Topping is a precommercial thinning (PCT) method where secondary stems are cut higher above the ground compared to conventional PCT. The secondary stems continue to live for a period and are supposed to compete with the main stems and promote their quality. The objective of the study was to compare the effect of PCT on height and diameter growth between topping and conventional PCT. The study also analysed the relationship between height and diameter growth and the number of stems after PCT. Nine topped stands and six conventional precommercially thinned stands were visited between February 28th and March 5. One sample plot per hectare was laid out in the investigated stands. In every sample plot the number of stems was counted and five main stems were measured for height, height growth since PCT, diameter and diameter growth since PCT. The results showed significantly higher effect on height growth after topping as compared to conventional PCT but no significant difference in the effect of diameter growth between topping and conventional PCT. After PCT the H/D quote (height/diameter quote) was higher (less taper) in topped stands and lower (larger taper) in conventional PCT.

Combined heat and power (CHP) systems produce electricity and useful heat from fuel. When power is produced near a building which consumes power, transmission losses are averted, and heat which is a byproduct of power production may be useful to the building. That thermal energy can be used for hot water or space heating, among other applications. This dissertation focuses on CHP systems using natural gas, a common fuel, and systems serving commercial buildings in the United States. First, the necessary price difference between purchased electricity and purchased fuel is analyzed in terms of the efficiencies of system components by comparing CHP with a conventional separate heat and power (SHP) configuration, where power is purchased from the electrical grid and heat is provided by a gas boiler. Similarly, the relationship between CDE due to electricity purchases and due to fuel purchases is analyzed as well as the relationship between primary energy conversion factors for electricity and fuel. The primary energy conversion factor indicates the quantity of source energy necessary to produce the energy purchased at the site. Next, greenhouse gas emissions are investigated for a variety of commercial buildings using CHP or SHP. The relationship between the magnitude of the reduction in emissions and the parameters of the CHP system is explored. The cost savings and reduction in primary energy consumption are evaluated for the same buildings. Finally, a CHP system is analyzed with the addition of a thermal energy storage (TES) component, which can store excess thermal energy and deliver it later if necessary. The potential for CHP with TES to reduce cost, emissions, and primary energy consumption is investigated for a variety of buildings. A case study is developed for one building for which TES does provide additional benefits over a CHP system alone, and the requirements for a water tank TES device are examined.

A pluridade de características de espécies nativas, aliada a leis que limitam sua exploração, acarreta na necessidade de estabelecimento de novas espécies capazes de suprir a demanda madeireira brasileira. Os Eucalyptus spp. são altamente produtivos sob clima tropical, sendo extensamente plantados no país para diversas finalidades, em especial papel e celulose, energia, painéis e serraria, entretanto, pouca ênfase tem sido dada a esta última, devido ao horizonte longo de planejamento, dificuldades no processamento primário e defeitos na madeira apresentados pelas espécies mais produtivas do gênero. Visando traçar estratégias que minimizem essas dificuldades, analisamos o efeito de 2 formas de manipulação de copa - destopo e desrama -, sob diferentes regimes de luminosidade, em parâmetros da copa e do tronco em híbridos de Eucalyptus urophylla dos 11 aos 23 meses de idade. Tanto o destopo quanto a desrama afetaram negativamente o incremento diamétrico e volumétrico do híbrido, entretanto, árvores destopadas sob níveis maiores de luminosidade exibiram fatores de afilamento menores, quando comparadas ao tratamento Controle. Dentro do mesmo regime de luminosidade, árvores desramadas também apresentaram fatores de afilamento inferiores. Apesar de sua alta demanda por luz, o híbrido foi capaz de alterar sua estrutura foliar de acordo com o nível de luminosidade: árvores sob regimes de luminosidade reduzida adaptaram suas folhas à sombra (folhas de sombra), enquanto que àquelas sem limitação de luminosidade folhas adaptadas ao sol (folhas de sol). Brotações em resposta ao destopo se resumiram à brotações epicórmicas próximo à seção destopada. / The diversity of characteristics of native species, allied to laws that limit their exploration, reinforces the need of establishing news species to supply the national wood demand. The Eucalyptus spp. are highly productive under tropical whether, being extensively planted in the country to many finalities, especially paper, pulp, energy, panels and sawn wood, however, low attention is being given to the last due to the long term planning, difficulties in the primary processing and wood blemishes present in the most productive species of the gender. Aiming to trace strategies that minimize these hardships, we analyzed the effects of two forms of crown manipulation - topping and pruning -, under different light patterns, in parameters of crown and bole of Eucalytpus urophylla hybrids from 11 to 23 months of age. Both topping and pruning impacted negatively the diametric and volumetric increment, although topped trees showed smaller taper when compared to the Control treatment. Within the same light pattern pruned trees also presented smaller taper. Although the hybrid demands high amounts of light, it was capable of altering its foliage structure according to the light level: trees under reduced light adapted its leaves to shadow (\"shadow leaves\"), while those without light limitation leaves adapted to sun (\"sunleaves\"). Shoots in response to topping were resumed to epicormic shoots close to the topped section.

A pluridade de características de espécies nativas, aliada a leis que limitam sua exploração, acarreta na necessidade de estabelecimento de novas espécies capazes de suprir a demanda madeireira brasileira. Os Eucalyptus spp. são altamente produtivos sob clima tropical, sendo extensamente plantados no país para diversas finalidades, em especial papel e celulose, energia, painéis e serraria, entretanto, pouca ênfase tem sido dada a esta última, devido ao horizonte longo de planejamento, dificuldades no processamento primário e defeitos na madeira apresentados pelas espécies mais produtivas do gênero. Visando traçar estratégias que minimizem essas dificuldades, analisamos o efeito de 2 formas de manipulação de copa - destopo e desrama -, sob diferentes regimes de luminosidade, em parâmetros da copa e do tronco em híbridos de Eucalyptus urophylla dos 11 aos 23 meses de idade. Tanto o destopo quanto a desrama afetaram negativamente o incremento diamétrico e volumétrico do híbrido, entretanto, árvores destopadas sob níveis maiores de luminosidade exibiram fatores de afilamento menores, quando comparadas ao tratamento Controle. Dentro do mesmo regime de luminosidade, árvores desramadas também apresentaram fatores de afilamento inferiores. Apesar de sua alta demanda por luz, o híbrido foi capaz de alterar sua estrutura foliar de acordo com o nível de luminosidade: árvores sob regimes de luminosidade reduzida adaptaram suas folhas à sombra (folhas de sombra), enquanto que àquelas sem limitação de luminosidade folhas adaptadas ao sol (folhas de sol). Brotações em resposta ao destopo se resumiram à brotações epicórmicas próximo à seção destopada. / The diversity of characteristics of native species, allied to laws that limit their exploration, reinforces the need of establishing news species to supply the national wood demand. The Eucalyptus spp. are highly productive under tropical whether, being extensively planted in the country to many finalities, especially paper, pulp, energy, panels and sawn wood, however, low attention is being given to the last due to the long term planning, difficulties in the primary processing and wood blemishes present in the most productive species of the gender. Aiming to trace strategies that minimize these hardships, we analyzed the effects of two forms of crown manipulation - topping and pruning -, under different light patterns, in parameters of crown and bole of Eucalytpus urophylla hybrids from 11 to 23 months of age. Both topping and pruning impacted negatively the diametric and volumetric increment, although topped trees showed smaller taper when compared to the Control treatment. Within the same light pattern pruned trees also presented smaller taper. Although the hybrid demands high amounts of light, it was capable of altering its foliage structure according to the light level: trees under reduced light adapted its leaves to shadow (\"shadow leaves\"), while those without light limitation leaves adapted to sun (\"sunleaves\"). Shoots in response to topping were resumed to epicormic shoots close to the topped section.

Ultrafiltered skim milk concentrated to 20-22% solids was hydrolyzed with a mixture of proteases from Aspergillus oryzae and an acid protease from Aspergillus niger. The enzyme preparation from A. oryzae did not produce bitterness, so the effects of its hydrolyzing action on the whipping properties of the retentate in liquid and powdered forms were examined. Its effect on the amount of soluble nitrogen in the powder was also determined. After inoculation of 250 ml retentate with .05% w/v enzyme, the samples were held in a 45°C water bath. The samples thickened with increasing hydrolysis until syneresis occurred. They also took on a slightly ropy or slimy appearance after thickening and before syneresis. Hydrolysis was stopped by removing from the 45°C bath and holding in an 80°C bath for 35 minutes. When cooled to refrigerator temperature, retentate samples produced a stable whip with fine bubbles and firm but soft peaks. Air capacity of whipped samples decreased with increasing hydrolysis time and retentate solids. Stability increased with increasing solids and longer hydrolysis times. Skim milk retentate to be dried was concentrated to 20-24% solids and reconstituted to 20% before whipping. Hydrolysis time up to 20 minutes before enzyme denaturation did not have an effect on the air capacity of the whipped reconstituted powder. Air capacity decreased as the retentate solids increased. Whip stability increased slightly then decreased with increasing hydrolysis. Whip stability was impaired by protein denaturation in the powder during the drying process. Soluble nitrogen in the powder, as determined by the Harland-Ashworth procedure, increased with increasing hydrolysis and decreased with increasing solids.

Diss. (sammanfattning). Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

"It is the purpose of this paper to present something of the life and works of Helen Topping Miller, a brief biography, and concise summaries of her novels"--Introduction. / Typescript. / "August, 1955." / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts." / Advisor: Otis McBride, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 34-36).

ABSTRACT The multi-disciplinary accelerator based facilities at iThemba LABS are used intensively for nuclear physics experiments, radiotherapy and the production of radioisotopes. To increase the beam intensity for radioisotope production and to improve the beam quality of the 66 MeV proton beam, a double-gap horizontal half-wave flat-topping resonator has been developed for the separated-sector cyclotron to operate at the associated fixed frequency. This type of flattopping resonator has never before been implemented in a cyclotron and this study is the first to show that it can be done, featuring a special characteristic not offered by other types. The resonator is reviewed against the other types of resonators that are already in use at other institutes around the world. The flat-topping voltage of the selected type has a sinusoidal half-wave distribution along a radial line in each of its acceleration gaps with the nodal points located on the injection and extraction orbits. The flat-topping voltage therefore progressively increases from zero at both of the two most critical orbits in a cyclotron to a maximum at about halfway between them. As a result will this resonator, apart from its basic function to reduce the energy spread in the beam, not decrease the orbit separation at the injection and extraction orbits in the cyclotron, as is the case with other types of flat-topping resonators. This advantageous feature implies that the beam pattern in the cyclotron is not affected in the regions of the delicate injection and extraction components and therefore will these components or the operational control of the beam not require any modification to accommodate the resonator. In order to design a resonator that will meet our requirements, the theory of the beam dynamics and resonator characteristics were studied to ascertain the expected improvement in beam quality and beam intensity when a flat-topping resonator is implemented with the cyclotron. All resonator types were considered and studied in terms of their power dissipation, voltage distribution, harmonic number, space requirements and influence on the beam. The horizontal half-wave resonator type, with two acceleration gaps, was selected as the most suitable for our application, because of its preferred electromagnetic characteristics and its geometric shape that permits the installation inside an existing vacuum chamber through an existing flange. Initially a half-scale resonator model was build to test the feasibility of such a resonator and also to verify the calculation methods. Transmission line methods and numerical field analysis in 3D were applied to determine the resonator characteristics. In the former method a computer program, POISSON, was used to calculate curvilinear squares on sections through a triangular-shaped transmission line and in the latter method a commercial computer program, SOPRANO, was used. SOPRANO is part of an internationally acclaimed suite of programs and the acquired knowledge and skill to use this state-of-the-art software for the studying and designing of such and other electromagnetic devices also put the institute amongst the front-runners in the world. The calculated characteristics of the half- and full-scale resonator models, the study of the different electromagnetic modes that resonate in close proximity to the required frequency, the heat transport modelling and the theory and implementation of the coupling and tuning devices are all in good agreement with their respective measured results and are reported in this document. This study lead the way to have the first-ever double-gap horizontal half-wave flat-topping resonator in a cyclotron successfully commissioned at iThemba LABS and the first tests with beam report very stable operation. Accelerator physicists now have another option to utilize for the establishing of flat-topped acceleration voltages.

A videira \'Niágara Rosada\' é a principal cultivar de mesa produzida no estado de São Paulo. Essa cultivar é conduzida preferencialmente no sistema em espaldeira pelo baixo custo de implantação e por permitir manipulação do dossel através de podas. A estrutura do dossel afeta diretamente o desenvolvimento da planta, modificando a superfície foliar exposta à radiação solar que é responsável pelo acúmulo de carboidratos no sistema radicular. A quantidade de carboidratos de reserva pode influenciar diretamente a fertilidade das gemas, o vigor da planta e a produtividade do ciclo seguinte. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da superfície foliar de videiras \'Niágara Rosada\', conduzidas no sistema em espaldeira com diferentes comprimentos dos ramos produtivos, na produção e no acúmulo de carboidratos de reserva no sistema radicular. Realizou-se dois experimentos com videiras conduzidas em sistema de espaldeira, nos ciclos produtivos de 2016 e 2017, na cidade de Piracicaba-SP. No primeiro experimento, após os ramos atingirem 100 cm de altura, foi realizado o desponte nas alturas de 80 e 60 cm. O segundo experimento, foi composto por cinco tratamentos: Desponte com 100 cm de altura, desponte com 70 cm após o ramo alcançar 100 cm de altura, desponte com 50 cm após o ramo alcançar 100 cm de altura, desponte com 70 cm e desponte com 50 cm. Em ambos os experimentos, o comprimento dos ramos produtivos não interferiu na qualidade dos frutos e na produção. Entretanto, no primeiro experimento, como o número de cachos deixados por planta foi muito alto, as plantas com ramos de 60 cm tiveram uma redução no acúmulo de amido no sistema radicular o que afetou a brotação de gemas e formação de cachos no ciclo seguinte. No segundo experimento, todos os tratamentos de desponte proporcionaram a mesma qualidade e produção, e por ter sido deixado uma quantidade de dois cachos por ramo, o acúmulo de amido no final do ciclo produtivo foi similar entre os tratamentos. / The vine cv. Niagara Rosada is the main table cultivar produced in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. This cultivar is rather conducted in the Vertically Shoot-Positioned by the low implantation cost and for allowing canopy manipulation through pruning. The structure of the canopy directly affects the development of the vine, modifying the leaf surface exposed to the solar radiation that is responsible for the accumulation of carbohydrates in the root system. The amount of reserve carbohydrates can directly influence the fertility of the buds, the vigor of the plant and the productivity of the next season. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the leaf surface of cv. Niagara Rosada vines, conducted in the Vertically Shoot-Positioned with different lengths of productive branches, in the production and accumulation of reserve carbohydrates in the root system. Two experiments were carried out with grapevines conducted in a vineyard system, in the productive cycle of 2016 and 2017, in Piracicaba-SP. In the first experiment, after the branches reached 100 cm in height, the shoot was performed at heights of 80 and 60 cm. The second experiment was composed of five treatments: Top with 100 cm high, with 70 cm after the branch reach 100 cm high, with 50 cm after the branch reach 100 cm high, with 70 cm 50 cm. In both experiments, the length of productive branches did not interfere in fruit quality and yield. However, in the first experiment, as the number of bunches left per vines was very high, the vines with branches of 60 cm had a reduction in the starch accumulation in the root system, which affected the bud budding and the formation of bunches in the next season. In the second experiment, all the shoot treatments provided the same quality and production, and because a quantity of two bunches was left per branch, the starch accumulation at the end of the productive cycle was similar between the treatments.

A videira \'Niágara Rosada\' é a principal cultivar de mesa produzida no estado de São Paulo. Essa cultivar é conduzida preferencialmente no sistema em espaldeira pelo baixo custo de implantação e por permitir manipulação do dossel através de podas. A estrutura do dossel afeta diretamente o desenvolvimento da planta, modificando a superfície foliar exposta à radiação solar que é responsável pelo acúmulo de carboidratos no sistema radicular. A quantidade de carboidratos de reserva pode influenciar diretamente a fertilidade das gemas, o vigor da planta e a produtividade do ciclo seguinte. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da superfície foliar de videiras \'Niágara Rosada\', conduzidas no sistema em espaldeira com diferentes comprimentos dos ramos produtivos, na produção e no acúmulo de carboidratos de reserva no sistema radicular. Realizou-se dois experimentos com videiras conduzidas em sistema de espaldeira, nos ciclos produtivos de 2016 e 2017, na cidade de Piracicaba-SP. No primeiro experimento, após os ramos atingirem 100 cm de altura, foi realizado o desponte nas alturas de 80 e 60 cm. O segundo experimento, foi composto por cinco tratamentos: Desponte com 100 cm de altura, desponte com 70 cm após o ramo alcançar 100 cm de altura, desponte com 50 cm após o ramo alcançar 100 cm de altura, desponte com 70 cm e desponte com 50 cm. Em ambos os experimentos, o comprimento dos ramos produtivos não interferiu na qualidade dos frutos e na produção. Entretanto, no primeiro experimento, como o número de cachos deixados por planta foi muito alto, as plantas com ramos de 60 cm tiveram uma redução no acúmulo de amido no sistema radicular o que afetou a brotação de gemas e formação de cachos no ciclo seguinte. No segundo experimento, todos os tratamentos de desponte proporcionaram a mesma qualidade e produção, e por ter sido deixado uma quantidade de dois cachos por ramo, o acúmulo de amido no final do ciclo produtivo foi similar entre os tratamentos. / The vine cv. Niagara Rosada is the main table cultivar produced in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. This cultivar is rather conducted in the Vertically Shoot-Positioned by the low implantation cost and for allowing canopy manipulation through pruning. The structure of the canopy directly affects the development of the vine, modifying the leaf surface exposed to the solar radiation that is responsible for the accumulation of carbohydrates in the root system. The amount of reserve carbohydrates can directly influence the fertility of the buds, the vigor of the plant and the productivity of the next season. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the leaf surface of cv. Niagara Rosada vines, conducted in the Vertically Shoot-Positioned with different lengths of productive branches, in the production and accumulation of reserve carbohydrates in the root system. Two experiments were carried out with grapevines conducted in a vineyard system, in the productive cycle of 2016 and 2017, in Piracicaba-SP. In the first experiment, after the branches reached 100 cm in height, the shoot was performed at heights of 80 and 60 cm. The second experiment was composed of five treatments: Top with 100 cm high, with 70 cm after the branch reach 100 cm high, with 50 cm after the branch reach 100 cm high, with 70 cm 50 cm. In both experiments, the length of productive branches did not interfere in fruit quality and yield. However, in the first experiment, as the number of bunches left per vines was very high, the vines with branches of 60 cm had a reduction in the starch accumulation in the root system, which affected the bud budding and the formation of bunches in the next season. In the second experiment, all the shoot treatments provided the same quality and production, and because a quantity of two bunches was left per branch, the starch accumulation at the end of the productive cycle was similar between the treatments.