The RET proto-oncogene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that is widely expressed in neuroendocrine tissues and is essential for embryonic development of the kidney and enteric nervous system. Mutations leading to constitutive activation of the RET protein underlie various tumours of endocrine tissues. Conversely, loss-of-function mutations of RET lead to Hirschsprung disease, a congenital disorder characterized by a loss of enteric neurons throughout the colon and small intestine. Intracellular trafficking of RTKs through multiple cellular compartments has been shown to impact on downstream signalling. To date, the intracellular trafficking of RET has not been investigated. Here, we show that RET is rapidly internalized after activation and that trafficking to cytoplasmic endosomes plays an important role in downstream signalling. RET is alternatively spliced into multiple isoforms that are co-expressed in cells; therefore, we further investigated RET internalization in an isoform-specific context. This study revealed a number of differences between RET isoforms including differences in sub-cellular localization pre-activation, rate of internalization, and ability to recycle to the plasma membrane. Differential trafficking of RET isoforms alter their downstream signalling properties, providing an additional mechanism to explain the distinct contributions of RET isoforms to cellular processes. Finally, we investigated the impact of altered sub-cellular localization in the context of thyroid carcinoma. Activation of RET has been implicated in a number of thyroid tumours that differ in their inherent oncogenicity. We observed that altered subcellular localization of oncogenic forms of RET, RET/PTCs, enhance their oncogenicity. Interestingly, RET/PTC tumours are indolent and rarely metastasize compared to other RET-mediated forms of cancer. Further investigation revealed that RET/PTC oncogenes are expressed off relatively weak promoters, resulting in quantitatively less RET/PTC oncoprotein expression in these tumours compared to mutant RET expression in more aggressive cancers. Together, our results represent the first in-depth study of the trafficking properties of RET and indicate the importance of proper sub-cellular localization and trafficking in the maintenance of normal cell metabolism. / Thesis (Ph.D, Pathology & Molecular Medicine) -- Queen's University, 2009-11-19 22:51:47.38

In the past fifteen years, ubiquitin has emerged as a central regulator of membrane protein trafficking. In this context, covalent attachment of this small protein to lysine residues of cargo proteins, a reversible modification termed ubiquitylation, provides a signal for their targeting to the vacuolar/lysosomal lumen where they are degraded, both in yeast and higher eukaryotes. Ubiquitylation is also used as a means of controlling the function of specific proteins in several trafficking machineries. The role of lipids - and in particular of membrane domains named lipid rafts - in controlling the intracellular trafficking of membrane proteins has also been the subject of intense investigation in recent years. One of the membrane proteins of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae whose intracellular trafficking has been extensively studied is the general amino acid permease Gap1. Yet some aspects of the function of ubiquitin in the nitrogen-dependent control of this protein remain controversial. Moreover, the potential role of lipid rafts in regulating the functional properties and traffic of the Gap1 permease had not been investigated before this thesis work. The first part of our work readdresses the role of Gap1 ubiquitylation, and more precisely of the modification of the permease with polyubiquitin chains linked through the lysine 63 of ubiquitin, in controlling the fate of this protein in the secretory pathway. Our observations indicate that nitrogen-induced ubiquitylation of newly synthesised Gap1 occurs in the trans-Golgi complex. However, contrary to the generally accepted view, this modification is not necessary for the permease to exit this compartment en route to the endosome but only for its subsequent targeting to the vacuolar lumen via the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway. Our results also provide evidence that K63-linked polyubiquitylation is important mostly at the late endosomal level, for proper sorting of Gap1 into the MVB pathway, whether the permease comes from the cell surface by endocytosis or directly from the secretory pathway. In the second part of this work, we present a set of data providing novel insights into the controversial question of the exact nature of lipid rafts in yeast. We first showed that the Gap1 permease is associated with detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) - the proposed biochemical equivalent of lipid rafts - when it is located at the cell surface. Our data further suggest that this may be true for most if not all yeast plasma membrane proteins. Moreover, we found that Gap1 production must be coupled to de novo synthesis of sphingolipids (SLs), major constituents of rafts, in order for the newly synthesised permease to be correctly folded, active, associated with DRMs, and stable at the cell surface. We propose a model where Gap1 would associate with newly synthesised SLs during its biogenesis and/or secretion, this association shaping the permease into its native conformation and ensuring its incorporation and stabilisation in specific lipid domains at the plasma membrane. Failure of Gap1 to acquire this lipidic microenvironment in turns leads to its ubiquitin-dependent degradation by a quality-control mechanism. This model might be valid for many other plasma membrane proteins and might account for their lateral distribution between distinct membrane domains.

Neurotrophins are a family of growth factors necessary for the development and maintenance of the nervous system. They produce their effects through receptor mediated signaling mechanisms that are highly regulated by sophisticated intracellular transport networks. The impairment of intracellular trafficking of neurotrophins in motor neurons has been identified as one possible factor in the development of motor neuron diseases, but remains inadequately studied. Aided by advances in imaging technology and the development of more powerful and sensitive detection tools for in-vitro studies, the dynamics of intracellular transport of neurotrophins are beginning to be unraveled. However, a primary limiting factor in the study of neurotrophin-transport dynamics in motor neurons has been the lack of alternative and easily available in-vitro systems able to substitute the often difficult and costly primary motor neuron cultures. The aim of this project was to develop a suitable motor neuron model using the NSC-34 cell line for the study of receptor mediated trafficking events through endosomal transport pathways. Successful evaluation and characterization of NSC-34 cells for motor neuron specific markers would result in the investigation of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) trafficking pathways in the presence of exogenous neurotrophins, with a variety of confocal imaging techniques. Chapter 3 describes the optimisation of NSC-34 cell culture conditions through media modification and the development of a suitable growth substrate matrix, which significantly improved cell adhesion, differentiation and the ability to culture the cells for extended time periods in serum free conditions. Quantitative measurements of cell proliferation, culture viability, cell-body size and neurite length are described to highlight the increased value of the cell line for long-term culture and experiments examining a broad range of issues relevant to motor neurons. In Chapter 4, multiple experimental approaches were used to extensively screen the NSC-34 cell line for the presence of motor neuron-specific markers, neurotrophin receptors and proteins involved in regulation of endosomal transport. This characterization established the presence of a developing motor neuron-like neurotrophin receptor profile (p75NTR, TrkB and TrkC), a genetic marker of developing motor neurons, cholinergic markers, proteins regulating transport within the endosomal pathway, and additional proteins previously shown to directly interact with neurotrophin receptors, including sortilin, and the lipid raft associated ganglioside GT1b. Furthermore, evidence is provided that NSC-34 cells undergo apoptosis in response to exogenous nerve growth factor (NGF) or neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), but not brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or neurotrophin-4 (NT-4). In addition characterization of mouse specific p75NTR antibodies is presented to establish their suitability for internalization studies without altering the binding of exogenous neurotrophins to the receptor. Subsequent confocal microscopy examination focusing on p75NTR trafficking in Chapter 5 revealed that internalization and intracellular transport of this receptor is regulated by exogenous neurotrophins at the cell surface where ligand binding and internalization occur, and in endosomal compartments where the bulk of receptors and ligands are targeted to their specific destinations. Evidence is provided showing that p75NTR internalization is altered in the presence of NGF, NT-3, or NT-4, but not BDNF, and the receptor is diverted into non-clathrin mediated endosomal pathways in response to NGF but not BDNF. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy suggests that p75NTR recycles to the plasma membrane in a Rab4 GTPase dependent manner in the absence of neurotrophins. Addition of neurotrophins diverted p75NTR from the recycling Rab4 positive pathway, into EEA-1 positive sorting endosomes in the presence of NGF or NT-3, or lysosomal degradation in the presence of BDNF or NT-4. This study clearly demonstrates the suitability of the NSC-34 cell line as an alternate in-vitro system for the study of motor neuron biology, particularly the study of neurotrophin receptor trafficking. Taken together the results represented in this study suggest for the first time, that the fate of the p75NTR receptor depends on which neurotrophin is bound. These findings have important implications for understanding the dynamic mechanisms of action of p75NTR in normal neuronal function, and may also offer further insight into the potential role of neurotrophins in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

No description available.

A travers l'évolution, les agents pathogènes ont développé des stratégies leur permettant de survivre au sein de leur hôte en interférant avec la biogénèse des phagolysosomes. Comme C. burnetii vit dans un phagosome acide incapable de fusionner avec les lysosomes et que sa virulence est associée à l'expression de son LPS, nous avons étudié le rôle du LPS de C. burnetii dans le détournement de la conversion phagosomale. En effet, nous avons montré que C. burnetii virulent ainsi que son LPS se localisent dans des compartiments Lamp-1+ qui n'acquièrent pas la CathepsineD et Rab7 n'est pas recruté à leur surface. Contrairement au LPS du variant avirulent de C. burnetii, qui est localisé dans les lysosomes, le LPS de C. burnetii virulent (vLPS) n'induit pas l'activation de la MAPKinase p38, empêche le recrutement de Rab7 à la surface des compartiments en déstabilisant le complexe HOPS. Finalement, nous avons démontré que la bactérie virulente exprimant le vLPS détourne la conversion phagosomale pour survivre et pour se multiplier dans les macrophages en évitant l'activation de l'axe MAPK-p38/Vps41-HOPS. Nous avons également étudié les mécanismes permettant à Tropheryma whipplei, l'agent de la maladie de Whipple, de se répliquer dans les macrophages puisque les macrophages sont la cible in vivo de cette bactérie. Nous avons montré que T. whipplei bloque la conversion de son phagosome. / Through evolution, pathogens have developed strategies to survive within their host by interfering with the biogenesis of phagolysosomes. As it is known that C. burnetii lives in acidic phagosome which is unable to fuse with the lysosomes and that its virulence is associated with the expression of LPS, we studied the role of C. burnetii LPS in hijacking of phagosomal conversion. Indeed, we showed that the virulent C. burnetii and its LPS are located in Lamp-1+ compartments which do not acquire CathepsineD and Rab7 is not recruited to their surface. Contrary to LPS of avirulent C. burnetii, which is located in the lysosomes, the LPS of virulent C. burnetii (vLPS) does not induce activation of the p38 MAPKinase and it prevents the recruitment of Rab7 to the surface of compartments by destabilizing the HOPS complex. Finally, we demonstrated that virulent bacteria expressing virulent LPS hijack phagosomal conversion to survive and multiply in macrophages by preventing activation of p38-MAPK/Vps41HOPS axis. We also studied the mechanisms by which Tropheryma whipplei, the agent of Whipple's disease, replicates in macrophages, which are its target in vivo. We have shown that T. whipplei blocks the conversion of its phagosome. Indeed, after purification of phagosomes containing-T. whipplei, we observed by Western blot and confocal microscopy that T. whipplei survives in an immature phagosome with characteristics of both early and late phagosomes (presence of Rab5 and Rab7) making it unable to fuse with lysosomes. As the IL-16 is known to induce replication of T. whipplei, we studied the effect of this cytokine on the phagosome biogenesis of T. whipplei.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Biology / Stephen K. Chapes / Silvia Mora Fayos / My work focused on understanding adipocyte function and regulation because of the importance to diabetes. In addition to being a fat storage depot, adipose tissue is an endocrine tissue. Adiponectin and leptin are two adipokines that control insulin sensitivity and energy balance. In spite of their importance, there are still questions about their secretion. I hypothesized that leptin and adiponectin follow different secretory routes. I found adiponectin localized in Golgi and the trans Golgi Network, while leptin mostly localized in ER during basal metabolisms. Common requirements for their secretion were the presence of class III Arf proteins and an intact Golgi apparatus, since BFA treatment inhibited secretion of both adiponectin and leptin. I found that trafficking of adiponectin is dependent on GGA1 coated vesicles. Endosomal inactivation significantly reduced adiponectin, but not leptin, secretion in both 3T3L1 and isolated rat adipocytes. Also, adiponectin, but not leptin, secretion was reduced in cells expressing non- functional form of Rab11 and Rab5 proteins. However, secretion of leptin, but not adiponectin was inhibited in cells expressing mutants of Protein Kinase D1. These results suggest that leptin and adiponectin secretion involve distinct intracellular compartments and pathways. Insulin resistance is associated with macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue and elevated levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta Therefore, the second part of my dissertation tested the hypothesis that the interaction of macrophages and adipocytes causes insulin resistance. To test this hypothesis, I co-cultured macrophages and adipocytes. I found that mouse elicited peritoneal macrophages significantly decreased insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane in a contact-independent manner. IL-6 was the most inhibitory cytokine in reducing GLUT4 translocation, GLUT4 expression, Akt phsphorylation and reducing adipocyte differentiation compared to TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. These data suggest that IL-6 is the most effective cytokine secreted by macrophages involved in insulin resistance. Lastly, I tested the impact of adipocytes on macrophage differentiation in vitro and in vivo. I found that C2D macrophages isolated from the peritoneal cavity had increased IL-6 transcript levels after co-culture with 3T3L1 adipocytes in vitro. After i.p. injection, C2D macrophages isolated from WAT increased expression of mature macrophage surface markers and transcript levels of proinflammatory cytokines compared to C2D cells in vitro. However, macrophages isolated from BAT expressed low levels of cytokines and macrophage surface markers.

Les pathogènes neurotropiques représentent une banque d’outils biologique afin de cibler spécifiquement le système nerveux central (SNC), pour son étude mais aussi dans l’optique d’une thérapie. Parmi eux, l’adénovirus canin de type 2 (CAV-2) est un vecteur prometteur pour cibler le SNC. CAR a été principalement étudié en tant que récepteur viral. Cependant, plusieurs études montrent que CAR est essentiel dans le développement du cœur ainsi que du système lymphatique. De manière intéressante, CAR est fortement exprimé pendant le développement du SNC, suggérant un rôle dans l’établissement des réseaux neuronaux. Dans ce travail, nous avons confirmé que CAR est lié aux mécanismes d’endocytoses et au trafic intracellulaire. L’endocytose de CAR est ligand dépendant. La partie intracellulaire de CAR régule son endocytose. Nos données suggèrent que CAR est l’unique récepteur pour CAV-2. Le présent travail de recherche montre aussi que CAR ne semble pas participer à la formation du SNC. En revanche, au niveau du SNC mature, CAR est impliqué dans la plasticité synaptique, dans la neurogénèse adulte et participe à l’homéostasie des synapses, mécanismes impliqués dans les processus mnésiques. / The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a single-pass transmembrane protein belonging to the CTX subfamily of the immunoglobulin superfamily. CAR has been extensively studied as a viral receptor for coxsackie B viruses and some adenoviruses (AdVs). CAR is essential for the development of the cardiovascular and lymphatic system. Interestingly, CAR is highly expressed in the developing brain and has been hypothesized to regulate the establishment of the neuronal networks. In my PhD work, I showed that CAR can be link to the endocytic pathways and intracellular trafficking. CAR endocytosis is ligand-dependent and is regulated by CAR intracellular domain (ICD), suggesting strongly that CAR is most likely the unique receptor for canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2). Moreover, we demonstrated that CAR depletion in the developing brain did not significantly perturb brain development. In the healthy adult brain, CAR is relatively abundant and we demonstrated that CAR loss of function affected hippocampal plasticity, adult neurogenesis and synapse homeostasis, which affect cognition.

La Maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) est un des challenges sanitaires les plus importants du XXIème siècle. En effet, elle touche 35,6 millions de personnes en 2010, et en atteindra probablement quatre fois plus en 2050.Cependant, peu d’éléments sont à ce jour connus concernant les mécanismes de toxicité de cette maladie. Il semble néanmoins acquis que l’agrégation du peptide amyloïde Aβ est l’élément déclenchant une cascade d’événements cellulaires aboutissant à trois types de lésions : les dégénérescences neurofibrillaires, les plaques amyloïdes et une atrophie corticale, révélatrice d’une importante mort neuronale.Différents modèles transgéniques d’étude de la toxicité du peptide Aβ ont été créés au cours des vingt dernières années. Cependant, aucun modèle de levure n’a encore vu le jour, alors que cet organisme est utilisé depuis de nombreuses années pour l’étude des protéines amyloïdes.J’ai donc cherché à créer ce modèle de toxicité au cours de ma thèse. L’adressage d’une protéine de fusion Aβ-GFP à la voie de sécrétion permet de rendre son expression toxique chez la levure. J’ai démontré que le trafic intracellulaire était un élément important pour la génération d’espèces toxiques. Les orthologues de PICALM, facteur de prédisposition à la MA, sont impliqués dans la toxicité, montrant une conservation des mécanismes de toxicité avec l’Homme. Les constructions semblent avoir la capacité de traverser les membranes afin d’atteindre des cibles cellulaires comme la mitochondrie.Le modèle ainsi construit nous permettra de mettre en place une étude de la relation entre la structure et la toxicité du peptide Aβ et mieux comprendre les mécanismes cellulaires régissant la MA. / Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is one of the most important sanitary challenges of the XXIst century. Indeed, 35.6 million people are affected in 2010, and there will be probably four times more in 2050. However, little is known about the mechanisms of toxicity of this disease. Nevertheless, it seems that aggregation of the Aβ peptide is the triggering factor of a cascade of cellular events that leads to three characteristic lesions: neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques and a cortical atrophy, revealing an important neuronal death. Different transgenic models for the study of the Aβ peptide toxicity have been created during the past twenty years. However, no yeast model has yet seen the light of day, whereas this organism is used for several years to study amyloid proteins.Therefore I worked to create this model during my thesis. Addressing an Aβ-GFP fusion to the secretory pathway enable this construction to become toxic in yeast. I proved intracellular pathways are important for generation of toxic species. PICALM orthologs, an AD predisposing factor, are involved in toxicity, showing conservation in the mechanisms of toxicity between yeast and man. The constructions seem to be able to cross membranes and reach cytoplasmic targets as mitochondria.Thus, this model will allow us to set a study of the relationship between structure and toxicity of the Aβ peptide and better understand the cellular mechanisms governing AD

La maladie de Huntington (MH) est une maladie neurodégénérative avec une transmission dominante, qui entraîne la mort dans les 15 à 20 ans suivant les premiers signes pathologiques. Le gène muté dans la MH contient une répétition de trinucléotide CAG instable qui code pour une expansion de polyglutamine (polyQ) dans la protéine huntingtine (HTT). Lorsque le gène code pour une protéine avec plus de 35 glutamines, il déclenche un dysfonction puis une mort neuronale notamment dans le striatum et le cortex, entrainant l'apparition de symptômes cognitifs, psychiatriques et moteurs. HTT est exprimée dans de nombreux tissus et est impliquée dans diverses fonctions cellulaires. Il est admis que dans la MH, l'expansion polyQ conduit à un gain de nouvelles fonctions toxiques, mais également à une perte des fonctions neuroprotectrices de HTT sauvage. Avant même l'apparition des premiers symptômes, des dysfonctions existent au sein du réseau neuronal corticostriatal. Cependant, les études in vivo des dysfonctions précoces au sein de ce réseau sont techniquement difficiles à l’échelle cellulaire.Le premier enjeu de ma thèse a été de reconstituer et de caractériser in vitro le réseau corticostriatal. Pour cela nous avons utilisé une plateforme microfluidique, compatible avec de la vidéomicroscopie haute résolution, dans laquelle chaque compartiment est identifié et où la progression de la croissance axonale à la formation des synapses est régulée. Nous avons observé des défauts majeurs au sein des différents compartiments du réseau corticostriatal, de la dynamique présynaptique à des défauts de structure et de transmission synaptiques, ainsi que des dysfonctions du trafic et des voies de signalisation post-synaptique. De manière intéressante, nous avons montré que le statut génétique du compartiment présynaptique était nécessaire et suffisant pour altérer ou restaurer le réseau corticostriatal.Le second aspect de ma thèse a été d’étudier la dynamique intracellulaire, depuis le réticulum endoplasmique jusqu’au compartiment final, au sein de cellules modèles de la MH. Pour cela nous avons utilisés le système RUSH (Retention Using Selective Hooks) couplé à une molécule utilisant la voie standard de biosynthèse des protéines. Au sein de cellules modèles de la MH, la dynamique intracellulaire est perturbée. L’utilisation de molécules inhibitrices d’une classe d’enzyme au sein de cellules modèles de la MH, est capable de restaurer une dynamique intracellulaire. En particulier, grâce au système microfluidique, nous avons montré qu’une molécule a la capacité de restaurer un réseau corticostriatal sauvage. Les études pharmacologiques de passage ont montré que cette molécule a un haut pouvoir de passage de la barrière hémato encéphalique. Le traitement pendant un mois de souris modèles de la MH et l’analyse de leur coordination motrice et de leur état anxiodépressif suggère que cette molécule est capable d’améliorer les symptômes chez les souris MH.Ces travaux ont permis de mettre en évidence 1/ l’importance du cortex comme région d’intérêt thérapeutique dans la MH, et 2/ le trafic de protéines comme une nouvelle cible thérapeutique. / Huntington Disease (HD) is a mid-life onset inherited neurodegenerative disorder that leads to death within 15 to 20 years after appearance of the first symptoms. The defective gene in HD contains an unstable trinuocleotide CAG repeat which encodes for a polyglutamine stretch (polyQ) in the huntingtin (HTT) protein. When the number of glutamines coded by the gene exceeds 35 repeats, it triggers neuronal dysfunction and death, affecting in particular the striatum and the cortex, causing cognitive, psychiatric, and motor symptoms. HTT is widely expressed and it is involved in numerous functions. In HD, it is accepted that, the polyQ strech leads to a gain of toxic functions, and converselyto a loss of neuroprotective functions of wild-type HTT. Long before the appearance of the first symptoms, dysfunctions exist within the corticostriatal neuronal network. However, in vivo studies of early cell dysfunction in this network are technically difficult, especially at the subcellular resolution.The first objective of my thesis was to reconstitute and characterize the corticostriatal network in vitro. We used a microfluidic device in which each neuronal compartment is identified and in which the progression from axonal growth to synapse regulation is controlled. We observed major defects in the different compartments of the corticostriatal circuit, from presynaptic dynamics to synaptic structure and transmission and to postsynaptic traffic and signaling. Importantly, the genetic status of the presynaptic compartment was necessary and sufficient to alter or restore the circuit.The second aspect of my thesis was to study the intracellular dynamics, from the endoplasmic reticulum to the final compartment, in cellular models of HD. For this we used the RUSH system (Retention Using Selective Hooks) coupled to a molecule using the standard pathway of protein biosynthesis. In cellular models of HD, intracellular dynamics are disrupted. We found that molecules targeting enzyme protein trafficking restore intracellular dynamics in HD cells. In particular, thanks to the microfluidic system, we showed that a given molecule has the capacity to restore a HD mutant corticostriatal network. Pharmacological studies showed that this molecule has a high power of passage of the blood brain barrier. One month treatment of HD mouse models and their behavioral tests for motor and anxiety-depressive symptoms suggest that the molecule is able to ameliorate symptoms.These studies made it possible to highlight 1 / the importance of the cortex as a key region of therapeutic interest in HD, and 2 / protein trafficking as a new therapeutic target in HD.

La migration des cellules est nécessaire au cours du développement. Chez l’adulte, elle contribue au renouvellement des tissus, à la cicatrisation et à la circulation des cellules immunitaires. Les cellules cancéreuses acquièrent des capacités de migration qui échappent aux mécanismes normaux de régulation. Elles peuvent ainsi envahir les tissus environnants et, éventuellement, former des métastases. Les astrocytes représentent une majorité de cellules gliales du système nerveux central. Ils migrent en réponse à des facteurs inflammatoires et interviennent ainsi dans la cicatrisation et la régénération des tissus lésés. Les astrocytes peuvent être à l’origine de tumeurs appelées gliomes qui représentent la majorité des tumeurs cérébrales primaires. Les formes les plus agressives, appelées glioblastomes, sont des tumeurs extrêmement invasives, ce qui les rend particulièrement difficiles à traiter. Les microtubules jouent un role crucial dans la migration des astrocytes et des cellules de gliomes (Etienne-Manneville, 2013a). Au cours de la migration, le réseau de microtubules est totalement réorganisé pour permettre la polarisation de la cellule. Formés par association de dimères de tubuline, leur régulation intervient de multiples manières comme par exemple au niveau de leur dynamique de polymérisation à la périphérie de leurs interactions avec les composants cellulaires ou par leurs modifications post-traductionnelles (Etienne- Manneville, 2010). En effet, les dimères de tubulines polymérisées, inclues dans les microtubules, peuvent être, entre autres, détyrosinées, acétylées, mono ou poly-glutamylées, et mono ou poly-glycylées (Janke and Chloë Bulinski, 2011). Durant la migration cellulaire, ces modifications post-traductionnelles peuvent notamment jouer un rôle dans la régulation du trafic intracellulaire. L’objectif majeur de mon projet de thèse est d’étudier les mécanismesIii de régulation des microtubules au cours de la migration des astrocytes normaux et tumoraux, et plus particulièrement le rôle des modifications post-traductionnelles de la tubuline. Je me suis focalisée sur trois principales modifications post-traductionnelles des microtubules durant la migration : la polyglutamylation, la détyrosination et l’acétylation. En premier lieu, j’ai étudié le rôle potentiel de la polyglutamylation dans la mise en place de la polarité cellulaire chez les astrocytes. Je n’ai pas observé d’effet de cette modification durant la migration… / The migration of cells is necessary during the development. At the adult, she contributes to the renewal of fabrics, to the healing and to the traffic of immune cells. Cancer cells acquire capacities of migration which escape the normal mechanisms of regulation...