Alla brott klaras inte upp på en gång. I vissa fall hinner det gå lång tid mellan ett brott och dess efterföljande rättegång. Vad händer då och varför? När lång tid har förflutit efter ett brott kan detta leda till att brottet hinner preskriberas enligt BrB 35:1. I fall då lång tid förflutit efter ett brott, men inte så lång tid att preskription inträtt, kan BrB 29:5 första stycket tredje punkten aktualiseras. En tillämpning av BrB 29:5 första stycket kan leda till strafflindring om ovanligt lång tid gått sedan brottet.   Uppsatsen behandlar dels övergripande de bakomliggande motiven till påföljdssystemet i stort och dels motiven till preskriptionsinstitutet och billighetshänsynen i BrB 29:5 första stycket tredje punkten. Under senare år har preskription avskaffats för fler och fler brott, vilket detta arbete redogör för. Även artikel 6.1 EKMR angående rätten till rättegång inom skälig tid berörs, dock i något mindre utsträckning. Det sker även en jämförelse mellan dessa tre rättsliga institut.   Genom detta arbete utreds huruvida tidens påverkan på straffprocessen bör bli föremål för förändring på grund av den utveckling som skett i samhället, både på ett tekniskt plan och på ett mer ideologiskt plan. Uppsatsen problematiserar tidsaspekten inom straffprocessen mot bakgrund av de idéer som ligger till grund för dagens utformning av systemet.   I uppsatsen konstateras att det finns tendenser till att brottsofferperspektivet fått ett större utrymme inom straffprocessen under senare år. Detta tillsammans med samhällets utveckling i övrigt kan, enligt denna framställning, leda till att långa tidsavstånd inte längre bör ha sådan påverkan som det historiskt sett har haft genom preskription och billighetsskäl. I takt med den fortsatta utvecklingen kan dessa rättsliga institut komma att behöva utvärderas ytterligare.

<p>Performance of an intersection affects the total travel time in a traffic network. An intersection with good performance can easily be described by its contribution to lower travel time than in a comparable intersection. The travel time is of importance in the cost calculations when a specific intersection is to be chosen and designed. It is important to be able to make correct and precise performance calculations so that the cost calculations will not be incorrect. For that purpose the software Capcal, which is a traffic model for intersection analysis on performance, is used in Sweden. Capcal is frequently revised but part of it is still based on old theory and data. Therefore is it important to continually validate the model to control its reliability when it comes to traffic conditions of today with increasing traffic. The model can be validated by comparing its results with reality. </p><p>Performance of an intersection without signal control is defined by the so called performance measurements queue length, capacity, degree of saturation, delay and service time. We have studied a few three-way intersections and roundabouts in Norrköping and Linköping to collect these measurement from reality. These field studies were performed by filming and manually measuring of traffic flows. The films were further processed afterwards to collect additional data. The results from the field studies were compared to output from Capcal. </p><p>Generally our study shows a good correspondence between the output of Capcal and the performance measurements from reality. The differences that exist are caused by the reliability of the field studies and what speed that is possible to model in Capcal. The study showed that if the speed limit is modeled it does not always correspond to the real traffic behavior in all of the studied intersections.</p>

Performance of an intersection affects the total travel time in a traffic network. An intersection with good performance can easily be described by its contribution to lower travel time than in a comparable intersection. The travel time is of importance in the cost calculations when a specific intersection is to be chosen and designed. It is important to be able to make correct and precise performance calculations so that the cost calculations will not be incorrect. For that purpose the software Capcal, which is a traffic model for intersection analysis on performance, is used in Sweden. Capcal is frequently revised but part of it is still based on old theory and data. Therefore is it important to continually validate the model to control its reliability when it comes to traffic conditions of today with increasing traffic. The model can be validated by comparing its results with reality. Performance of an intersection without signal control is defined by the so called performance measurements queue length, capacity, degree of saturation, delay and service time. We have studied a few three-way intersections and roundabouts in Norrköping and Linköping to collect these measurement from reality. These field studies were performed by filming and manually measuring of traffic flows. The films were further processed afterwards to collect additional data. The results from the field studies were compared to output from Capcal. Generally our study shows a good correspondence between the output of Capcal and the performance measurements from reality. The differences that exist are caused by the reliability of the field studies and what speed that is possible to model in Capcal. The study showed that if the speed limit is modeled it does not always correspond to the real traffic behavior in all of the studied intersections.

Questions have been raised regarding how good Capcal works for roundabouts with a weaving length smaller than 25 meters and if Capcal would work for weaving lengths lower than the 16 meters that is the lower limit in the current model. In this thesis, two possible improvements has been developed and tested on five roundabouts with a weaving length less than 25 meters. Work has been done to build alternative gap acceptance models ranging from removal of the 16-meter limit through re-estimation of the current model to a completely new model. In this thesis a new sub model has been introduced that take into account the uncertainty of if circulating vehicles will exit or continue to circulate. These sub models have been combined in 29 different ways including the current Capcal model configuration and have been tested with five different roundabouts. The conflict delay, which is caused by interaction with other vehicles, has been used to compare the model results with delay observations from video captures of the roundabouts.   Out of all model configurations, the original Capcal 3.3 model had the lowest difference in average between the model result and the observations. If the 16-meter weaving length restriction in the original model is removed, almost the same results are obtained as with the restriction. While none of the model configurations improved the model fit, no configuration could be statistically be rejected. In the results of individual roundabouts, there were differences between the model and observations of up to 50%. This shows that while this thesis could not find any improvements of Capcal, there is a potential for future work to develop improvements of the roundabout model. / I nuläget tillåter Capcal att växlingssträckor ner till 16 meter modelleras, men i dataunderlaget som användes vid skapandet av nuvarande modell finns endast med en cirkulationsplats under 25 meter. Det har lyfts frågetecken kring huruvida Capcal ger bra resultat för cirkulationsplatser med en växlingssträcka på mindre än 25 meter samt huruvida modellens nedre gräns på 16 meter skulle kunna tas bort. I detta examensarbete har två olika möjligheter att förbättra modellen testats på fem olika cirkulationsplatser med växlingssträcka kortare än 25 meter. I arbetet har det ingått att ta fram alternativa gap-acceptance-modeller vilka sträcker sig från att enbart ta bort 16-metersgränsen via en nyestimering av Capcals modell till en helt ny modell. Därtill har en ny submodell skapats som tar hänsyn till den osäkerhet som uppstår kring huruvida cirkulerande fordon kommer att köra ur cirkulationen vid en utfart eller fortsätta cirkulera. De utvecklade submodellerna samt nuvarande Capcal modell har kombinerats i 29 olika kombinationer. Dessa 29 kombinationer har för varje av de fem studerade cirkulationsplatserna testats mot observationer från respektive cirkulationsplats. Konfliktfördröjningen, vilket är fördröjning på grund av interaktion med andra fordon, har använts för att jämföra Capcal-resultaten och observationerna.   Av alla modellkonfigurationer så gav nuvarande Capcal 3.3-modell lägst medelskillnad mellan modellresultat och observationer. Om 16-meter-restriktionen i nuvarande Capcal-modell tas bort, så fås i stort sett samma resultat. Ingen av de studerade modell-förändringarna gav en bättre passning mellan modell och verklighet i medel, men ingen förändring kunde förkastas ur statistisk synvinkel. Det var dock stora variationer i resultaten för enskilda cirkulationsplatser med upp till 50% skillnad mellan modellens resultat och observerade värden. Detta visar på att även om detta examensarbete inte lyckades hitta några förbättringar av Capcal, så finns det potential för framtida arbete att ta fram förbättringar av cirkulationsplatsmodellen i Capcal.