Die Strahlentherapie ist einer der drei Partner im interdisziplinären Feld der Onkologie. In Europa, Asien und den USA besteht zunehmend die Möglichkeit einer Therapie mit Strahlen aus geladenen Ionen anstelle von Photonen. Eine Anlage in Dresden befindet sich in der Kommissionierungsphase. Die Ionenstrahltherapie bietet den Vorteil einer sehr konformalen Behandlung des Tumorvolumens durch die endliche Reichweite der Strahlen und ein ausgeprägtes Dosismaximum kurz vor dem Ende des Strahlpfades. Da eine Therapie in der Regel über bis zu 30 Sitzungen an verschiedenen Tagen durchgeführt wird und der Strahlweg stark von dem durchdrungenen Gewebe beeinflusst wird, sind Verfahren für eine in vivo Verifikation der Strahlapplikation wünschenswert. Eine dieser Methoden ist die Partikeltherapie–Positronen-Emissions-Tomografie (PT-PET). Sie beruht auf der Messung der vom Therapiestrahl erzeugten β+-Aktivitätsverteilung. Da eine direkte Berechnung der Dosis aus der Aktivität in lebendem Gewebe nicht möglich ist, wird die gemessene Aktivitätsverteilung mit einer berechneten Vorhersage verglichen und anschließend entschieden, ob die nächste Therapiesitzung wie geplant erfolgen kann oder Anpassungen notwendig sind. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit drei Themen aus dem Bereich der Datenverarbeitung für die PT-PET. Im ersten Teil wird ein Algorithmus zur Bestimmung von Reichweitendifferenzen aus zwei β+- Aktivitätsverteilungen adaptiert und evaluiert. Dies geschieht zunächst anhand einer Simulationsstudie mit realen Patientendaten. Ein Ansatz für eine automatisierte Analyse der Daten lieferte keine zufriedenstellenden Ergebnisse. Daher wird ein Software-Prototyp für eine semiautomatische, assistierte Datenanalyse entwickelt. Die Evaluierung erfolgt durch Experimente mit Phantomen am 12C-Strahl. Die erzeugte Aktivitätsverteilung wird von physiologischen Prozessen im Organismus beeinflusst. Dies führt zu einer Entfernung von Emittern vom Ort ihrer Erzeugung und damit zu einer Verringerung der diagnostischen Wertigkeit der erfassten Verteilung. Zur Quantifizierung dieses als Washout bezeichneten Effektes existiert ein am Tierexperiment gewonnenes Modell. Dieses Modell wird im zweiten Teil der Arbeit auf reale Patientendaten angewendet. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Modell grundsätzlich anwendbar ist und für die betrachtete Tumorlokalisation Schädelbasis ein Washout mit einer Halbwertszeit von (155,7±4,6) s existiert. Die Berechnung der Vorhersage der β+-Aktivitätsverteilung kann durch übliche Monte-Carlo-Verfahren erfolgen. Dabei werden die Wechselwirkungsquerschnitte zahlreicher Reaktionskanäle benötigt. Als alternatives Verfahren wurde die Verwendung gemessener Ausbeuten (Yields) radioaktiver Nuklide in verschiedenen Referenzmaterialien vorgeschlagen. Auf Basis einer vorhandenen Datenbank dieser Yields und einer existierenden Condensed-History-Monte-Carlo-Simulation wird ein Programm zur Berechnung von Aktivitätsverteilungen auf Yieldbasis entwickelt. Mit der Methode kann die β+-Aktivitätsverteilung in Phantomen und Patienten zufriedenstellend vorhergesagt werden. Die entwickelten Verfahren sollen einen Einsatz der PT-PET im klinischen Umfeld erleichtern und damit einen breiten Einsatz ermöglichen, um das volle Potential der Ionenstrahltherapie nutzbar zu machen.

Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), a non-invasive imaging method, is based on an analysis of a near-infrared light deflected from tisssue layers, that provides detailed images of retinal structures. Nerve cells of the retina, that originate from neuroectoderm, reflect neurodegeneration of the central nervous system (CNS), as well as acute damage of nerve structures caused by optic neuritis. The dissertation first presents established imaging protocol and quality standards for SD-OCT imaging in multiple sclerosis (MS). In the following section we introduce SD-OCT as a biomarker in MS. In a multicentric cross-sectional study, we had shown, that a single time measurement of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL) has a predictive value for a risk of disease progression in the next five years. Patients with a thickness of RNFL in the lowest tercile of the studied population had a relative risk of disease progression 2x higher than patients in the highest tercile. The second presented study tests whether the history of optic neuritis (ON) in MS is a risk factor for neurodegeneration of RNFL in later years. The study confirmed that long term changes of RNFL thickness in eyes post-ON and in eyes with no history of ON are not different. Therefore, we conclude that both,...

In this thesis the pH dependency of the coordination modes of lanthanide complexes with macrocyclic ligands based on 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane skeleton was studied. The cyclen-based ligand structures in this work contained three acetate and one aminoethyl group with a N-alkyl-N-methylphosphonate substituent, DO3AN(R)P, where R is an alkyle substituent on the nitrogen atom of the pendant arm (R = methyl, benzyl). Lanthanide complexes of a previously studied prototype ligand DO3ANP with secondary amino group (R = H) have shown interesting properties in the field of 31 P NMR imaging because of their various coordination properties, which allow in situ pH measurement. These complexes can also be used for monitoring the kinetics of the chemical exchange of the amino group proton in 1 H NMR imaging using the chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST NMR). In this thesis, two new derivatives DO3ANMeP and DO3ANBnP were prepared in order to better understand the coordination modes changes in this ligand series. Also, their coordination behaviour with selected lanthanide ions was studied (Eu3+ , Gd3+ , Dy3+ , Yb3+ ). Based on a series of NMR and luminescence measurements, it was found out, that in acidic conditions the complexes containing DO3ANP motif bind a water molecule in their coordination...

Diagnostic X-rays are the most important man-made source of radiation exposure for the general population, contributing about 14% of the total annual exposure worldwide from all sources. However, although diagnostic X-rays provide great benefits, it is generally accepted that their use involves some small risk of developing cancer. The risk to an individual is probably small because radiation doses are usually low, but the large number of people exposed annually means that even small individual risks could translate into a considerable number of cancer cases. The aim of this work was to reestimate this risk on the basis of the annual number of CT examinations undertaken in the Czech Republic and typical doses applied. But there wasn't possible to find necessary data for planned reckonings by return, because their archiving isn't obligatory. This study, therefore, only describes common incidence of ionising radiation with human organism and further, all inevitable mathematically-physical equations needed for realization of primary planned investigation, with all necessary datal inputs included. In findings of this work there are drafted and demonstrated procedures, how to obtain and cultivate needed data ,so it was possible to compare it with technical literature.

The human face is not perfectly symmetrical, slight asymmetries commonly occur in every individual across all populations. The aim of the work was to monitor the asymmetry on the entire surface of the soft and hard tissues of the heads of individuals with respect to age and sexual dimorphism. The follow-up goal was then to evaluate the difference in asymmetry between the tissues. The material for the work was a transverse set of CT images of the adult Czech population in the age range of 21-84 years. Individuals were divided according to gender into 50 men and 48 women and according to age into groups up to 39 years, 40-59 years and over 60 years. Geometric morphometry methods (CPD - DCA, asymmetry analysis, per vertex T-test, superprojection methods) were used for data analysis. The results were visualized using color maps and significance maps that show asymmetry and statistical significance. The variability of the file was analyzed by principal component analysis. The results of the evaluation of hard tissues showed a right protrusion on the anterior and lateral surfaces of the skull, in both men and women at all age intervals. This asymmetry was statistically very significant, in contrast to the posterior region, which was evaluated protrusion on the left side and had lower p-value. On the soft...

Nowadays, the traffic tomography represents an integral component in converged networks and systems for detecting their behavioral characteristics. The dissertation deals with research of its implementation with the use of evolutionary algorithms. The research was mainly focused on innovation and solving behavioral detection data flows in networks and network anomalies using tomography and evolutionary algorithms. Within the dissertation has been proposed a new algorithm, emerging from the basics of the statistical method survival analysis, combined with a genetics’ algorithm. The proposed algorithm was tested in a model of a self-created network probe using the Python programming language and Cisco laboratory network devices. Performed tests have shown the basic functionality of the proposed solution.

This thesis deals mainly with perfusion modeling in optical coherence tomography (OCT). The introductory part deals with basic theory of the OCT, including a description of its basic applications. Part of the work was the testing of selected contrasting materials suitable for the OCT and the design and implementation of phantoms, which were subsequently used in the main part of the thesis. In the practical part, attention is paid to the perfusion analysis in the OCT, first the application of the dilution theory in the OCT for flow estimation, then a study testing the basic theory of perfusion on OCT by means of tissue phantom. Another part of the thesis is devoted to the method of speckle variance analysis for flow visualization.

This diploma thesis deals with a defect detection with X-rays in the manufacturing procedure in the electrotechnical field. The work summarises the knowledge about technical possibilities of an X-ray device Cougar of YXlon company. Part of the work is focusing on scanning in 2D, 3D visualization and automatic analysis. The thesis describes inspection methods of a connector connection, the quality of a soldered joint and an encapsulated product.

The focus of this thesis is the smoothing of manually segmented 3D models of mouse embryo craniofacial cartilege. During the process of manual segmentation, artefacts and other imperfections appear in the final models and need to be repaired. Firstly, manual segmentation is corrected using gradients and thresholding. Subsequent smoothing methods are constructed based on theoretical research. Algorithmizing is executed in the MATLAB environment. All the designed algorithms are then tested on selected models. Statistical evaluation is determined using the Srensen–Dice coefficient, where manually smoothened models cleared of all artefacts are used as the gold standard.

Předložená diplomová práce se zabývá korelativním přístupem multimodální analýzy struktur prokovování s různým rozlišením. Výzkum je součástí mezinárodního projektu týkajícího se charakterizace poruch zmíněných struktur, které jsou implementovány v polovodičových zařízeních. Kombinace korelativní mikroskopie a tomografie technikami NanoXCT, FIB-SEM (EDS), FIB-SIMS a AFM byla navržena k zavedení opakovatelného pracovního postupu. Tomografie fokusovaným iontovým svazkem je metoda přesného odprašování v řezech, která mimo jiné v každém průřezu získává cenné snímky s vysokým rozlišením (FIB-SEM) nebo mapy chemického složení (FIB-SIMS). Následující transformace obrazu umožňuje identifikaci defektů jako funkci hloubky ve struktuře. Práce dále věnuje pozornost metodám sjednocení obrazů za účelem optimální prezentace získaných dat.