% defoliation during R3, R5, and R6 growth stages. In addition to different amounts of defoliation for each growth stage, defoliation occurring within different portions of the plant canopy was also evaluated. Results of this experiment confirmed that soybeans during R3 and R5 stages are more susceptible to yield loss at high levels (>57%) of defoliation than R6 growth stage. However, yield loss was not significantly different below 57% defoliation. No significant yield difference was observed from defoliation occurring in the top or bottom part of the canopy. Yield loss from various levels of defoliation during the vegetative stages was significant at V6. No yield loss was observed from defoliation during the V3 growth stage. Both maturity group IV and V soybeans behaved similarly to each level of defoliation. Results from these experiments were used to determine dynamic economic injury levels for each growth stage based on yield loss equations, value of the crop, and cost of control and can be used to make insecticide application recommendations based on the amount of defoliation at a particular reproductive growth stage. Soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens (Walker), is an economic pest of soybeans that has developed resistance to several insecticide classes. New insecticides have recently been labeled for control of lepidopteran pests in soybeans, including soybean loopers. Field reference strains were collected in 2010 and 2011 from soybean fields in Mississippi and Louisiana and subjected to insecticide incorporated diet treated with flubendiamide, chlorantraniliprole, and methoxyfenozide. Susceptibility of soybean loopers to flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole did not differ. However the overall susceptibility to methoxyfenozide was greater than chlorantraniliprole. Diet incorporated assays determined a 9.4 fold variation in susceptibility to flubendiamide among the seven soybean looper populations tested. Variation to chlorantraniliprole was 6.25 fold and variation for methoxyfenozide was 5.37 fold. These data can be used as a benchmark for referencing future soybean looper populations in Mississippi and Lousiana.

No description available.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The purpose of this study was to assess the suitability of a pain model that utilizes the application of force between teeth as the noxious stimulus. Also, the time course of pain threshold alterations in patients subjected to orthodontic treatment was explored. A simple pressure algometer utilizing strain gages was produced to apply and measure the force required to reach the pain threshold of incisor teeth (central-lateral pairs) for three consecutive days. Fifteen orthodontic patients were used (nine females, six males) with incisors in good alignment and with interproximal contact. Each patient was used for both control and experimental measurements in each arch. Baseline pain threshold measurements were taken on the first day and individual orthodontic springs placed on the experimental side. The control side was the adjacent central-lateral incisor pair on the other side of the arch where no spring was placed. Additional measurements were taken the second and third day in each quadrant. A great variability in pain response between patients was evident. Significantly lower pain threshold levels were observed a day after the initial spring activation followed by an increase in the pain threshold the second day after spring activation. In the mandibular arch, the treatment by day interaction was significant, with the experimental side pain threshold substantially lower than control on the second and third day. Pain thresholds in males were significantly higher only in the maxilla, although there was a tendency for lower pain sensitivity in males for both arches. An apparent crossover of sensitivity between arch sides was observed in this study. The present model was shown to be suitable to study pain thresholds associated with orthodontic forces, and the pressure algometer was able to quantify pain threshold with objective measurements. The model could be used clinically to screen patients with low pretreatment pain thresholds so modifications of treatment mechanics or pharmacologic means could be used to allay patient pain.

Experiments were conducted to refine and validate the soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) threshold in Mississippi soybeans, Glycine max. (L.) Merr. Equivalencies between sweep net and drop cloth sampling methods were evaluated, overall the sweep net was more effective at capturing soybean looper larvae greater than third instar and larvae less than or equal to third instar when compared to the drop cloth method. Feeding studies were conducted to determine the feeding rates of each instar, results showed that fifth instar larvae consume the greatest amount of leaf tissue, and larvae greater than or equal to third instar consume more leaf tissue than larvae less than third instar. Observed and expected/predicted defoliation rates were calculated. Observed defoliation was lower than predicted defoliation possibly due to field environmental conditions. Using data in combination with published data from other studies, three prediction models were created for the R3, R5, and R6 growth stage.

No description available.