abstract: While the piezoelectric effect has been around for some time, it has only recently caught interest as a potential sustainable energy harvesting device. Piezoelectric energy harvesting has been developed for shoes and panels, but has yet to be integrated into a marketable bicycle tire. For this thesis, the development and feasibility of a piezoelectric tire was done. This includes the development of a circuit that incorporates piezoceramic elements, energy harvesting circuitry, and an energy storage device. A single phase circuit was designed using an ac-dc diode rectifier. An electrolytic capacitor was used as the energy storage device. A financial feasibility was also done to determine targets for manufacturing cost and sales price. These models take into account market trends for high performance tires, economies of scale, and the possibility of government subsidies. This research will help understand the potential for the marketability of a piezoelectric energy harvesting tire that can create electricity for remote use. This study found that there are many obstacles that must be addressed before a piezoelectric tire can be marketed to the general public. The power output of this device is miniscule compared to an alkaline battery. In order for this device to approach the power output of an alkaline battery the weight of the device would also become an issue. Additionally this device is very costly compared to the average bicycle tire. Lastly, this device is extreme fragile and easily broken. In order for this device to become marketable the issues of power output, cost, weight, and durability must all be successfully overcome. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S.Tech Educational Technology 2012

The heavy duty vehicle industry has today no requirement to providea tire pressure monitoring system by law. This has created issues sur-rounding unknown tire pressure and thread depth during active service.There is also no standardization for these kind of systems which meansthat different manufacturers and third party solutions work after theirown principles and it can be hard to know what works for a given vehicletype. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) put out a new study that determined that underinflated tires of 25% or less are 3 times more likely to be involved in a crash related to tire issues versus vehicles with properly inflated tires. The objective for this thesis is to create an indirect tire monitoring system that can generalize a method that detect both incorrect tire pressure and thread depth for different type of vehicles within a fleet without the need for additional physical sensors or vehicle specific parameters. Drivec Bridge hardware interprets existing sensors from the vehicle. By using supervised machine learning a classifier was created for each axle where the main focus was the front axle which had the most issues.The classifier will classify the vehicles tires condition. The classifier will be implemented in Drivecs cloud service and use data to classify  the tires condition. The resulting classifier of the project is a random forest implemented in Python. The result from the front axle with a dataset consisting of 9767 samples of buses with correct tire condition and 1909 samples of buses with incorrect tire condition it has an accuracy of90.54% (±0.96%). The data sets are created from 34 unique measurements from buses between January and May 2017. The developed solution is called Indirect Tire Monitoring System (ITMS) and is seen as a process. The project group has verified with high accuracy that a vehicle has been classified as bad and then been reclassified as good over a time span of 16 days. At the first day offboard measurements were performed and it showed that the tires of the front axle were underinflated. The classifier indicated that the vehicle had bad classifications until day 14. At this day an offboard measurement was performed and it was concluded that they were no longer underinflated and the classifier indicated this as well. To verify the result the workshop was contacted and verified that the vehicle had changed tires of the front axle at day 14. This has verified that the classifier is able to detect change and stay consistent in the results over a longer time period.

Vehicle simulators are becoming more common in vehicle industries. Company earns lot of money on simulations instead of real tests. Real tests are necessary but not made so extensively as before. In this thesis the building of an vehice simulator will be described and a comparison between three different cruise controls. The three cruise controls are PI-regulator, a regulator who regulates after positions in the terrain and a MPC-regulator. The reason for choosing this three is to see the difference between simple regulation and more complex regulation with respect to fuel consumption, travel time and complexity. The vehicle simulator is made in Matlab/Simulink, Visual Studio and Open Scene Graph. The facilities needed for runnning the simulator is a relative good computer with a grapics card on at least 128 MB RAM plus a steering wheel and pedals for brake and gas to achieve best feeling. A keyboard can be used but it reduces almost all feeling. After several simulations a conclusion was made. The MPC-regulator was the regulator who consumed least fuel and travel time. The regulator who regulates after positions in the terrain was not too far away. It would be interesting to do more research about it. In fact it is only a PI-regulator who makes ``clever'' decisions when a hill with enough slope appears. With enough slope means a downhill where the vehicle can accelerate without the use of fuel and an uphill where the vehicle can not keep its speed with maximum use of fuel. A conclusion was stated that the friction and height profile influenced on settings for the PI-regulator and with some adjustments on this settings, fuel could be saved.

Existe uma preocupação geral quanto à aderência que se pode obter entre os pneus de uma aeronave e as superfícies das pistas de aeroportos, principalmente naqueles em que operam aeronaves a jato, em altas velocidades, tornando a aderência um fator importante relacionado à segurança de vôo. O atrito nas pistas muda ao longo do tempo, em função do tráfego, das condições climáticas e das práticas de manutenção adotadas. Contaminantes, tais como água e resíduos de borracha, causam diminuição do atrito das superfícies das pistas, em grandes extensões, principalmente nas zonas de toque. Este trabalho analisa a aderência pneu-pavimento em revestimentos asfálticos aeroportuários, por meio da avaliação da macrotextura, do atrito dinâmico, do atrito medido com o Pêndulo Britânico e da drenabilidade, em regiões das pistas submetidas a diferentes solicitações de tráfego e diferentes ações de manutenção. O Aeroporto Internacional de São Paulo / Congonhas foi escolhido para o estudo de caso, pois conta com duas pistas de pouso e decolagem com revestimentos asfálticos com grooving e tráfego de aeronaves com intensidade suficiente para promover os problemas de aderência relatados na literatura. Os resultados indicam a influência do volume de tráfego, do grooving, do acúmulo de resíduos de borracha e das práticas de manutenção sobre a aderência pneu-pavimento proporcionada pelos revestimentos. / There is a general concern about braking performance in runways pavements surfaces, particularly in airports operating turbojet aircrafts with high landing speeds, making friction become a significant safety subject. Runway friction changes along the time depending on aircraft traffic, weather conditions and maintenance works. Contaminants such as rubber deposits and water cause friction loss on pavement surface, mainly in the touchdown zone on runways, and it can reach quite extensive areas. This work analyzes the tire/pavement adherence on asphalt runways surfaces, by evaluating parameters as macrotexture, friction (using British Pendulum and MuMeter) and draining capability, in different areas of runways, submitted to different traffic and different maintenance actions. The field surveys were performed at Congonhas Airport. Congonhas operates two asphalt runways (grooved) with enough traffic to promote the adherences problems reported in literature. The results indicate how volume of traffic, grooving, rubber deposits and pavement maintenance practices can influence on runway surface adherence level.

A aderência pneu-pavimento é um dos parâmetros mais importantes da segurança viária e deve ser avaliada em duas escalas: microtextura e macrotextura. As medidas de textura da superfície de pavimentos podem ser obtidas por diversos equipamentos, sendo que os mais difundidos são o Pêndulo Britânico e a Mancha de Areia. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa pretende utilizar esses dois equipamentos para verificar o comportamento da textura em função do tempo/tráfego para diferentes tipos de revestimentos. Para tanto, foram realizados levantamentos dos valores de micro e macrotextura em pavimentos da rodovia BR-290/RS, trecho Osório-Porto Alegre, com uma freqüência aproximadamente mensal durante um período inferior a um ano. Com base nos dados coletados, foi possível desenvolver tendências de desempenho da micro e macrotextura para pavimentos flexíveis e rígidos dessa rodovia. Os modelos propostos para a estimativa da textura podem ser usados como ferramentas auxiliares no Sistema de Gerência de Pavimentos (SGP), prevendo o momento oportuno para intervenções na superfície dos pavimentos de modo a garantir a segurança dos usuários. Após a análise dos resultados, constatou-se que, no geral, os pontos de monitoração da rodovia BR- 290/RS apresentam boas condições de aderência pneu-pavimento quando avaliados pelo International Friction Index (IFI), que é um índice representativo da combinação entre a macro e microtextura do pavimento. Além dos modelos para estimativa da textura, desenvolveu-se nesta pesquisa um modelo de correlação entre os resultados dos ensaios de Mancha de Areia e de Drenabilidade, possibilitando, assim, a estimativa do IFI através do valor da vazão de água na superfície do pavimento. / Tire-road friction is one of the most important parameters regarding the safety of vehicles under slippery road conditions. Road surface texture is currently evaluated using several devices. In Brazil, the British Pendulum and the sand-patch method are most frequently used to measure microtexture and macrotexture, respectively. They were used in the research reported in this dissertation that aimed at verifying texture evolution with time/traffic on different types of pavement wearing courses. Thus, micro and macrotexture values were monthly measured in surveys carried out during one year in Brazilian Federal Road BR- 290/RS. Collected data allowed defining performance trends regarding micro and macrotexture of asphalt and Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) pavements. The models here proposed might be used as auxiliary tools in Pavement Management Systems (PMS) to estimate the time when a given rehabilitation action is necessary to assure vehicle and drivers safety. Results analysis showed that the surveyed pavements present adequate tire-road friction, when evaluated by the International Friction Index (IFI) which combines pavements macro and microtexture. In addition, a model relating results of the sand-patch method to drainability results is proposed. Such model allows the estimation of the IFI based on values of water inflow through the pavements wearing courses.

Orientador: Jose Roberto de França Arruda / Dissertação ( mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T03:02:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kawano_RafaelRogora_M.pdf: 8279591 bytes, checksum: cc9b56dd0845c482ecd99e0ccfde6bd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi explorado o mecanismo de geração de ruído de pneumáticos automotivos conhecido como ruído de martelamento, segundo a abordagem da Prototipagem Virtual Sonora. Foi implementado um modelo teórico disponível na literatura que considera apenas a pluralidade de passos de blocos na banda de rodagem. A partir dele, dois outros modelos foram desenvolvidos e implementados considerando, além da pluralidade de passos de blocos, os efeitos do contato pneu/pavimento (distribuição da pressão de contato), da multiplicidade de carreiras de blocos, da defasagem helicoidal entre as carreiras e da deflexão sob carga e a definição de um perfil do sinal de excitação dos blocos. A sensibilidade da resposta temporal e espectral aos parâmetros dos modelos foi avaliada. Modelos de caminhos estruturais foram implementados e se basearam em dados experimentais. Por fim, o programa desenvolvido sintetiza o ruído virtual gerado pelo contato pneu/pavimento para diferentes configurações do pneu previstas pela modelagem, podendo ser ouvido através de fones de ouvido e permitindo a realização de uma análise subjetiva. / Abstract: This study explored the automotive tire noise generation mechanism known as hammer noise, according to the Virtual Acoustic Prototyping approach. A theoretical model available in the literature that considers only the plurality of block pitches in the tread band was implemented. Based on this model, two improved models were developed and implemented considering, besides the plurality of block pitches, the effects of the tire / pavement contact (contact pressure distribution), the number of block ribs, the helical gap of the careers, the deflection of the tire under load and the definition of a profile of the resulting excitation signal. The sensitivity of the response in the time and frequency domains to the tire parameters was evaluated. Models of structural borne paths based on experimental data were implemented. Finally, the program developed synthesizes the virtual noise generated by the tire / pavement contact for different configurations of the tire, which can be listened in headphones, thus enabling a subjective analysis of hammer noise. / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Solidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:53:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 andrea.pdf: 2836298 bytes, checksum: df566d388fe30cef77051925ae2848ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-15 / In this research was made the study of the rheological and chemical properties of the conventional asphalt cements usually used in the city of Manaus and the same modified by addition with scrap tire rubber and polymers, as form to improve the characteristics and performance of local asphalt coverings. The scrap tire rubber has shown a valuable environmental and socially alternative adjusted being able to present great reductions of volume of this residue in the environment, added to the reduction maintenance costs of the pavements. Also they had been studied modified asphalts for copolymers SBS, SBR and EVA. The adopted methodology was directed, mainly, for the characterization of these asphalts in situations that are submitted in the process of mixes and life of service, have given emphasis the usually found problems in the pavement, such as permanent deformation, fatigue cracking and aging process. The adopted methodology was based on empirical tests and the Superpave specifications. The effect of the oxidation was verified by equipment that simulates the oxidative aging suffered for the asphalt during the mixes and its life of service, considering in the maximum ten years of use as floor. The results, evidenced that the use of modified asphalt by polymers and tire rubber presents improvements in the rheological and chemical properties of the asphalt contributing for the increase of the resistance of the bituminous covering. / Neste trabalho foi realizado o estudo das propriedades reológicas e químicas do ligante asfáltico, usualmente utilizado na cidade de Manaus, e o mesmo ligante modificado pela adição de borracha moída de pneus inservíveis e polímeros, como forma de melhorar as características e desempenho dos revestimentos asfálticos locais, além de proporcionar a redução de custos de manutenção dos pavimentos. A utilização de borracha moída de pneus inservíveis tem se mostrado uma alternativa valiosa, ambientalmente e socialmente adequada podendo apresentar redução desse resíduo no meio ambiente, onde se encontram propícios ao acúmulo de água ocasionando a proliferação de vetores de doenças. Também foram estudados ligantes modificados por copolímeros SBS, SBR e EVA. A metodologia adotada foi dirigida, principalmente, para a caracterização destes ligantes em situações a que são submetidos no processo de usinagem e vida de serviço, dando ênfase a problemas usualmente encontrados na pavimentação, tais como deformação permanente, trincas por fadiga e envelhecimento oxidativo. Os ensaios experimentais foram baseados em ensaios empíricos e nas especificações Superpave. O efeito da oxidação foi verificado por equipamentos que simulam o envelhecimento sofrido pelo ligante durante a usinagem e durante sua vida de serviço, considerando no máximo dez anos de uso como pavimento. Com base nos resultados dos ensaios, constatou-se que a utilização de ligantes asfálticos modificados por polímeros e borracha moída de pneus apresenta melhoras nas propriedades reológicas e químicas dos ligantes asfálticos contribuindo para o aumento da resistência do revestimento betuminoso.

A análise de pneus em frotas de caminhões de longa distância atualmente é realizada apenas para efeito de controle de estoque e determinação de causas de falhas. A metodologia de análise de confiabilidade apresentada neste trabalho, utilizando dados obtidos de pneus sucatados, sistematiza a mensuração e análise de perda de vida útil causada por cada tipo de falha: as amostras são analisadas, verificando-se qual distribuição de probabilidade que melhor modela as amostras avaliadas quando comparadas às distribuições Weibull, normal, log-normal e exponencial; o modelo sugere uma forma de efetuar análises de confiabilidade das falhas mais freqüentes, sendo estas classificadas segundo as perdas de tempo de vida do produto. A metodologia ora proposta foi aplicada na análise de confiabilidade de pneus 295/80R22.5 empregados em frota de transporte rodoviário. Para tanto foram analisadas sucatas provenientes de 10 frotas, verificando-se que a confiabilidade do pneu é melhor representada por uma distribuição de Weibull. A aplicação desta metodologia possibilita a identificação das principais causas das falhas mais críticas, permitindo à empresa focar os esforços em medidas preventivas adequadas e definir o tempo de remoção antes da falha para obter o menor custo. / Long distance truck tire analysis is done nowadays only for the purposes of warehouse control and failure cause determination. The analysis methodology presented in this study, using tire data obtained in scrap tires, systematizes the measurement and analysis of useful tire life time losses caused by each failure type: the samples are analyzed, verifying which probability distribution best fits the evaluated samples when comparing Weibull, normal, log-normal and exponential distributions; the model suggests a way to carry out the reliability analysis of the most common failures classifying them according to product life losses. The proposed methodology was used to analyze the reliability of 295/80R22.5 tires applied in highway transport fleets. For that purpose scrap tires samples from 10 fleets were analyzed and one can verify tire reliability is better represented by a Weibull distribution. The application of this methodology makes it possible to identify the main causes of the most critical failures, allowing the fleet to focus efforts on appropriate preventive measures and define replacement time before failure to obtain the lowest cost.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:36:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Afonso Cesar Lelis Brandao.pdf: 12894448 bytes, checksum: 21a13c407b8b3aa0e19a3514eccc03d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-29 / Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie / The study aimed to show the characteristics of ecological concrete without structural responsibility , from the addition of zest from the tire retreading process and marble dust and refuse of extraction quarries . Were molded and tested according to the ABNT norms specified in the body of work, samples of concrete, with the addition of waste from tire retreading and quarrying . The addition of the objective rubber decrease the density of the concrete and to improve its ability to absorb impacts and mechanical strength, since addition of the powdermarble improve particle packing , cement consumption and density , decreasing voids which are accumulated due to the heterogeneity of rubber shavings . The results show that these wastes can be inserted into the concrete together and since in this case the ratio was better with 10 % of each residue according to the added weight of cement concrete trace. We see this work an improvement of the results of tensile strength compared to conventional concrete ( Pilot ) and loss of compressive strength of concrete with added enhanced with the addition of marble powder- rubber . The concrete also showed that after their break there is no breakdown of parts , which can be well utilized in tall buildings to avoid accidents with zest rubber . / O trabalho teve como objetivo mostrar as características do concreto ecológico, sem responsabilidade estrutural, a partir da adição de raspas de pneus provenientes do processo de recauchutagem e do pó de mármore como refugo da extração de pedreiras. Foram moldados e ensaiados, de acordo com as normas da ABNT especificadas no corpo de trabalho, corpos de prova de concreto, com a adição de resíduos provenientes da recauchutagem de pneus e da extração de mármore. A adição da borracha objetiva diminuir a densidade do concreto e melhorar a sua capacidade de absorção de impactos e tração mecânica, já a adição do pó-de-mármore, melhorar o empacotamento de partículas, consumo de cimento e adensamento, diminuindo espaços vazios que são acumulados devido à heterogeneidade das raspas de borracha. Os resultados mostram que estes rejeitos podem ser inseridos no concreto, desde que juntos e, neste caso a melhor relação ficou com 10% de cada resíduo adicionado de acordo com o peso de cimento do traço do concreto. Vemos neste trabalho uma melhoria dos resultados de resistência à tração comparado ao concreto convencional (Piloto) e a perda de resistência à compressão axial do concreto adicionado com borracha melhorada com a adição de pó-de-mármore. O concreto também mostrou que com as raspas de borracha, após sua ruptura não há a desagregação das partes, o que pode ser bem aproveitado em construções de altura para evitar acidentes.

Les détériorations d'un pneu occasionnées par le roulement sur des chaussées accidentées est un problème crucial pour l'industrie des pneumatiques. Les couches de composite à matrice élastomère renforcée par des câbles d'acier architecturés sous forme de nappe de ceinturage, ont pour objet de protéger le pneu d'éventuelles pénétrations par des projectiles extérieurs. Cependant le comportement de ces nappes composites reste mal connu surtout quand il s'agit de mécanismes d'endommagement par chocs. Pour améliorer cette connaissance, cette thèse s'est proposée d'étudier le comportement mécanique des constituants ainsi que du composite lorsque ces matériaux sont soumis à des tractions grandes vitesses et des essais d'impact. Les mécanismes d'endommagements ont été analysés. Les analyses expérimentales et les simulations numériques ont permis de mieux comprendre le comportement dynamique et les mécanismes d'endommagement sous des sollicitations rapides, d'impact et d'indentation. Issu de ces essais, un critère capable de prévoir la perforation de la nappe de ceinturage a été proposé. Sa validation a été faite sur des essais effectués sur des composites élastomères ceinturés de ces nappes. / Road hazard is a critical problem in tire application. Steel cord-rubber composite such as steel belt is used to reinforce the tire stiffness in architecture of the radial tire. The main function is used to protect penetrations due to foreign objects. In fact, the knowledge of this material is not well-established yet in particular damage mechanisms subjected to impact load. The principal objective of this dissertation is to study high strain rate behaviors, impact behaviors as well as damage mechanisms of the steel cord-rubber composite, allowing us to develop a perforation criterion. The experimental analysis and numerical simulations allow us to thoroughly understand the dynamic behaviors and damage mechanisms for instance high stain rate tensile characterization, drop-weight impact and indentation characterizations, damage observation etc... In order to develop a criterion capable of predicting the perforation of the steel cord-rubber composite, the drop-weight impact tests and indentation tests have been conducted. Finally, we propose the perforation criterion based on analytical approach and its validation for the steel cord-rubber composite.