No description available.

No description available.

In the first part of this thesis, we utilize the mouse model to evaluate the environmental chemical Butyl Benzyl Phthalate. Due to lack of research on female exposure to BBP, this thesis focuses on quantifying the effects of gestational exposure on the female mammary gland Here male and female parental mice were exposed before mating and through pregnancy and lactation to one of three doses of BBP or the control via oral ingestion. After weaning, offspring were sacrificed at puberty or early adulthood and evaluated for altered mammary gland morphology or hormonal receptor expression. Results indicate a persistent statistically significant increase in weight among the highest BBP dose group. Additionally, the high-dose adult treatment group demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in terminal ends. Finally, the mid-dose adult group demonstrated significantly higher expression of the progesterone receptor compared to the low and high-dose BBP groups. There were no significant findings in pubertal female outcomes. In the second part of this thesis, we evaluate the existing OECD Extended One-Generation Reproductive Toxicity Guidelines (TG 443). First by summarizing the endpoints and outcomes evaluated in studies that implement these guidelines, and additionally discussing the current OECD recommendations for mammary gland evaluation. We conclude with outlining the remaining questions to be evaluated and further research necessary to establish that the mammary gland should be added to TG 443.

La maladie d’Alzheimer est la maladie neurodégénérative la plus fréquente chez l’Homme et constitue un enjeu économique et de santé publique majeur. Les cerveaux de patients atteints présentent une atrophie corticale associée à deux types de lésions : les dégénérescences neurofibrillaires, constituées de protéines Tau agrégées, et les plaques amyloïdes, composées majoritairement de peptides amyloïde beta Aß agrégés. Les peptides Aß et leur agrégation seraient à l’origine de la pathogenèse. Afin d’éclaircir les mécanismes moléculaires à la base de la toxicité d’Aß, nous avons construit un modèle de toxicité d’Aß dans la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ce modèle a permis d’établir que la toxicité d’Aß dans la levure est intimement liée à sa sécrétion et au trafic vésiculaire. Ce modèle nous a également permis de réaliser une étude structure-toxicité du peptide et de mettre en évidence des éléments en cis importants pour la toxicité d’Aß. Une nouvelle voie d’agrégation des peptides toxiques en structure riche en feuillet ß anti-parallèle a pu ainsi être mise en évidence. Le modèle de toxicité d’Aß et l’existence de variants très toxiques d’Aß dans la levure nous a permis de réaliser des cribles génétiques afin de rechercher les éléments modulant la toxicité d’Aß in vivo. Le trafic vésiculaire, en particulier l’endocytose via le remodelage du cytosquelette d’actine, un complexe responsable de la formation de vésicules intraluminales appelé ESCRT, forment autant de pistes à étudier pour améliorer notre compréhension de la toxicité d’Aß. / Alzheimer’s disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease. This pathology is caused by aggregation of Aß peptides. The exact mechanism of neuronal cell dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease is poorly understood and numerous models have been used to decipher the mechanisms leading to cellular death. In order to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity of Aß, we generated a new model to study Aß toxicity in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In our model, Aß toxicity is closely related to its secretion and its intracellular traffic. Indeed, when Aß is targeted to the secretory pathway, it is able to produce toxic species. Interestingly, we demonstrated also that even if Aß is addressed to the secretory pathway, it is still able to form cytoplasmic aggregates. Moreover, with this model, we generated new highly toxic mutants of Aß by random mutagenesis. In order to correlate structural conformation ‘signature’ to Aß toxicity, we performed a structure-toxicity study of these new variants. In vitro, we demonstrated that a new anti-parallel aggregation pathway is associated with highly toxic mutants of Aß. Then, using our Aß yeast model and also these harmful variants, we performed genetic screens in order to identify candidate genes able to modulate Aß toxicity in vivo. Given these different screens, we found that vesicular trafficking, endocytosis via actin cytoskeleton remodeling, and ESCRT-III (Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Tansport) open new avenues to improve our understanding of Aß toxicity.

No description available.

No description available.