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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Inducció de resistència sistèmica a les plantes per l'agent de control biològic "Trichoderma asperellum" soca T34 o substrats supressius

Segarra Braunstein, Guillem 15 January 2008 (has links)
La utilització de composts com substrats de cultiu i/o l'ús d'agents de control biològic són una alternativa als mitjans de control de fitopatògens mitjançant fitosanitaris químics. Aquesta tesi consta de 4 capítols. En el Capítol I es va estudiar la capacitat de 5 composts procedents de residus municipals i agrícoles de suprimir la malaltia produïda pel patogen foliar Botrytis cinerea en plantes de cogombre. Els cinc composts van ser capaços de reduir la incidència i severitat de la malaltia en comparació amb els substrats de cultiu estàndard (2 torbes comercials). La reducció de la malaltia es va associar al subministrament de Ca, Mo i Si per part dels composts, a cert grau d'estrès salí produït en la planta, així com a l'alta activitat microbiològica dels composts. En el Capítol II es descriu el desenvolupament d'un mètode basat en la cromatografia líquida acoblada a detecció per espectrometria de masses en tàndem per a la quantificació simultània de les hormones àcid salicílic i àcid jasmònic en extractes vegetals. El mètode es va aplicar per a estudiar l'efecte de la colonització de l'arrel de plantes de cogombre per part de l'agent de control biològic Trichoderma asperellum T34 o la infecció per part del patogen Rhizoctonia solani. No es va observar cap efecte de T34 aplicat a l'arrel a 105 ufc/ml sobre els nivells d'aquestes hormones. R. Solani, va produir l'increment de les dues hormones, tant en arrel com en cotilèdon. En el Capítol III es va estudiar l'efecte de T34 aplicat a l'arrel de la planta de cogombre a 105, 106 i 107 ufc/ml sobre l'activitat peroxidasa, els nivells d'àcid salicílic i jasmònic i el proteoma dels cotilèdons en les primeres hores de la interacció. T34 activa l'activitat peroxidasa i eleva els nivells de les hormones estudiades de forma depenent a la concentració. A 105 no s'observen efectes. T34 aplicat a l'arrel a 107 ufc/ml és capaç de produir canvis el proteoma dels cotilèdons afectant l'expressió de proteïnes relacionades amb la defensa contra patògens. Aquest mateix tractament és capaç d'induir en la planta resistència sistèmica contra el patogen foliar Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans. En el Capítol IV es va comprovar la capacitat de T34 aplicat a 105 ufc/ml per a induir resistència sistémica en Arabidopsis enfront dels patògens foliars Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, Hyaloperonospora parasitica i Plectosphaerella cucumerina. Aquesta resistència sistèmica és semblant a la induced systemic resistance (ISR) produïda per rizobacteris no patogènics. L'ús d'Arabidopsis mutants va permetre establir que la ISR induïda per T34 és independent d'àcid salicílic i depenent de NPR1 i MYB72. A més, la ISR induïda per T34 es basa en el priming ja que precondiciona a les plantes a expressar el gen LOX2 i el bloqueig d'espores de patògens mitjançant cal·losa de forma mes ràpida i intensa quan posteriorment responen a un atac. / This thesis consists in 4 chapters. In Chapter I we checked the ability of 5 composts from municipal an agricultural wastes to suppress disease produced by the foliar pathogen Botrytis cinerea in cucumber plants. The 5 studied composts were able to reduce disease incidence and disease severity compared to standard growth media (2 commercial peats). The reduction in disease was related to the supply of Ca, Mo and Si to the plants, a certain degree of salt stress and the high microbial activity of the composts. In Chapter II we describe a method based in liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry to simultaneously quantify salicylic and jasmonic acids in crude plant extracts. No effect on the hormones was found when the biological control agent Trichoderma asperellum T34 was applied to the roots at 105 cfu/ml. Rhizoctonia solani infection increased both hormones in both cotyledons and roots. In Chapter III we studied the effect of T34 applied to the roots at 105, 106 and 107 cfu/ml on peroxidase activity, salicylic and jasmonic acids levels and proteome of cucumber cotyledons during the early hours after the interaction. T34 affects peroxidase activity and hormone levels depending on the concentration. No effects at 105. T34 applied to the roots at 107 cfu/ml is able to produce changes to the proteome affecting the expression of defense related proteins. This treatment is also able to induce systemic resistance against the foliar pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans. In Chapter IV we checked the ability of T34 applied at 105 cfu/ml to induce systemic resistance in Arabidopsis against the foliar pathogens Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, Hyaloperonospora parasitica and Plectosphaerella cucumerina. This systemic resistance is similar to induced systemic resistance (ISR) triggered by non pathogenic rhizobacteria. The use of Arabidopsis mutants allowed us to establish that ISR induced by T34 is salicylic acid independent but is dependent on NPR1 and MYB72. In addition ISR triggered by T34 is based on priming as it primes plants for enhanced LOX2 gene expression as well as callose deposition when plants face an stress.
2

Activated carbon from renewable resources:carbonization, activation and use

Bergna, D. (Davide) 19 November 2019 (has links)
Abstract Biomass is the most abundant renewable material present on Earth and has been widely used e.g. in energy production. Recently, new applications for biomass utilization have been developed, e.g. the use of biomass as a raw material for synthesizing new chemicals. This research aimed to produce activated carbon (AC) from waste wood-based materials and peat through carbonization followed by physical or chemical activation. Physical steam activation and chemical activation generate the porosity in AC after the carbonization. The desired properties of AC (porosity, pore size distribution, surface functionality) are dependent on the application in which AC is used. The first part of the research focused on setting up the carbonization and activation device. The most important variables affecting carbonization and activation and the AC properties were studied. The process parameters were optimized through the design of experiments (DOE). The results showed that in the physical activation, the most important variables affecting the characteristics of AC are the holding time, temperature, and the steam feed. Consequently, a model for tailoring the microporosity or mesoporosity of AC and maximizing the yield is proposed. The second part of the research focused on chemical activation using zinc chloride. The aim was to study the effect of activation variables on the yield and properties of AC. Finally, the use of AC as an adsorbent was studied. Especially, the applicability of birch sawdust based activated carbon on the removal of dyes, zinc metal, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate ions was evaluated. Based on the results, a difference was shown between one and two step process for carbonization and activation, and a single-step process was suggested to maximize the quality of AC. / Tiivistelmä Biomassa on maapallon eniten saatavilla olevaa uusiutuvaa materiaalia, jota on hyödynnetty jo pitkään mm. energiantuotannossa. Viime aikoina uusia biomassan käyttökohteita on kehitetty laajalti, kuten esimerkiksi uusien kemikaalien valmistukseen. Tässä tutkimuksessa puupohjaista jätebiomassaa ja turvetta hyödynnetään fysikaalisesti ja kemiallisesti aktivoidun aktiivihiilen valmistuksessa. Fysikaalinen höyryaktivointi ja kemiallinen aktivointi lisäävät aktiivihiilen huokoisuutta hiilestyksen jälkeen. Aktiivihiilen halutut ominaisuudet (huokoskokojakauma, pinnan toiminnalliset ryhmät) määräytyvät käyttökohteen mukaan. Tutkimuksen ensimmäisessä vaiheessa keskityttiin hidas pyrolyysilaitteiston ja aktivointilaitteiston rakentamiseen sekä hiilestyksen ja aktivoinnin kannalta keskeisimpien muuttujien tutkimiseen. Prosessimuuttujien vaikutusten tarkastelussa ja optimoinnissa hyödynnettiin koesuunnitteluohjelmaa. Tulosten perusteella todettiin, että fysikaalisessa aktivoinnissa olennaisimmat muuttujat olivat lämpötila, pitoaika sekä höyrysyöttö. Tämän pohjalta esitettiin malli aktiivihiilen mikro- ja mesohuokoisuuden muokkaamiseksi ja saannon maksimoimiseksi. Tutkimuksen toisessa vaiheessa tutkittiin kemiallista aktivointia hyödyntämällä sinkkikloridia aktivointikemikaalina. Tavoitteena oli selvittää eri aktivointimuuttujien vaikutusta saantoon ja aktiivihiilen laatuun. Tutkimuksen viimeisessä vaiheessa tutkittiin valmistettujen aktiivihiilien käyttöä adsorbenttina. Erityisesti tutkittiin koivupurusta valmistetun aktiivihiilen soveltuvuutta väriaineiden, metallien ja anionien sidontaan. Tutkimuksen keskeisenä tuloksena voitiin osoittaa merkittävä ero yksi- ja kaksivaiheisen hiilestyksen ja aktivoinnin välillä, ja ehdotettiin yksivaiheista prosessia hiililaadun optimoimiseksi. / Sommario La biomassa è il materiale rinnovabile più abbondante presente sulla Terra ed è stata intensamente usata e.g. nella produzione di energia. Recentemente sono state sviluppate nuove applicazioni per la biomassa, ad esempio come materiale di base per sintetizzare nuovi prodotti chimici. Lo scopo di questa ricerca è produrre carbone attivo (CA) attraverso attivazione fisica e chimica da materiali legnosi di scarto come segatura, cippato e torba. L’attivazione fisica e l’attivazione chimica, creano la porosità nel CA dopo la carbonizzazione. Il prodotto finale può essere usato in differenti applicazioni in base a diversi fattori tra cui la distribuzione della porosità e la tipologia dei gruppi funzionali presenti sulla superficie. La prima fase della ricerca è stata dedicata alla progettazione e installazione dell’hardware necessario per l’attivazione e nell’individuazione dei parametri di processo più importanti. I parametri di processo sono stati ottimizzati attraverso il design of experiments (DOE) e sono state considerate le differenti variabili che interagiscono nella formazione del CA. I risultati hanno mostrato che i parametri di processo più importanti che influiscono sulle caratteristiche del CA sono il tempo, la temperatura di attivazione e la quantità di vapore iniettato nel reattore. È stato proposto un modello per progettare CA microporoso o mesoporoso con massa finale massimizzata. La seconda parte della ricerca è stata incentrata sull’attivazione chimica con cloruro di zinco. Lo scopo é stato studiare l’effetto delle variabili di attivazione su massa finale e proprietà del carbone attivo. Infine, è stata studiato il CA come adsorbente. In particolare è stata considerata l’applicabilità del CA da segatura di betulla per la rimozione di coloranti, zinco metallico, ioni di nitrato, fosfato e solfato. In base a questi risultati, una differenza é stata evidenziata tra il processo di carbonizzazione e attivazione a uno o due stadi, ed il processo a singolo stadio è stato proposto per massimizzare la qualità del CA.

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