La présente étude tente d'aborder la question de la représentation du temps dans la langue et dans le discours, la signification et les emplois des temps verbaux et des adverbes temporels en français et en roumain contemporains , qui viennent se joindre aux verbes dans la réalisation de l'énoncé ou ils servent à situer l'action ou l'état dans un cadre temporel plus exact que ne le font les formes seules verbales. Investigués sur la base des relations vectorielles les temps verbaux et les adverbes de temps en français et en roumain contemporains relèvent les oppositions fondamentales ( antériorité / simultanéité/postériorité) sur trois axes: l'axe primaire, l'axe secondaire et la biaxialité. Tous les adverbes s'encadrent dans trois types : adverbes datants, adverbes de distanciation et adverbes de promptitudes. Parmi les trois systèmes adverbiaux, le sous-système des adverbes datants exerce la plus forte influence modificatrice sur la temporalité du verbe L'intéraction entre les deux systèmes (verbal et adverbial) montre que si au verbe la temporalité est un cadre de l'action,à l'adverbe est le contenu sémantique même. Les recherches nous ont amené à conclure à l'identité structurelle des deux systèmes temporels et adverbiaux généreux et à l'existence d'une sorte d'équilibre entre les divers sous-systèmes français et roumains, car par domaines restreints, les deux langues découpent de façon différente la réalité, témoignant alternativement d'un plus de raffinement et d'exactitude dans l'expression de la donnée temporelle. / The present study is treating about the question of time representation in the fields of languages and interactions as well as treating about the signification and the use of verbal tenses and furthermore the use of temporal adverbs either in French or in Modern Romanian. The latter comes to blend with the verbs while the utterance is being fixed up or realized, being used to assert the time of realization or either giving more information about the temporal frame in which the utterance does happen, doing so in better ways than the only use of verbal forms will do. Used in the main vectorial field, the tenses and the temporal adverbs used in French and in Modern Romanian show an elementary opposition about anteriority, posteriority and simultaneity on three main axles: the primary axle, the secondary axle and the biaxial one. All adverbs are included in these three types: adverbs used to fix up time, adverbs used as a way to give some distance or either the ones used to show the readiness in which the utterance is being realized. Amongst these three adverbial systems, the lower system of the dating adverbs is by far the most influent as it can modify the temporality of the verbal system. The interaction between the two systems (verbal and adverbial) shows that the notion of time is influent onto the main action frame of the verbal system as for the adverbial system it aims to the lexical field. Studies have leaded us to confirm about the structural identity of the two temporal and adverbial systems and to some confirmation about the existence of some kind of balance between the diverse lower linguistic French and Modern Romanian systems. In any restrictive fields, both languages tend to parse the reality in different ways, alternatively attesting and showing more refinement or more exactness in the statement of the temporal elements.

This research aims to explore how Turkish business leaders tackle and navigate challenges in times of crisis. Recent Gezi Park protests in Istanbul, Turkey triggered a multilayered crisis. These protests lasted more than two months, having long-term effects on Turkey’s social, cultural and economic life. Therefore, this thesis considers these Gezi Park protests as a crisis for food sector business leaders in the neighbourhood. This research examines leaders’ processes of dealing with the protests, by drawing on interviews with 40 leaders in the food sector. First, it investigates how these leaders addressed the protests, as leaders’ responses affected their businesses. Secondly, it discusses challenges experience by leaders during the protests. Finally, it investigates leaders ‘coping mechanisms’ in the face of challenges. The thematic analysis of data suggests that those leaders who helped the protestors by opening their doors prioritised humanity before any ideology. These leaders put humane values first, such as acting with conscience, feeling empathy and feeling compassion despite having opposing political views. This behaviour is considered successful leadership behaviour. Conversely, those leaders who put their self-interests first by closing their doors to the protestors are considered unsuccessful leaders. It emerged that leaders faced emotional, physical, interpersonal and financial challenges during the protests. Leaders coped with challenges by remaining hopeful about the future, by being patient, by being supported by family and friends, by becoming accustomed to the challenges, and by adopting an exit strategy.

Establishing usability specifications as measurable attributes in repeatable scenarios has been an essential task in the management and continuous improvement processes [1]. Early studies in Usability Analysis were primarily conducted to assist software developers and hardware designers in improving the Human- Computer Interface (HCI) or Man- Machine Interface (MMI). However, this study was conducted to provide comparative data supporting broad conclusions regarding the comparative merits of one technology (nonstereoscopic, conventional CAD systems) competed against another (tracked, stereoscopic virtual environments). Competing environments to establish usability features and preferences provides a new tool to the interface designer. Benchmark scenarios were designed and executed to measure navigation, fault identification/repair, and spatial awareness through a sequence of choices and to provide user preference of one GUI paradigm over another functionally similar paradigm. This study, performed on a ship design application, included an analysis of the effects of user collaboration in virtual environments.

The cumulative likelihood of admission estimated for any given 'time-since-enrolment' depends on how we define membership of the population 'at-risk' and on how we handle right and left censored waiting times. As a result, published statistics will be biased because they assume that the waiting list is both stationary and closed and exclude all those not yet or never to be admitted. The cumulative likelihood of admission within three months was estimated using the Government Statistical Service method and compared with estimates which relaxed the assumption of stationarity and reflected variation in the numbers recruited to, and admitted from, the waiting list each quarter. The difference between the two estimates ranged from +5.5 to -9.1 percentage points among 11 Orthopaedic waiting lists in South Thames Region. In the absence of information on 'times-to-admission', exact 'times-since-enrolment' were extracted from Hospital Episode Statistics and assumed to be similarly distributed. In the absence of information on 'times-to-competing-event', the number of competing events falling in each waiting time category was estimated by differencing. A period lifetable was constructed using these approximations, census counts, counts of the number of new recruits and estimates of the number 'reset-to-zero' each quarter. The results support the view that the method used by the Government Statistical Service overestimates the cumulative likelihood of elective admission among those listed. The Government Statistical Service calculates the cumulative likelihood of admission within three months (range: 0.62-0.27) conditional on the fact of admission. Multiplying by the unconditional likelihood of being admitted (range: 0.93-0.31) estimates the cumulative likelihood of admission within three months among those listed (range: 0.55-0.12) and gives a rather different ranking of waiting list performance among 34 Orthopaedic waiting lists in South Thames Region.

This study was designed to determine (a) the extent of the coverage in total wordage; (b) the direction and intensity of the articles; and (c) the impression conveyed by each newspaper toward the two main parties of the war. The findings show that (a) The New York Times devoted nearly twice as many words to the war as The Times of London; (b) the majority of the articles were neutral; (c) The New York Times was more favorable to the leftists and was as favorable to the rightists as The Times of London; and (d) the two newspapers were consistent in direction, and all deviation from neutrality remained within the limits of mild intensity.

Vår hypotes om att Australien befinner sig i svensk medieskugga kom till under hösten då vi på C-kursen i journalistik gjorde en ministudie av länders förekomst i olika tidningar, och Australien/Oceanien hamnade på sista plats i den undersökningen. Med denna uppsats har vår avsikt varit att göra en mer omfattande undersökning för att ta reda på vad som kännetecknar bevakningen av Australien i viktiga svenska medier. För att få reda på hur mycket det rapporteras om Australien i ett urval av svenska medier har vi gjort en kvantitativ undersökning som inkluderar Dagens Nyheter (DN), Ekot och Rapport. Vi gjorde även en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av DN och engelska The Times för att jämföra och se vilka ämnen med anknytning till Australien som förkommer i de båda tidningarna. Resultaten av den kvantitativa och kvalitativa analysen visar att bevakningen av Australien i de undersökta svenska medierna är liten och tenderar att vara trivial. De tre största ämnena visade sig vara sport, naturkatastrofer och djur. Den kvalitativa analysen visade att engelska The Times hade betydligt fler artiklar om Australien 2008 och 2009 jämfört med Dagens Nyheter. Men även i The Times handlar det journalistiska materialet om Australien till största delen om sport, djur och naturkatastrofer. En möjlig förklaring till att Australien får lite utrymme i det undersökta materialet är det geografiska avståndet mellan Sverige och Australien samt avsaknaden av svenska korrespondenter.

In this paper we analyze how many shuffles are necessary to get close to ran- domness for a deck of n cards. Aldous (1983) shows that approximately 8.55 (n=52) shuffles are necessary when n is large. Bayer and Diaconis (1992) use the variation distance as a measure of randomness to analyze the most commonly used method of shuffling cards, and claim that 7 shuffles are enough when n=52. We provide another idea to measure the distance from randomness for repeated shuffles. The proposed method consists of a goodness of fit test and a simple simulation. Simulation results show that we have a similar conclusion to that of Bayer and Diaconis.

Beef subprimals (n = 356), representing USDA Low Choice and Select grades, were obtained from a major beef processor. Selected subprimals represented the normal weight variation and standard packer fat trim levels associated with commodity boxed beef. The subprimals selected included beef rib, blade meat; beef rib, ribeye roll, lip-on, bone-in; beef rib, ribeye roll (0x0); beef rib, ribeye, lip-on (2x2) (5.08 cm x 5.08 cm); beef rib, ribeye, lip-on modified (1x1) (2.54 cm x 2.54 cm); beef rib, ribeye (IM, individual muscle); beef rib, ribeye cap (IM); beef chuck, outside shoulder clod, trimmed; beef chuck, outside shoulder clod, top blade roast; beef chuck, square cut, pectoral meat (IM); beef chuck, chuck roll; beef plate, inside skirt (IM); beef round, top (inside) untrimmed; beef round, outside round (flat); beef round, eye of round (IM); beef loin, strip loin, bone in; beef loin, strip loin, boneless; beef loin, top sirloin butt, boneless, 2-piece; beef loin, bottom sirloin butt, flap boneless (IM); beef loin, bottom sirloin butt, ball tip, boneless; beef loin, bottom sirloin butt, tri-tip, boneless (IM); and beef chuck, outside shoulder, clod M. teres major. Subprimals were fabricated into bone-in or boneless retail or foodservice cuts and associated components by trained retail meat cutters. After each retail cutting test, trained technicians recorded weights of all cuts, lean trim, fat trim, and bone. All retail cuts were trimmed to an eighth of an inch (0.32 cm), unless otherwise specified. Time (s) was recorded for each-cutting test and in two major phases: opening (retrieval of the subprimal from vacuum-packaged bag) and cutting (removal of all external and seam fat, connective tissue, and separation of individual muscles, as well as producing tray ready retail cuts). In general, Select subprimals had higher saleable yields than Choice subprimals. Select subprimals had less trimmable fat than Choice subprimals, and differences in retail yields appeared to follow these factors. Few significant differences were observed for processing times between USDA quality grade groups. These data will serve as an update to the CARDS (Computer Assisted Retail Decision Support) software program.

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