The thesis "To the problem of time" considers concepts of understanding of the problem of time and temporality on selected authors throughout history. It was revealed in the work that even Aristotle had some notion of temporality, and not only his time counted within movement. However this notion is fragmental thus it required a more complex explanation of his viewpoints. Augustine's switch of perspective brought deeper understanding of human temporality within the connection of the soul to the transcendental God. Further development of this idea made Husserl's analysis of time-consciousness and after him Heidegger, who developed Husserl's concept and founded his own concept on the authenticity based on the consciousness of individual being's irreversible finiteness. Similarly, the concepts of Bergson and Sartre developed the idea of time consciousness, though they differed on some stresses, e.g. the importance of the future. Peirce's position, brought into discussion, showed some similar features despite the different origins to the concept of Husserl's. The cross-section of science and philosophy exposed in Whitehead's concept pointed out the introduction of an observer into the scientific understanding of time and thus denial of the "absolute time" on behalf of dynamicity of the continual...

The main objective of this master thesis is to clarify the nested structure in time consciousness, depending on mental time travel and episodic memory. Time consciousness, mental time travel and episodic memory are connected, and function depending on each other. Mental time travel ability enables us to imagine personal future events. Episodic memory allows us to travel mentally into both past and future. Similarity between remembering the past and imagining the future indicates that episodic memory system contribute to future-directed personal mental time travel competence, and justifies the relation between episodic memory and mental time travel into both past and future. Episodic memory requires autonoetic consciousness, which can be applied to mental time travel competence, and mental time travel is a function of episodic memory. Distinguishing humans and non-humans is a method to understand the role of episodic memory and mental time travel in time consciousness. Episodic memory and mental time travel indicate to a higher-level time consciousness in humans, because mental time travel, episodic memory, autonoetic consciousness and recursive language are unique to humans, while non-humans show future-directed acts, possess episodic-like memory, and communicate with limited ways. Time consciousness is derived from the notion of autonoetic consciousness and it is a sort of temporal consciousness which enables us to be conscious of ourselves who travels in time and aware of ourselves along the temporal line. Non-humans have a rudimentary form of time consciousness, even they are deprived of autonoetic consciousness.

Η παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή εργασία καταπιάνεται με το ζήτημα της πρόκτησης (Protention) ως θεμελιώδους συστατικού της συνείδησης του χρόνου, όπως αυτή προσεγγίζεται μέσα από τις φαινομενολογικές περιγραφές του Edmund Husserl. Αρχικά παρουσιάζονται οι βασικοί άξονες της χουσσερλιανής φαινομενολογίας του χρόνου, έτσι όπως αναπτύσσονται στο έργο του "Για τη Φαινομενολογία της Συνείδησης του Εσωτερικού Χρόνου" (τόμος 10 των απάντων του). Στη συνέχεια η εργασία επικεντρώνεται στη θεματική της Protention, εντοπίζοντας τα δομικά χαρακτηριστικά της, για να σκιαγραφηθούν, αμέσως μετά, οι βασικές μετατοπίσεις του σχετικά με το ζήτημα αυτό, όπως προκύπτουν μέσα από ύστερες αναλύσεις, τις οποίες βρίσκει κανείς στα χειρόγραφα του Bernau (Bernauer Manuskripte, τόμος 33 των απάντων). Επιχειρούμε να διαβάσουμε τα αντίστοιχα χουσσερλιανά κείμενα παρακολουθώντας παράλληλα τις σχετικές συζητήσεις εντός της φαινομενολογικής παράδοσης. / The present MA dissertation undertakes the task of dealing with the issue of Protention, considered as a fundamental element of time-consciousness, following the way Edmund Husserl's phenomenological descriptions approach the latter. We initially present the main axes of the husserlian phenomenology of time, as it is developed in his early work "On the phenomenology of inner time-consciousness" (Hua X). Our study then focuses on the specific issue of Protention and protentional consciousness, tracing its structural features in order to delineate Husserl's basic shifts on this matter, as they come about in his later analyses found in his Bernau Manuscripts (Hua XXXIII). We attempt reading the husserlian corpus while paying heed to the relevant discussions taking place within the phenomenological tradition.

Husserlian phenomenology of time, as it is developed on theLectures on the Phenomenology of Inner Time Consciousness, shows some  difficulties  to  explain  certain  temporal  experiences.  This  is  the  case  of the incompatibility between the rigidity of the retentional modification and the effective approach that a subject may have with his memories. On the one hand, according to the Lectures’ explanation, the darkening of the past occurs in an homogeneous way: The more distant an experience is, the lower the clarity of the associated retention. However, our relation with the past is not so direct. Complementing the studies of the Lectureswith those of the Analysis concerning passive synthesiscould allow to explain this kind of temporal phenomena. / La fenomenología del tiempo husserliana, tal como es desarrollada en las Lecciones de fenomenología de la conciencia interna del tiempo, presenta dificultades a la hora de explicar ciertas experiencias relativas a la temporalidad. Es el caso de la incompatibilidad entre la rigidez de la modificación retencional y la aproximación efectiva que tiene un sujeto con sus recuerdos. Por una parte, según  la  explicación  de  las Lecciones, el oscurecimiento del pasado opera de manera homogénea: cuanto más lejana es una experiencia, menor claridad se atribuye a la retención asociada. Por otra parte, en los hechos, la relación con el pasado no es tan directa. Complementar los estudios de las Leccionescon los de los Análisis sobre las síntesis pasivas permitiría dar cuenta de este tipo de fenómenos temporales.

The aim of the thesis is to illuminate music therapy in Sweden by exploring participant’s experiences of Functionally Oriented Music Therapy (FMT), music therapy grounded on psychodynamic theories and Guided Imagery and Music (GIM). How can adult participants’ experiences of music therapy used as individual treatment, be described from phenomenological perspectives? Theoretical framework is the life-world perspective according to Merleau-Ponty (2005), an ethical perspective according to Ricœur (1992) and a perspective of time consciousness according to Husserl (1991). Two pairs of persons comprising one patient and one therapist from each orientation participated, totally 6 patients and 6 therapists. Each couple was documented during three sequential sessions which were videotaped and followed up by an interview. Totally the study included 18 videotaped sessions, 36 interviews, notes and literature. The analyses show music therapy sessions based on rituals that can be divided into three phases: an entering-phase, a current-phase and an exit-phase which can be considered to be predetermined and governed by the music therapy orientations.  The participants' experiences of the sessions are described as transcendence, based on the participants' imagination during which they dialectically communicate and interact. However, the therapeutic processes do not seem to be fulfilled unless the participants have the possibility of using verbal narratives. Music helps them though to organize their experiences in the present moment since it possesses a natural innate structure. The results are discussed in relation to theories in music therapy and Damasios neurological theory which includes body, emotion and consciousness (Damasio 2004, 2000). Implications for theory and practice are made and considerations and suggestions for further research are put forward.

The aim of the thesis is to illuminate music therapy in Sweden by exploring participant’s experiences of Functionally Oriented Music Therapy (FMT), music therapy grounded on psychodynamic theories and Guided Imagery and Music (GIM). How can adult participants’ experiences of music therapy used as individual treatment, be described from phenomenological perspectives? Theoretical framework is the life-world perspective according to Merleau-Ponty (2005), an ethical perspective according to Ricœur (1992) and a perspective of time consciousness according to Husserl (1991). Two pairs of persons comprising one patient and one therapist from each orientation participated, totally 6 patients and 6 therapists. Each couple was documented during three sequential sessions which were videotaped and followed up by an interview. Totally the study included 18 videotaped sessions, 36 interviews, notes and literature. The analyses show music therapy sessions based on rituals that can be divided into three phases: an entering-phase, a current-phase and an exit-phase which can be considered to be predetermined and governed by the music therapy orientations.  The participants' experiences of the sessions are described as transcendence, based on the participants' imagination during which they dialectically communicate and interact. However, the therapeutic processes do not seem to be fulfilled unless the participants have the possibility of using verbal narratives. Music helps them though to organize their experiences in the present moment since it possesses a natural innate structure. The results are discussed in relation to theories in music therapy and Damasios neurological theory which includes body, emotion and consciousness (Damasio 2004, 2000). Implications for theory and practice are made and considerations and suggestions for further research are put forward.